副猪嗜血杆菌细胞致死膨胀毒素的细胞毒性研究

本研究旨在原核表达副猪嗜血杆菌细胞致死膨胀毒素(Cytolethal distending toxin,CDT),并作用于猪髋动脉内皮细胞(Pig iliac endothelial cells,PIEC),以研究其细胞毒性.根据本实验室完成的副猪嗜血杆菌SH 0165株(血清5型)全基因组序列,针对cdtA、cdtB和cdtC基因序列设计引物,扩增的基因片段大小分别约为681、834和531 bp.将靶基因克隆到原核表达载体pET28a中,再转化到E.coliBL21( DE3),IPTG诱导表达3h,SDSPAGE和Western blot检测证实表达产物以包涵体形式存在,大小分别约36、34和28 ku.通过体外重构毒素与PIEC细胞作用3h,继续培养72 h观察细胞形态学变化.结果表明,CdtABC全毒素致PIEC细胞膨胀、空泡形成、细胞凋亡等,而其他试验组变化不显著.结果提示,CDT毒素可能在细菌感染与致病中发挥着重要作用.     

Immunological Identification and Characterization of Extracellular Serine Protease-Like Protein Encoded in a Putative espP2 Gene of Haemophilus parasuis

Haemophilus parasuis is known to produce a group of virulence-associated autotransporter (AT) proteins, VtaAs; however, no other ATs have been characterized yet. On the basis of the reported sequence of a putative espP2 gene for extracellular serine protease (ESP)-like protein of H. parasuis, this putative AT gene was successfully amplified from H. parasuis serotype 5 field strain HPS0819, cloned and sequenced. The confirmed ORF sequence showed 100% identity with the reported putative espP2 gene. The recombinant ESP-like protein purified from Escherichia coli with a pET expression system was used for immunological characterization. An approximately 85 kDa antigen was detected in cultured H. parasuis by using antiserum to the purified ESP-like protein, and antibodies against the recombinant ESP-like protein were detected in a selected serum from pigs with experimental H. parasuis infection. The results indicated that H. parasuis could produce ESP-like protein in vitro and in vivo. In an immune protection study using guinea pigs, 6 out of 10 animals immunized with the recombinant ESP-like protein survived after challenge with 5 × 10(9) bacteria of strain HPS0819, whereas 7 out of 10 animals immunized with formalin-inactivated H0819 bacterin survived after challenge. The results suggest that ESP-like protein could be one of the vaccine antigen candidates for H. parasuis infection.     

副猪嗜血杆菌OMP5的克隆表达及其对豚鼠免疫保护作用

根据GenBank中登录的副猪嗜血杆菌外膜蛋白P5(outer membrane protein P5,OMP5)基因序列设计1对特异性引物,以江西分离株NC0807基因组DNA为模板,扩增出OMP5基因。将其克隆到pET-28a(+)中,构建重组表达质粒pET-28a-OMP5,质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),通过SDS-PAGE和Western blotting分析重组蛋白的表达情况和反应原性。重组蛋白经镍柱亲和层析纯化后免疫豚鼠,测定其免疫原性和保护效率。结果表明,重组蛋白在大肠杆菌中获得了高效表达。表达的蛋白分子质量约为43 ku,能被副猪嗜血杆菌阳性血清识别。动物试验结果表明,重组蛋白免疫后能诱导产生高水平的OMP5特异性抗体,并可显著保护豚鼠抵抗副猪嗜血杆菌强毒菌株的攻击,提示OMP5是副猪嗜血杆菌的保护性抗原。     

Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) of the Haemophilus parasuis SC096 strain contributes to serum resistance and adherence to and invasion of PK-15 and PUVEC cells

Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is proposed to be an important virulence determinant of many pathogens. Although two cdt gene cluster loci have been identified in Haemophilus parasuis strain SH0165, the characteristics of CDTs associated with pathogenesis remain unclear. In this study, three CDT-deficient mutants, cdt-1, cdt-2 and the double-knockout cdt-1cdt-2 (Δcdt-1, Δcdt-2 and Δcdt-1Δcdt-2, respectively), were obtained in the H. parasuis serovar 4 clinical strain SC096 using a natural transformation method. Compared to the wild-type SC096 strain, the Δcdt-1, Δcdt-2 and Δcdt-1Δcdt-2 mutants showed subtle growth defects and clearly exhibited an increased sensitivity to the bactericidal action of porcine and rabbit sera. Additionally, these mutants had a significantly reduced ability to adhere to and invade porcine umbilicus vein endothelial cells (PUVEC) and porcine kidney epithelial cells (PK-15). These findings suggest that both CDTs in the H. parasuis SC096 strain are involved in serum resistance and adherence and invasion of host cells.     

