IgM单抗体内,外杀伤日本血吸虫的研究

本文报道应用急性感染日本血吸虫的Ｂａ１ｂ／ｃ小鼠脾细胞和ＳＰ２／０骨髓瘤细胞融合，获得了一株具有抗血吸虫攻击感染保护作用的ＩｇＭ单抗ｓｓｊ１４。在被动免疫转移试验中，这株单抗在小鼠体内提供了２７．６９％～６８．５％的减虫率。体外ＡＤＣＣ试验显示该单抗参与了巨噬细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞介导的杀伤血吸虫童虫的作用，免疫化学特性测定表明该单抗同时对血吸虫尾蚴、成虫和虫卵三期虫体抗原起反应，靶抗原的分子量为２９０ＫＤ，分别位于血吸虫童虫和成虫的表膜及虫卵的卵壳。靶抗原表位的化学性质为多糖类，它同时被辐照致弱尾蚴免疫的大鼠血清、血吸虫慢性感染人血清和小鼠血清所识别。本文结果表明，ＩｇＭ抗体和多糖类抗原在血吸虫病免疫保护作用中发挥了重要的作用。     

日本血吸虫免疫学研究的进展

日本血吸虫病是一种严重危害人体健康的疾病。在血吸虫感染宿主的过程中，虫体在宿主体内各发育阶段，如童虫、成虫和虫卵的抗原成分刺激宿主，诱发宿主一系列免疫应答及产生相应的病理损害，这涉及到体液免疫和细胞免疫等诸多因素复杂的反应及其调节，故认为血吸虫病是一种免疫性疾病。     

牛血吸虫病疫苗现状与展望

牛血吸虫病（Ｂｏｖｉｎｅｓｃｈｉ－ｓｔｏｓｏｍｏ－ｓｉｓ）是由牛血吸虫（Ｓｃｈｉｓｔｏｓｏｍａｂｏｖｉｓ）引起的在世界许多地区广为流行的一种较为严重的寄生虫病。目前，用于控制该病的疫苗有辐射致弱的牛血吸虫尾蚴或幼虫疫苗、牛血吸虫成虫疫苗、全虫卵抗原疫苗和特异性抗原疫苗。其中辐射致弱的牛血吸虫尾蚴或幼虫疫苗可部分抵抗牛血吸虫感染，但这种疫苗需要致病性的活尾蚴或能生存的幼虫才能诱导免疫保护。实验免疫接种无活力的牛血吸虫抗原疫苗的牛未能产生保护作用。近来，细胞免疫学和分子生物学新技术的不断涌现使研制不同种类血吸虫（包括牛血吸虫）新型疫苗成为可能，而且这些疫苗的免疫效力已在实验感染犊牛中得到评估，并可能取代传统的牛血吸虫辐射致弱疫苗，因此消灭人类和动物各种血吸虫的广谱抗血吸虫疫苗即将问世。     

日本血吸虫保护性免疫机制的研究——活化巨噬细胞和超敏反应测定

本文用辐照致弱日本血吸虫童虫疫苗,冷冻辐照童虫苗和速冻致死童虫苗免疫雌性C57-BL/6小鼠。免疫后对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞(MФ)的吞噬杀伤活性和超敏反应进行动态测定。结果表明2个活苗免疫组小鼠腹腔MФ体外表现出强烈杀伤童虫活性,杀伤力显著强于死苗免疫组和对照组(P<0.01);免疫后第6周杀伤力达峰值,第8周杀伤力下降;MФ杀伤力与保护力存在显著正相关(r=0.630,r>r0.05);活化MФ在免疫血清调理后杀伤活力有所增加,而免疫血清对于未活化MФ则无调理作用;活苗和死苗免疫鼠都出现强烈的速发型超敏反应,但与保护力之间缺乏相关性;迟发型超敏反应在本次实验中出现较弱。     

γ射线致弱尾蚴及童虫免疫动物血吸虫病的研究

γ射线致弱尾蚴及童虫免疫动物血吸虫病的研究郑星道耿进明黄伟（吉林农业大学动物科学系，长春１３０１１８）许传波（法国巴尔巴斯特研究所）血吸虫病是世界范围的危害人类健康和畜牧业生产的寄生虫病。因此，防治血吸虫病，无论是从公共卫生的角度来看，还是从对于畜牧...     

