16种观赏石斛兰的遗传关联性分析

石斛兰种质资源的评价与创新是育种工作的基础。为了挖掘石斛兰资源有效的分子标记以及优良目的性状相关基因,本研究主要观测了16份石斛兰种质资源形态学性状以及利用RAD-seq分子标记技术分析这些品种资源之间的遗传进化关系,对16种观赏石斛兰形态学与RAD-seq分子标记进行了关联分析。结果表明,形态学分析显示16个石斛兰品种间遗传变异较大,相似系数在0.776～0.926之间;与形态学结果相比,16个石斛兰品种RAD-seq的测序结果显示种间遗传差异更大,与参考基因组相比相似系数在0.252 2～0.898 2之间。RAD-seq聚类分析表明,聚石斛、霍山石斛和金钗石斛亲缘关系较近;形态学关联分析发现,这3个石斛兰品种都具有花香且花序侧生现象,其他石斛兰品种没有此特征。对这3个石斛兰品种区别于其他品种的SNP标记位点相关序列进行提取和注释,发现了大量的次生代谢途径和光合作用相关基因。16个观赏石斛兰品种间存在较丰富的遗传多样性,其中聚石斛、霍山石斛和金钗石斛亲缘关系较近,并发现分类结果可能与花香和花序侧生现象相关。     

Pre-weaning eating activity and morphological parameters in the small and large intestine of piglets

The effect of pre-weaning eating activity on the intestinal morphology in piglets was investigated on the day of weaning and 5 days post-weaning. The eating activity of each piglet was recorded by means of direct observations. On day 5 post-weaning the villous heights were reduced and the crypt depths were increased irrespective of the pre-weaning eating activity. In the caecum and colon the crypt depth was increased post-weaning and no effect of pre-weaning eating activity was observed. The muscle thickness in the small intestine did not change during the immediate post-weaning period whereas the muscle thickness in the large intestine was doubled in the same period. In conclusion, pre-weaning eating activity did not affect the structural alterations of the small and large intestine. However, the actual number of piglets consuming creep feed prior to weaning was low and the eating activity was highly variable. Therefore, more or later weaned piglets may be needed to show effects of pre-weaning eating activity.     

实验性雏鸡佝偻病的病理学研究——Ⅱ.形态学观察

4日龄 Aiboi Acies肉鸡健雏80只随机分为4组,分别喂给钙-磷缺乏(Ca 0.02％,P0.30％)、缺钙(Ca 0.02％,PO.71％)、缺磷(Ca 0.95％,PO.30％)和正常对照(Ca 0.95％PO.71％)日粮三周,进行了系统的病理形态学观察。缺磷组病变表现为肋骨头肿大,长骨骨骺生长板之肥大带明显增宽,骨小梁减少;缺钙组和钙-磷缺乏组病变表现为肋骨增粗弯曲,长骨骨骺生长板之增生带显著增宽,海绵骨类骨组织和结缔组织大量增生,成骨细胞和破骨细胞丰富。结果表明,钙缺乏和磷缺乏所致病变显著不同,为鉴别诊断提供了科学依据。     

达乌尔黄鼠肛腺组织解剖

达乌尔黄鼠Ｃｉｔｅｌｌｕｓ ｄａｕｒｉｃｕｓ具有三个肛腺，位于肛门与直肠之间的粘膜下层，肛腺深约６－７ｍｍ，三个肛腺的圆形开口呈倒三角形排列于肛周内侧，平时不现，在受外界剌激时。肛门外翻露出三个肛腺的开口。腺体由两种腺泡群组成：一种由大量的皮脂聚合而成，排列在肛囊底产；一种由大量的顶浆分泌型汗腺聚合而成，分布于皮脂腺群的外围。     