Genotyping of Haemophilus parasuis isolated from northwest China using PCR-RFLP based on the ompA gene

Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are the major virulent factors of Haemophilus parasuis. PCR-RFLP targeting the ompA gene was conducted to investigate the possibility of genotyping H. parasuis in this study. Fifteen reference strains and 49 isolates from pig farms in northwest China were genotyped by PCR-RFLP with a pair of specific primers. The results indicated that both the 15 reference strains and 49 isolates could be classified into 8 different genotypes by PCR-RFLP, respectively. Seven genotypes including AA, BB, BA, CA, BC, BD and CD existed simultaneously in the reference strains and isolates, but genotype CB only existed in the isolated strains. Interestingly, genotypes BA, CD and CA were only found in diseased pigs and accounted for 38.8%, 22.4% and 18.4% of the isolates, respectively. On the other hand, strains isolated from apparently healthy pigs were classified into genotypes AA, BB, BC and CB. However, the virulent reference serovar 1 strain has an AA genotype, and the fact that nearly all strains from the healthy pigs belonged to serovars classed as virulent suggests that these genotypes might also include virulent strains; therefore, further validation with more field strains is needed. The capability of the RFLP-PCR method based on the ompA gene for genotyping H. parasuis isolates indicates that this method may be a useful tool for epidemiological study.     

副猪嗜血杆菌小鼠毒力和仔猪毒力的相关性分析

旨在对我国最为流行的血清4、5、12和13型副猪嗜血杆菌（Haemophilus parasuis， HPS）（共36株）进行BALB/c小鼠和仔猪毒力试验的比较研究。小鼠毒力试验结果表明，4种血清型菌株的LD₅₀分别介于9.80×10⁷~4.60×10⁹、2.10×10⁸~8.85×10⁹、4.81×10⁷~7.01×10⁹和1.75×10⁸~8.45×10⁸ CFU；整体毒力表现强弱依次是13、4、12、5型，但仅在5型与13型菌株之间毒力具有显著差异（P<0.05）。仔猪毒力试验结果表明，同一血清型中不同菌株的毒力具有明显差异，均存在强毒和弱毒菌株；整体毒力表现强弱依次是5、13、4、12型；但5型与4型（P=0.039）和12型（P=0.033）之间具有显著差异（P<0.05），与13型差异不显著（P=0.241）。综合对比分析HPS的小鼠和仔猪毒力试验结果，可以得出3个结论：1）4种国内流行性血清型菌株的整体毒力由强到弱依次是5、13、4和12型；2）但同一血清型中均存在强毒和弱毒菌株，HPS的血清型与其毒力之间不具有相关性；3） HPS虽能致死BALB/c小鼠，但其毒力结果与仔猪毒力试验结果并不一致，表明其作为替代模型具有一定的缺陷。     

Antiserum against culture filtrate is cross-protective for various serovars of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

The protective effect of porcine antiserum prepared against culture filtrate (CF) of an attenuated strain of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (serovar 2) in mice to challenge with 20 virulent strains of 18 serovars and one type N was investigated. Passively immunized mice survived after challenge with serovars 1a, 1b, 2, 5, 6, 8 (strain Goda), 11, 12, 15, 16, 21 or type N, but 10-30% mortality occurred in immunized mice challenged with each strain of serovars 4, 7, 8 (strain 911), 9, 18 or 19 and 70% mortality to serovar 10 (strain 2179). All immunized mice died after challenge with serovar 20 (strain 2553). Non-treated control mice died after challenge with all serovars and the type tested.     

Characterization of the diversity of Haemophilus parasuis field isolates by use of serotyping and genotyping