牛血吸虫病疫苗现状与展望

牛血吸虫病是由牛血吸虫引起的在世界许多地区广为流行的一种较为严重的寄生虫病。目前，用于控制该病的疫苗有辐射致弱的牛血吸虫尾蚴或幼虫疫苗、牛血吸虫成虫疫苗、全虫卵抗原疫苗和特异性抗原疫苗。其中辐射致弱的牛血吸虫尾蚴或幼虫疫苗可部分抵抗牛血吸虫感染，但这种疫苗需要致病性的活尾蚴或能生存的幼虫才能诱导免疫保护。实验免疫接种无活力的牛血吸虫抗原疫苗的牛未能产生保护作用。近来，细胞免疫学和分子生物学新技术的     

IL-18增强日本血吸虫DNA疫苗Sj23的免疫保护效果

将小鼠IL-18基因和日本血吸虫Sj23膜蛋白基因分别插入pVAX1载体,构建真核表达质粒pVAX/mIL-18和pVAX/Sj23,联合或单独免疫小鼠,以pVAX1空载体作对照,免疫2次,间隔2周,2次免疫后4周攻击日本血吸虫尾蚴.体液和细胞免疫检测结果表明,联合免疫组能诱导小鼠产生较强的抗日本血吸虫成虫可溶性抗原(SWAP)IgG,较高水平的IFN-γ和IL-2.攻虫试验表明,联合免疫小鼠成虫减虫率和肝脏减卵率分别达41.6%和49.4%,明显高于pVAX/Sj23单独免疫组(减虫率和肝脏减卵率分别为26.5%和41.4%).以上试验结果表明,IL-18能明显增强Sj23 DNA疫苗在小鼠体内的免疫应答,并且产生较强的保护作用.     

日本血吸虫ELAV-like 2基因的克隆、表达及功能分析

日本血吸虫成熟雌虫所产虫卵是造成宿主病理损害及疾病再传播的根源,因此从控制雌虫生殖发育入手对控制血吸虫病的发生具有重要意义。本研究通过5′-RACE和3′-RACE获得了在发育阻遏雌虫中高表达的SjELAV-like 2基因的全长序列,并对其进行克隆和表达,制备了相应的多克隆抗体,Western blotting分析结果表明该蛋白质具有良好的反应原性;实时定量分析发现该基因在血吸虫童虫时期高表达,成熟后趋于稳定,且在雌虫体内的表达量显著高于同时期合抱雄虫;该基因在雄虫体内的表达量基本恒定;免疫组化研究发现,在血吸虫成虫雌虫该蛋白主要定位于虫体体被。利用RNA干扰技术对该基因的生物学功能进行了初步研究,RT-qPCR结果显示,RNAi可明显抑制SjELAV-like 2基因的表达;对该基因表达的长期干扰导致受干扰虫体产卵能力及卵胚孵化能力的下降,统计分析发现,干扰组宿主每克肝荷卵减少达39.67%(P0.01),虫卵的卵胚孵化减少达75.56%(P0.01)。扫描电镜观察发现,与NC组相比,siRNA干扰组虫体体被上泡状突出物明显增多,这些结果表明SjELAV-like 2基因对日本血吸虫生长发育具有重要影响。     

日本血吸虫尾蚴分泌蛋白水解酶的初步研究

为了解日本血吸虫尾蚴转化为童虫过程中是否分泌蛋白水解酶，进行了日本血吸虫尾蚴在DSM培液中进行机械转化和尾蚴接种于复盖DSM培液液面的人工小鼠皮上进行自然转化时酶活性测定，测定应用酪蛋白溶液。结果证实日本血吸虫尾蚴转化为童虫过程中和新转化的童虫均能分泌一种蛋白水解酶。根据报道，曼氏血吸虫的这种酶起到钻透结缔组织的蛋白水解和促使尾蚴转化为童虫时糖萼脱落两个作用，并随之而起到抵抗免疫杀伤功能。说明日本血吸虫尾蚴和童虫，与曼氏血吸虫一样有这方面的功能。     

