云南大额牛瘤胃宏基因组Fosmid文库的构建与分析

为研究云南大额牛瘤胃中丰富的降解纤维素类物质的基因,采用包埋法和脉冲场电泳技术直接从云南大额牛瘤胃内容物提取总DNA,经不完全酶切获得DNA片段,大小为23~48 kb,与pcc2 FOS vector连接,转化至E.coli EPI 300宿主细胞,构建瘤胃微生物宏基因组Fosmid文库。该文库共保存38400个克隆,平均插入片段大小约35.5 kb,空载率小于2%,库容达1363 Mb。通过对该文库进行部分纤维素酶活力筛选,获得具有羧甲基纤维素酶活性的克隆95个,木聚糖酶活性的克隆52个,同时具有这2种酶活性的克隆23个,这为进一步研究大额牛瘤胃内纤维素酶基因奠定了基础。     

1型鸭疫里默氏杆菌的分离鉴定及基因组文库的构建

从临床病鸭中分离并鉴定了1型鸭疫里默氏杆菌,并在提取鸭疫里默氏杆菌的基因组DNA后,用Sau3A I酶切,回收大小为0．07～4 kb的片段;将酶切片段与酶切的质粒载体pRSET连接后,电转化大肠杆菌Rosetta,成功构建了1型鸭疫里默氏杆菌的基因组文库,经检测库容量约为40000个。随机筛选30个单菌落,用pRSET通用引物进行PCR鉴定,统计结果显示插入片段的大小93．3％在1～3 kb范围内,成功构建了鸭疫里默氏杆菌基因组文库,为鸭疫里默氏杆菌功能基因的克隆及鉴定奠定了基础。     

旋毛虫新生幼虫cDNA文库构建及其特异性基因的筛选与鉴定

构建旋毛虫新生幼虫cDNA文库并对旋毛虫新牛幼虫期特异件基因进行筛选与鉴定,筛选出期特异性的基因片段.用λZAPⅡExpress载体成功地构建了旋毛虫新生幼虫的cDNA文库,并用放射性同位素a-38P标记cDNA探针对筛选出的阳性克隆进行鉴定.所构建的cDNA文库容量为1.92×106,重组效率为98.6%,所有的克隆片段都在0.5～2.0 kb之间,筛选获得7个阳性克隆,其大小在1.4 kb左右;用放射性同位素a-32P标记cDNA探针后,与旋毛虫成虫、肌幼虫、新生幼虫及成虫/新生幼虫cDNA文库质粒DNA进行Southern印迹杂交,结果与新生幼虫和成虫、新生幼虫cDNA文库质粒DNA有杂交而与成虫、肌幼虫cDNA文库质粒DNA不杂交.该基因是新生幼虫期所特有的cDNA片段.     

利用16S rRNA测序、PCR-DGGE和qRT-PCR方法分析肉牛瘤胃上皮细菌群落特征

目前对于附着于瘤胃上皮的细菌群落及其功能了解较少,本研究目的是利用16S rRNA测序、PCR-DGGE和qRT-PCR方法比较分析肉牛瘤胃上皮与瘤胃内容物细菌群落的多样性差异.从6个16S rDNA(～1.4 kb)文库中随机选取2785条序列,结果表明3个瘤胃内容物文库与3个瘤胃上皮文库的细菌群落存在差异.以97％的序列相似度进行计算,结果发现瘤胃内容物菌群文库的多样性指数(4.12/4.42/4.88)比瘤胃上皮组织菌群文库的多样性指数(2.90/2.73/3.23)高.厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门分别是瘤胃上皮组织和内容物的优势菌群,纤维杆菌门、浮霉菌门和疣唯菌门仅在瘤胃内容物中存在.通过PCR-DGGE对22头阉牛瘤胃内容物和瘤胃上皮的细菌群落分析,进一步证实瘤胃上皮栖息着一类以厚壁菌为主的独特菌群,这类菌不仅具有消化饲料的作用,还有其他未知功能.     

牛蛙(Rana catesbeiana)皮肤cDNA文库的构建与鉴定

以牛蛙皮肤组织为材料获得总RNA,用偶联Oligo(dT)的磁珠纯化mRNA后,利用含Sfi Ⅰ酶切位点的CDSⅢ引物在逆转录酶的作用下合成cDNA的第1链,以含Sfi Ⅰ酶切位点的CDSⅢ引物和SMART引物,利用LD-PCR合成双链cDNA,双链cDNA经Sfi Ⅰ酶切,通过T4DNA连接酶连接到经过相同酶切的λTripIEx2载体,体外包装后转染E.coli XLI-Blue 宿主菌,进行滴度测试和文库扩增.结果构建的牛蛙皮肤cDNA 文库原始库容量为1.42×106 PFU/mL,插入片段长度在0.5～1.5 kb,重组率为89.5%,扩增后的文库滴度为1.35×109 PFU/mL,构建的文库质量符合要求,可用于大规模的功能基因分析.     