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the genetic diversity of Haemophilus parasuis field isolates with regard to serovar, herd of origin, and site of isolation. SAMPLE POPULATION: Isolates of H parasuis obtained from pigs in 15 North American herds and multi-farm systems. PROCEDURE: 98 H parasuis isolates were genotyped with the enterobacterial repetitive intergeneic consensus based-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) technique and serotyped via agar gel precipitation test. Genomic fingerprints were analyzed and dendrograms were constructed to identify strains from the same serovar group, herd of origin, or isolation site and to evaluate the genetic variability within these categories. RESULTS: Serovar 4 (39%) and nontypeable (NT) isolates (27%) were most prevalent. Thirty-four distinct strains were identified among the 98 isolates, using a 90% similarity cutoff. Strains from serovar 4 and NT isolates had high genetic diversity (12 and 18 strains, respectively). One to 3 major clusters of prevalent strains could be identified in most of the evaluated herds. Haemophilus parasuis strains isolated from the upper respiratory tract were either serovar 3 or NT isolates. Potentially virulent strains (isolated from systemic sites) were either serovars 1, 2, 4, 5, 12, 13, or 14, or NT isolates. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although H parasuis had high genetic diversity overall, only a few strains caused disease in these herds. The ERIC-PCR technique was more discriminative than serotyping, and a broad genetic variety was observed within particular serovar groups.     

副猪嗜血杆菌Plp4蛋白的原核表达及免疫原性分析

为原核表达副猪嗜血杆菌P1p4蛋白,本研究通过PCR方法扩增P1p4全长基因并克隆于pET-28a(+)载体中,将重组质粒转化BL21(DE3)感受态中,采用0.4 mM IPTG经22℃诱导表达了35 ku的重组蛋白.经western blot试验证明Plp4蛋白具有良好的反应原性,免疫6周龄昆明小鼠制备免疫血清,ELISA检测表明制备的抗血清效价在1∶15000以上,表明P1p4蛋白具有良好的免疫原性.     

马链球菌兽疫亚种ATCC35246酮基转移酶的原核表达及其免疫保护试验

根据已发表的马链球菌兽疫亚种MGCS10565酮基转移酶(transketolase)的基因序列,设计并合成引物。以ATCC35246株基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR技术,扩增出目的基因并定向克隆至表达载体pET-28a(+)中,然后将重组质粒转化入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中,分析并纯化表达产物。选用ICR小鼠作为实验动物模型,以纯化的重组融合蛋白通过皮下注射途径免疫小鼠,并用间接ELISA法监测小鼠血清中的抗体效价。结果表明重组蛋白免疫小鼠后能产生有效的免疫应答,血清中抗体水平有明显的升高。加强免疫2周后,以5LD50的ATCC35246强毒株攻击免疫组及对照组,结果免疫组小鼠的保护率可达37.5%。表明原核表达产物免疫ICR小鼠,可使其对同源菌株攻击产生一定的保护作用,在亚单位疫苗研制中具有潜在的应用价值。     

Immune response in mice and cattle after immunization with a Boophilus microplus DNA vaccine containing bm86 gene

Plasmid pBMC2 encoding antigen Bm86 from a Colombian strain of cattle tick Boophilus microplus, was used for DNA-mediated immunization of BALB/c mice, employing doses of 10 and 50microg, delivered by intradermic and intramuscular routes. Anti-Bm86 antibody levels were significantly higher compared to control mice treated with PBS. In the evaluation of immunoglobulin isotypes, significant levels of IgG2a and IgG2b were observed in mice immunized with 50microg of pBMC2. Measurement of interleukine (IL) levels (IL-4, IL-5, IL-12(p40)) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the sera of mice immunized with pBMC2 indicated high levels of IL-4 and IL-5, although there were also significant levels of IFN-gamma. Mice immunized with pBMC2 showed antigen-specific stimulation of splenocytes according to the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine and IFN-gamma secretion. In all trials, mice injected intramuscularly with 50microg of pBMC2 presented the highest immune response. Moreover, cattle immunized with this DNA vaccine showed antibody production significantly different to the negative control. In conclusion, these results suggest the potential of DNA immunization with pBMC2 to induce humoral and cellular immune responses against B. microplus.     

Cloning, expression, and characterization of TonB2 from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and potential use as an antigenic vaccine candidate and diagnostic marker

In this study the tonB2 gene was cloned from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae JL01 (serovar 1) and expressed as a glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion protein in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The GST fusion protein was recognized by antibodies in serum positive for A. pleuropneumoniae by Western blot analysis. Purified soluble GST-TonB2 was assessed for its ability to protect BALB/c mice against A. pleuropneumoniae infection. Mice were vaccinated with GST-TonB2 subcutaneously and challenged intraperitoneally with either ~4.0 × 10(5) colony-forming units (CFU) or ~1.0 × 10(6) CFU of A. pleuropneumoniae 4074. They were examined daily for 7 d after challenge. The survival rate of the TonB2-vaccinated mice was significant higher than that of the mice given recombinant GST or adjuvant alone. These results demonstrate that A. pleuropneumoniae TonB2 is immunogenic in mice and should be further assessed as a potential candidate for a vaccine against A. pleuropneumoniae infection. In addition, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the GST-TonB2 recombinant protein was developed. Compared with the ApxIVA ELISA, the TonB2 ELISA provided earlier detection of antibodies in pigs at various times after vaccination with A. pleuropneumoniae live attenuated vaccine. When compared with an indirect hemagglutination test, the sensitivity and specificity of the TonB2 ELISA were 95% and 88%, respectively. The TonB2 ELISA provides an alternative method for rapid serologic diagnosis of A. pleuropneumoniae infection through antibody screening, which would be especially useful when the infection status or serovar is unknown.     