日本血吸虫Wnt1基因的鉴定及在不同发育阶段表达水平分析

为研究Wnt信号通路对血吸虫发育的调节作用,本研究克隆鉴定了日本血吸虫的Wnt1基因(SjWnt1).序列分析显示,SjWnt1蛋白具有Wnt信号蛋白家族的结构功能域,但比高等生物的Wnt1少一个保守的Cys.mRNA和蛋白的定量分析结果显示,SjWnt1表达于血吸虫的整个发育过程,而在虫卵和早期童虫中呈高表达水平,提示SjWnt1对卵胚发育和早期童虫的细胞分化具有调节作用.来源于非适宜宿主及单性感染的发育不良虫体中SjWnt1 mRNA水平比发育正常的虫体高,表明不良发育的虫体相应的Wnt信号阻滞.SjWnt1表达下调后则引起Wnt/β-catenin、Wnt/PCP及Wnt/Ca2+通路的相应下游基因的mRNA水平下降,推测SjWnt1可能通过这3种传递途径行使信号传递的功能.     

滴鼻途径感染猪血凝性脑脊髓炎病毒小鼠的免疫动态变化

应用石蜡切片、ELISA等方法,通过对小鼠脾脏病理组织学观察以及脾脏指数、IL-2、IFN-γ和TNF-α等重要细胞因子的检测,研究猪血凝性脑脊髓炎病毒（Hemagglutinatingencephalomyelitisvirus,HEV）感染不同周龄（4、6周龄）BALB／c小鼠后的免疫动态变化特点。结果显示,无论是4周龄还是6周龄小鼠,在被HEV感染后的1～3d,脾小体生发中心增大并在红髓有多量浆细胞出现,第4天脾小体开始缩小,其周边和中央动脉周围有多量淋巴细胞聚集,到第5天脾小体生发中心消失并在其周边和中央动脉周围淋巴细胞增多。另外,脾脏指数和血清中的TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-4浓度均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,IL-2含量变化不明显,而IL-10含量较少几乎检测不到。结果表明,HEV感染初期,小鼠对侵入的病毒做出一定的免疫应答,但是随着病毒复制,病毒量的增大,小鼠的免疫反应受到抑制。同时不同周龄小鼠的被检指标降低或升高程度及持续时间不同,表明HEV的免疫、发病与小鼠感染年龄之间存在一定相关性。     

Experimental Infection of Danish Landrace/Yorkshire Crossbred Pigs with Schistosoma japonicum from the People’s Republic of China

This study was undertaken to assess the suitability of Danish Landrace/Yorkshire (L/Y) crossbred pigs as experimental hosts of a Chinese mainland strain of Schistosoma japonicum. Pigs were exposed to 200, 500 or 1000 cercariae and parasite burdens were determined by perfusion after either 8 or 11 weeks. All pigs became infected with onset of faecal egg excretion 6 to 7 weeks following exposure to cercariae. The pattern of faecal egg excretion differed markedly among the individual animals. Gross hepatic pathological lesions of varying degrees were noted in all of the pigs. Schistosome worm recoveries ranged from 1.5–23.4% of the cercarial exposure dose. Most schistosome eggs recovered from the tissues, expressed as eggs/g tissue, were found in the rectum (91%), caecum (3.1%) and liver (5.1%). The results show that Danish L/Y pigs may serve as appropriate experimental final hosts of the Chinese mainland strain of S. japonicum.     

日本血吸虫虫卵在BALB/c鼠肝脏各叶中的分布调查

为建立血吸虫虫卵计数的可准确量化和易于操控的小鼠肝脏取样方法,用日本血吸虫人工感染BALB/c系小鼠42 d后,将肝脏分成左叶、中央叶、右叶,分别进行日本血吸虫虫卵计数。结果显示,感染日本血吸虫42 d的BALB/c小鼠肝脏的平均重量为（2.23±0.26）g。左叶、中央叶、右叶和全肝的每克肝脏含卵数（EPG）分别为49.80×103±26.70×103,59.03×103±29.04×103、36.55×103±17.77×103和47.78×103±23.64×103。各肝叶之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。可见,血吸虫虫卵在肝脏各叶中的分布是不均匀的,以肝中央叶为最多,肝右叶最少。肝脏EPG与各肝叶中EPG符合线性关系,每对配对成虫对肝脏EGP的贡献从3.67×103到6.5×103个虫卵不等。     