血清Ⅱ型鸭疫里默氏杆菌基因组文库的构建

为研究血清Ⅱ型鸭疫里默氏杆菌的抗原基因,筛选毒力较强的血清Ⅱ型鸭疫里默氏杆菌菌株,提取其基因组,分别用Sau3A I酶切法和shotgun法对基因组进行处理后,选取1.5～3 kb的DNA片段,与PUC118载体连接后电转化JM109大肠杆菌感受态细胞,构建血清Ⅱ型鸭疫里默氏杆菌基因组文库。两种方法得到的库容量分别为40 000和50 000左右,随机挑选阳性克隆鉴定表明有外源DNA片段的插入,说明建库成功。该文库的成功构建为Ⅱ型鸭疫里默氏杆菌新的抗原基因的筛选奠定了基础。     

犬链球菌保护性抗原的鉴定

为克隆、表达犬链球菌(S.canis)保护性抗原基因,并对其表达产物进行免疫原性分析.本研究以Lambda ZAP Ⅱ载体构建了S.canis的3 kb～8 kb随机基因组文库,通过S.canis阳性血清筛选和质粒拯救,获得一株阳性克隆重组质粒并进行了序列测定.通过BLAST分析并与GenBank中登录的相近基因序列比较发现,该基因为S.canis的1个保护性抗原(SPASc)基因,该基因与兽疫链球菌和产脓链球菌的保护性抗原及马链球菌M蛋白基因具有一定的同源性.根据该序列设计特异性引物,经PCR扩增、克隆并进行了SPASc基因的原核表达.用纯化SPASc重组蛋白免疫兔制备的血清对小鼠具有保护性作用.     

宏基因组学用于瘤胃微生物代谢的研究进展

瘤胃微生物生态群落是一个非常复杂的生物体系,有着巨大的基因资源以及丰富的生态资源.宏基因组学通过免培养技术,研究生境中全部微小生物遗传物质的总和,在研究瘤胃微生物代谢和开发瘤胃微生物资源上展示出强劲的优势.该技术的应用有望解决反刍动物营养研究中诸多热点或难点问题.为此,本文介绍了宏基因组文库构建和筛选流程,详细讨论了流程中目的基因/基因组富集方法、载体选择原则和样品核酸提取等方法,并对瘤胃宏基因组学的应用现状进行了综述.     

鸭瘟病毒部分基因的克隆与序列分析

用BamH、EcoR、Hind、Pst、Sal 5种限制性内切酶消化鸭瘟病毒基因组DNA,回收2~6 kb片段连入pUC19载体,构建了鸭瘟病毒基因组部分文库。选取部分克隆进行序列测定,获得5个UL片段基因,分别为UL33、UL34、UL45、UL46和UL47。序列比较显示,它们与α-亚科疱疹病毒其他成员相应基因具有不同程度的同源性。这是国内外对鸭瘟病毒以上基因序列的首次报道。     

家蚕微孢子虫细菌人工染色体文库的构建

细菌人工染色体(BAC)文库是进行生物基因组学研究的一个重要手段。以家蚕微孢子虫(Nosema bomby-cis)重庆分离株为材料,在前期构建的家蚕微孢子虫基因组框架图数据基础上,对构建家蚕微孢子虫BAC文库过程中的关键技术,如脉冲胶块(plug)的制备与处理、限制性酶的筛选、DNA的部分消化、酶切片段的选择、插入DNA片段与载体的摩尔比值等进行了研究,建立了构建家蚕微孢子虫BAC文库适宜的技术体系。构建的家蚕微孢子虫BAC文库由6 478个克隆构成,克隆片段平均大小约为50 kb,相当于家蚕微孢子虫基因组(15.33 Mb)的20倍,文库空载率较低,有利于深入开展家蚕微孢子虫基因组相关方面的研究。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

獭兔睾丸的组织学观察

家兔作为一种实验动物 ,推动了繁殖技术的发展。本试验通过对不同年龄公獭兔的睾丸进行组织学观察、测定 ,研究精子的发生规律 ,为系统地进行繁殖生理工作提供依据。1　材料与方法选 60日龄、75日龄、90日龄 3个年龄公獭兔各5只 ,用外科手术法摘取两侧睾丸 ,放入 Bouin氏液中固定 ,二甲苯透明 ,石蜡包埋 ,切成 5～ 8μm切片 ,H.E.染色。在显微镜下观察 ,并进行定量组织学指标测定及差异性比较。2　结果和讨论2 .1　睾丸定量组织学指标的测定结果　见表 1。表 1　獭兔睾丸定量组织学指标　　　μm,个 /精细管60日龄 75日龄 90日龄曲细精管…     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Observations of fracture of the anconeal process of the ulna of swine

Fractures of the anconeal process of 5 pigs ranging in age from 4 to 8 months were studied radiographically and histologically. Clinically, animals with a fracture of the anconeal process had a "tight," restricted gait. In pigs at 4.5 months of age, a radiolucent line through the base of the anconeal process was composed of fibrocartilage, fibrous connective tissue, and hyaline cartilage. Subperiosteal proliferation of woven bone was located along the cranial surface of the olecranon, adjacent to the base of the anconeal process. In older animals, the radiolucent line through the anconeal process contained variable amounts of fibrous connective tissue and fibrocartilage. The proliferation of subperiosteal bone at the base of the anconeal process formed a "buttress callus" which retained a radiolucent area between the callus and the proximal surface of the anconeal process. The latter region of radiolucency was continuous with the transversely oriented line that traversed the base of the anconeal process.     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.