温控条件下高温胁迫对紫花苜蓿地上部分生长的影响

本研究的目的在于探讨高温对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)产量和形态的影响。试验采用盆栽方法,选取6个紫花苜蓿品种,将其种植在2个生长培养箱内,2个培养箱温度(白天/黑暗)分别设置为25/20℃和35/30℃,测定其产量、株高、叶部特征及叶片叶绿素含量。结果表明,高温胁迫使紫花苜蓿生长受到抑制,植株矮小,产量降低54%;单叶片叶面积缩小至常温的1/4,但叶片厚度增加了54%。综合上述结果可以看出,高温是生产中紫花苜蓿夏季减产的一个重要原因,紫花苜蓿对高温非常敏感,但会通过一系列形态上的变化来适应高温的胁迫。     

不同朝代及现代绢丝织物中蚕丝的形貌分析

采用光学显微镜对不同朝代及现代绢类织物的表面和纤维截面形貌进行观察,并利用像素法对蚕丝纤维截面积进行测试与分析,探讨蚕丝纤维截面积变化的原因。不同朝代及现代的9批绢类织物样品表面的完整度、光洁度、污染度以及老化程度不同,可能与样品来源墓地的环境有关;不同样品蚕丝纤维截面形状有的较扁平,有的较饱满,还有一些呈碎块或空壳状,反映出蚕丝纤维老化程度不同,可能与当时的养蚕技术水平相关;不同朝代样品间、同一朝代样品间的经纬纱线粗细及经纬纱线排列密度有差别,可能与绢类织物的种类及丝织技术水平有关。9批绢类织物样品的蚕丝纤维截面积存在差异,且大多数样品的蚕丝纤维截面积方差数值较大,其中:东周到清代绢类织物样品的蚕丝纤维截面积从38.57μm2增加至75.80μm2,可能与根据织物最终用途而选用的蚕丝原料以及家蚕长期驯养后茧丝的变化有关;现代绢类织物样品的蚕丝纤维截面积在115μm2左右,明显大于古代绢类织物样品的蚕丝纤维截面积,这种变化可能与长期的蚕品种遗传改良以及饲养技术和缫丝工艺的改进有关。     

桑卷叶枯病病原菌的形态特征与分离培养条件

桑卷叶枯病是桑树的主要真菌病害之一。采用常规的微生物学试验方法观察病原菌桑单胞枝霉菌(Hormodendrummori Yendo)的形态并研究病原菌的分离培养条件。结果表明,病原菌在PDA培养基上生长良好,形成白色圆形凸状菌落,并能产生大量的暗蓝褐色分生孢子梗和淡灰色分生孢子;菌丝的生长温度为8～40℃,产生分生孢子的温度为10～38℃,分生孢子的致死温度为50～55℃,菌丝生长和分生孢子产生的最适温度为25～30℃;适合菌丝生长的pH为4.5～11.0,最适pH为6～7;相对湿度大有利于菌丝生长和分生孢子的产生与萌发;连续光照可促进产孢。以上结果信息可供研究桑卷叶枯病病原菌的危害特点和建立病害的有效防治方法参考。     

果子狸消化管的形态学研究

本文对果子狸消化管的组织结构研究,报道了果子狸的胃、食道和大肠的形态特征。     

Morphological and cytogenetic studies on the hybrid between bread wheat and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Psathyrostachys huashanica</Emphasis> Keng ex Kuo

Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng ex Kuo (2n = 2x = 14, NsNs), a source of wheat stripe rust, take-all fungus, and powdery mildew resistance with tolerance to salinity and drought, has been successfully hybridized as the pollen parent to bread wheat without using immature embryo rescuing culture for the first time. All of the CSph2b × P. huashanica hybrid seeds germinate well. Backcross derivatives were successfully obtained. F₁ hybrids were verified as intergeneric hybrids on the basis of morphological observation, cytological and molecular analyses. The results obviously showed the phenotypes of the hybrid plants were intermediate between bread wheat and P. huashanica. Chromosome pairing at MI of PMCs in the F₁ hybrid plants was low, and the meiotic configuration was 26.80 I + 0.60 II (rod). Cytological analysis of the hybrid plants revealed the ineffectiveness of the ph2b gene on chromosome association between the parents. Eight RAPD-specific markers for Ns genome were selected for RAPD analysis, and the results indicated that F₁ hybrids contained the Ns genome of P. huashanica. Furthermore, the significance of the finding for bread wheat improvement was discussed.