东方田鼠感染日本血吸虫前后血常规和血清生化指标的动态变化

东方田鼠具有天然抗日本血吸虫病特征,为了探索东方田鼠抗日本血吸虫机制,本研究分析了东方田鼠和小鼠感染日本血吸虫尾蚴前后血液细胞以及生化指标的动态变化。东方田鼠和BALB/c鼠定量感染日本血吸虫尾蚴,于感染后第0、1、3、5、8、12、16、21、28、35、42 d分别采集抗凝血和血清,进行血常规和血清生化分析。血常规检测结果表明,东方田鼠感染后第3~16 d,WBC数量显著升高(Neu数量显著升高),而小鼠血常规检测结果正常;血清生化结果显示,东方田鼠感染日本血吸虫后ALB、HDL-C显著升高,小鼠各指标变化不明显。本研究结果显示东方田鼠天然免疫细胞Neu和血清ALB可能与其抗日本血吸虫特性相关,对补体杀伤日本血吸虫机制研究具有重要的指导意义。     

A fatty acid binding protein from Fasciola hepatica induced protection in C57/BL mice from challenge infection with Schistosoma bovis.

Three strains of mice (NMRI, C57/BL, BALB/c) were each immunized with a 12 kDa purified, native Fasciola hepatica fatty acid binding protein (Fh12) and challenged percutaneously with Schistosoma bovis cercariae. C57/BL mice immunized with Fh12 had significant reductions in S. bovis worm burden recoveries (96 and 87% reductions over controls in two separate experiments). When using NMRI or BALB/c mice, Fh12 alone or in Freund's adjuvant failed to induce significant protection against S. bovis. In C57/BL mice vaccinated against Fh 12, antibodies to the IgG2a isotype, but not to the IgG1 isotype, increased by 2 weeks after the second immunization and remained high through 8 weeks of S. bovis infection. Antibodies to S. bovis increased after 4 weeks of infection. Regarding cytokine production by spleen mononuclear cells, C57/BL mice vaccinated with Fh12 in adjuvant, and having the highest protective response against challenge infection with S. bovis, had an increase of IFN-gamma production with Concanavalin A but no increase of IL-4 in similarly stimulated cells. These results suggest that the protection obtained in this group of mice is mediated by a Th1 immune response.     

牛源犬新孢子虫孕鼠感染模型的建立

为建立牛源犬新孢子虫孕鼠感染模型,深入研究牛源犬新孢子虫对孕鼠的致病作用,本试验以雌性BALB/c小鼠为试验动物,分离Vero细胞中培养的牛源犬新孢子虫速殖子,分不同剂量组腹腔接种雌性BALB/c小鼠后,与雄性BALB/c小鼠合笼,每天观察小鼠临床症状和发病情况,观察主要脏器组织的病理变化,应用PCR方法检测孕鼠脑、肝脏、脾脏等脏器组织及胎盘中犬新孢子虫Nc5基因,并测定孕鼠胎盘湿重和胎盘系数。结果显示,感染模型小鼠的最佳攻虫剂量为10⁵个虫体;感染犬新孢子虫孕鼠先后出现精神不振、共济失调等临床症状,并有不同程度死亡;病理学观察模型小鼠脑、肝脏、脾脏等脏器组织出现充血、出血、肿大等病理变化;在模型小鼠脑、肝脏、脾脏等脏器组织及胎盘中检测到犬新孢子虫Nc5基因;随攻虫天数的增加,模型小鼠胎盘重量和胎鼠重量均不断增加,胎盘系数逐步降低,在第12、14、16天时,模型组与对照组相比,胎盘重量和胎盘系数均差异显著（P < 0.05）。本试验成功建立了牛源犬新孢子虫孕鼠感染模型,为犬新孢子虫致病机制研究奠定了基础。     