Immunization with outer membrane proteins of Pasteurella multocida (6:B) provides protection in mice

The immunoprotective efficacy of Pasteurella multocida (6:B) outer membrane proteins (OMPs) was examined in the mouse model. Bacterial OMPs were extracted using sarkosyl method and analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Prototype vaccines were prepared using OMPs with adjuvants including dioleoyl phosphatidyl choline-based liposome and Montanide ISA206 water-in oil-in water emulsion. Antibody response to the vaccine was monitored using indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The results of the study showed that immunized mice had high titre with both the formulations. The vaccinated mice were able to survive a live virulent bacterial challenge. Based on the findings of the study it can be inferred that OMPs are important determinants of immunoprotection hence can serve as vaccine candidates against haemorrhagic septicaemia.     

副猪嗜血杆菌转铁结合蛋白A基因的分段表达及其免疫原性分析

本研究旨在获得副猪嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus parasuis,HPS)转铁结合蛋白A基因(tbpA)的表达产物(TbpA),并对其免疫原性进行分析鉴定.采用生物信息学方法预测HPS的TbpA抗原表位,根据GenBank上发表的HPS(SH0165株)tbpA的核苷酸序列设计合成3对引物,用PCR从安徽省HPS分离株(LJ3) tbpA中分段扩增出tbpA1、tbpA2和tbpA3,并连接到pET-32a(+)载体上,经BamH Ⅰ和EcoRⅠ双酶切鉴定和测序确认,将重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3)中,进行IPTG诱导表达.利用SDS-PAGE检测目的蛋白,Western blotting分析重组蛋白的免疫活性;通过小鼠免疫攻毒保护试验和血清杀菌力试验,鉴定重组蛋白的免疫原性以及诱导机体产生保护性免疫反应的能力.结果表明,从HPS(LJ3)tbpA中扩增出与预期设计的1140、897、666 bp大小相符的3个片段(tbpA1、tbpA2、tbpA3),扩增产物连接载体得到重组质粒,在大肠杆菌中实现表达,获得大小为62、54、44 ku的目的蛋白(rTbpA1、rTbpA2、rTbpA3),均能与HPS阳性血清反应.rTbpA1与甲醛灭活菌体对小鼠免疫攻毒的保护率分别为20％和40％,但rTbpA1引起小鼠平均死亡时间显著延迟,兔抗rTbpA1与兔抗HPS(LJ3)血清具有同样显著的杀菌活性.结果显示,成功表达的rTbpA1、rTbpA2、rTbpA3均具有良好的反应原性,其中rTbpA1更具有良好的免疫原性以及诱导机体产生保护性免疫反应的能力,可望成为副猪嗜血杆菌病疫苗和血清学检测的候选成分.     

副猪嗜血杆菌广东分离株外膜蛋白P5基因的克隆及蛋白结构预测

根据GenBank上发表的副猪嗜血杆菌(HPS)外膜蛋白基因的核苷酸序列设计并合成1对特异性引物,从广东省HPS分离株外膜蛋白P5基因中扩增出与预期设计的1116bp大小相符的片段,将扩增产物连接到pMD18-T载体上,进行序列测定和分析。结果表明,克隆出HPS广东分离株的目的基因,核苷酸长为1116bp,共编码371个氨基酸,与已发表的HPS(SH0165)外膜蛋白基因核苷酸序列同源性100%,氨基酸同源性100%。生物学预测分析结果显示,HPS外膜蛋白是一种混合型结构蛋白,含有α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角和无规则卷曲,其β-转角和无规则卷曲区域可能形成抗原表位;其N端含有1个信号肽,最佳切割位点在21～22个氨基酸;有15个抗原决定簇;无跨膜区;同源建模分析,未见相似三维结构。     

乳胶凝集试验快速检测副猪嗜血杆菌

利用原核表达并经过纯化的副猪嗜血杆菌TbpB N端蛋白及人工合成的特异性多肽制备单克隆抗体,经碳化二亚胺(EDC)将纯化后的单克隆抗体IgG与羧化乳胶共价偶联,并对偶联乳胶的IgG含量及偶联时间等条件进行合理选择,建立了快速检测副猪嗜血杆菌的乳胶凝集试验方法.利用LAT方法检测148株副猪嗜血杆菌疑似菌株,参考16 S rRNA-PCR方法的结果,符合率为83.1%,且致敏乳胶不与临床常见菌株发生凝集反应.结果表明,此检测方法具有操作简便、快速、特异性高的特点,便于在基层推广使用,为副猪嗜血杆菌的诊断和有效防治提供了参考和依据.     

副猪嗜血杆菌rfaD基因的克隆及原核表达

rfaD基因编码ADP-L-甘油-D-甘露庚糖-6-异构体酶,缺失该基因会导致LOS糖链缩短和疏水性增强,从而影响细菌的致病性。为进一步探索副猪嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus parasuis,Hps)ADP-L-甘油-D-甘露庚糖-6-异构体酶的功能,本研究对Hps SC096 株rfaD基因进行克隆及原核表达。根据GenBank上登录的NC_011852序列,设计引物扩增rfaD基因,获得927 bp目的片段,将其克隆至pMD19-T载体。经送样测序鉴定正确后,连接到pET-32a(+)上进行原核表达,并用IPTG诱导,将诱导产物进行SDS-PAGE和Western blotting分析。SDS-PAGE结果显示,H.parasuis rfaD基因能在E.coli BL21(DE3)中表达,重组蛋白分子质量约为50 ku,与预期分子质量大小一致。Western blotting分析结果表明,该蛋白质能与H.parasuis血清4型阳性高免血清产生特异性结合反应,具较好的反应原性。     

副猪嗜血杆菌高密度发酵工艺研究

旨在建立副猪嗜血杆菌高密度发酵工艺。通过对TSB、BH1、LB培养基进行比较，选择TSB培养基进行优化，利用优化后的培养基对副猪嗜血杆菌在10L发酵罐中进行高密度发酵培养。结果表明，血清4型JS株的活菌数达到2．5×10^10CFU／mL，血清5型ZJ株的活菌数达到2．5×10^10CFU／mL，且通过批次补料与流加相结合的工艺使关键成本血清的使用量降低了1／2。在1000L发酵规模上进行连续3批的发酵试验．经验证该工艺可用于副猪嗜血杆菌灭活疫苗抗原的规模化生产。对3批发酵抗原利用替代动物豚鼠进行动物实验，结果显示抗原均合格。研究结果为国内副猪嗜血杆菌流行菌株血清4型和5型二价灭活疫苗的规模化生产提供了理论依据。     

Acute phase protein concentrations in colostrum-deprived pigs immunized with subunit and commercial vaccines against Glässer's disease

Haemophilus parasuis is the etiological agent of Gl?sser's disease, which is characterized by fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis and meningitis in pigs. This study was focused on the characterization of the acute-phase response after immunization and infection of colostrum-deprived pigs with H. parasuis serovar 5, by measuring serum concentrations of three positive acute-phase proteins (APPs) (pig major acute-phase protein pig, MAP; haptoglobin, HPG; C-reactive protein, CRP) and one negative APP (apolipoprotein A-I, ApoA-I). Six experimental groups were established: a non-immunized but infected control group (CTL); two groups immunized with either a recombinant transferrin-binding protein (Tbp) A or TbpB fragment from H. parasuis Nagasaki strain (rTbpA and rTbpB, respectively); two groups immunized with native outer membrane proteins with affinity to porcine transferrin (NPAPT), one of them inoculated intramuscularly (NPAPTim) and the other intratracheally (NPAPTit), and the last group receiving a commercially available bacterin (PG). The greatest concentrations of the three positive APPs and the lowest concentration of the negative APP were detected in CTL group, as well as in those animals belonging to rTbpA or rTbpB groups that died in response to challenge. Significant differences (P<0.005) were found in these groups when comparing challenge with the following days after it. However, no significant differences were seen for the remaining vaccinated groups (NPAPTim, NPAPTit and PG), which were effectively protected against Gl?sser's disease. Therefore, APPs could be used as useful biomarkers for both evaluating disease progression and determining vaccination effectiveness.