Interleukin-6 is produced during both murine and avian Eimeria infections

The production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) during Eimeria infection was investigated in an attempt to gain a better understanding of the role of this multi-functional cytokine in resistance to this parasite. IL-6 production was measured in both chickens, in which the disease is of economic importance, and the better-characterised murine model system.Systemic and local IL-6 production in mice during E. vermiformis infection was investigated, in the relatively resistant BALB/c strain, and the relatively susceptible C57 BL/6 strain, using a murine IL-6 ELISA and the 7TD1 assay. Enhanced systemic production of IL-6 in serum was seen in infected BALB/c mice when compared to C57 BL/6 mice. This difference was also reflected in the draining lymph node of the site of infection, assessed by testing supernatants from stimulated mesenteric lymph node cells taken from infected mice at different times post-infection.Production of chicken IL-6-like factor activity was investigated using a murine IL-6 7TD1 bioassay. The presence of substantial quantities of IL-6-like factor activity was detected in serum taken from some chickens infected with E. tenella during the course of primary infection and, in a separate experiment, during the first few hours post-infection, a time when the pro-inflammatory capacity of IL-6 would influence the developing immune response. These results suggest that IL-6 is also important in the induction of immune effector responses to Eimeria infections in the chicken.     

IgM-ELISA法用于日本血吸虫病早期诊断初探

目的 验证血清特异性IgM抗体检测对急性日本血吸虫病的早期诊断价值。方法 采用IgM-ELISA方法检测感染血吸虫的小鼠和急性血吸虫病人血清中的特异性IgM抗体水平，与IgG—ELISA相比较，并与急性血吸虫病人的流行病学调查资料相比对。结果 感染4周时小鼠血清中特异性IgM抗体水平显著升高，5周时阳性检出率达100％，比IgG-ELISA提早2-3周。检测急性血吸虫病人血清阳性率达100％，IgG—ELISA为91．4％。急血病人接触疫水后5周，特异性IgM抗体水平明显高于IgG。7周时两者水平相近，8周时IgG抗体水平超过IgM。结论 IgM—ELISA具有早期诊断急性血吸虫病的价值.     

Histopathological studies of visceralized Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in mice experimentally infected

BALB/c, C57BL/6, and DBA/2 mice were subcutaneously infected in the left footpad by injecting 10(4) Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis amastigotes. Mice were sacrificed 20, 30, 40, 60 and 90 days post-infection. Fragments of liver, kidney, spleen, skin, and draining lymph node were collected for histological examination. Light microscopy showed that at 20 days after infection BALB/c mice presented discrete inflammatory infiltrates in the skin made up of eosinophils, lymphocytes, and rare parasitized macrophages. Ninety days post-infection, the dermis showed necrotic tissue, large numbers of mononuclear cells and vacuolated macrophages filled with amastigotes. Forty days post-infection, the draining lymph nodes showed hyperplastic germinal centers, increase of high endothelial venules and apoptosis in germinal center cells. After the first 3 months post-infection, the involvement of spleen, kidney and liver was discreet, being characterized by multifocal inflammatory infiltrates. Eight months after infection, the animals presented metastatic lesions in the contralateral footpad and nose. In deep dermis, there was remarkable proliferation of fibroblasts associated with collagen fibers. The liver showed multifocal granulomas and mononuclear infiltrate around the blood vessels, but no parasites were observed, except in one animal. In some mice there were immature cells of the hematopoietic lineage. Both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice presented osteonecrosis, which is characterized by pycnotic osteocytes and empty lacunae at the point of inoculation and subsequently, replacement of this tissue by fibrous connective tissue and colonization of the bone marrow. A diffuse inflammatory process composed of mononuclear cells and rare parasites were seen in the kidneys. In one mouse, bone marrow cells were observed in the renal medulla along with where free amastigotes. DBA/2 mice developed a mild infection and they did not visceralize. In conclusion, our data demonstrates that in susceptible mice L. (L.) amazonensis, a causative agent of tegumentary leishmaniasis, causes pathological changes similar to those produced by Leishmania (L.) infantum in both humans and canids.     

单克隆抗体对日本血吸虫尾蚴钻穿小鼠皮肤能力的影响

用抗日本血吸虫单克隆抗体,在室温下与血吸虫尾蚴作用90分钟。将尾蚴分别经腹部皮肤和腹腔注射感染昆明系小鼠,4周后剖杀集虫。实验结果表明。经单克隆抗体(McAb)处理后,腹腔注射组的载虫数明显高于腹部皮肤感染组(P<0.01)。从而说明,高特异性的单克隆抗体处理能够影响尾蚴钻穿小鼠腹部皮肤的能力。