基于线粒体控制区的鸡不同杂交组合遗传多样性研究

旨在探讨鸡不同杂交组合线粒体控制区（mtDNA D-loop区）的遗传多样性和单倍型特性。选取固始鸡和隐性白羽鸡及其正、反交F1代、藏鸡以及F2代等6个群体共387个个体的mtDNA D-loop区进行测序,分析其遗传规律和单倍型特性,并与不同红色原鸡亚种进行聚类,分析其母系起源。结果显示,6个群体D-loop区全序列大小为1 231 bp,共检测到28个多态位点和1个C碱基缺失,共构成19种单倍型,分为A、B、C和E 4个单倍型群,其中,固始鸡和反交F1代主要为A、C单倍型,固始鸡A、C单倍型比例分别为53.42%和46.58%,反交F1代A、C单倍型比例分别为50.75%和49.25%;隐性白羽鸡、正交F1代和F2代优势单倍型均为E单倍型,占比分别为48.89%、48.84%和50.00%。6个鸡群体单倍型多样度（Hd）在0.496~0.729之间,核苷酸多样度（Pi）在0.003 40~0.005 41之间,Hd值和Pi值最大的均为正交F1代,其次为隐性白羽鸡和F2代,固始鸡和反交F1代群体遗传多样性接近。聚类分析显示,A、B单倍型群与滇南亚种交叉聚为一枝;E单倍型群与印度亚种交叉聚为一枝;C单倍型群与印度亚种、指名亚种、印尼亚种以及滇南亚种聚为一枝。结果提示,mtDNA D-loop区遵循严格的母系遗传,后代的遗传多样性和单倍型比例与其母本基本一致;我国家鸡群体具有多个红色原鸡母系起源,且主要起源于原鸡滇南亚种。     

五指山猪线粒体控制区序列分析及遗传多样性研究

为了研究五指山猪遗传多样性和系统地位,本研究采用PCR产物直接测序法得到55条五指山猪线粒体控制区(mtDNA D-Loop)全序列,并结合GenBank中发表的1条五指山猪mtDNA D-Loop全序列进行结构分析、遗传多样性研究及系统发育分析。结果发现,56条序列中出现21次保守区变异,即"TTATAAAACAC"序列重复,共定义13个单倍型,发现14个变异位点,单倍型多样度(Hd)和核苷酸多样度(Pi)分别为0.838和0.00334,表明五指山猪遗传多样性较丰富。五指山猪线粒体控制区序列构建的系统发育树和Network网络分析呈现两大分支,推测有两个母系起源,且与GenBank中其他23个猪种的聚类结果表明,五指山猪与长江流域以南地区的猪种有着较近的亲缘关系。     

Complete Mitochondrial DNA D-Loop Sequence and Genetic Diversity of Wuzhishan Pig

In order to research the genetic diversity and phylogenies of Wuzhishan pig, 56 complete mtDNA D-Loop were analyzed.55 sequences were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 1 sequence was downloaded from GenBank.The results showed that repetitive sequence "TTATAAAACAC" appeared in the conservative regions of 21 mtDNA D-Loop sequences.13 haplotypes and 14 variable sites were observed in 56 sequences.Haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity (Hd =0.838 and Pi=0.00334) indicated that Wuzhishan pig had high genetic diversity.Two branches in the phylogenetic tree and Network analysis diagram indicated that there were two maternal origins in Wuzhishan pig.The phylogenetic tree of Wuzhishan pig and other 23 species showed that Wuzhishan pig had close genetic relationship with the pig breeds in the south region of the Yangtze river.     

Genetic Diversity of Gazella subgutturosa Based on Mitochondrial DNA D-Loop Sequence in Xinjiang Ebinur Lake

To investigate the genetic diversity and genetic data of Gazella subgutturosa from Xinjiang Ebinur lake National Wetland Nature Reserves, the Ebinur lake goose antelope 35 feces samples were analyzed.Using noninvasive DNA technology, the mitochondrial DNA D-Loop 878 bp fragment was successfully amplified.Sequences results for GenBank database BLAST comparison and Clustal W and DNASP software analysis.The results showed that the sequences of the above fragments were successfully amplified, total 55 polymorphic loci were detected, which were not found insert and deficiency.This study found 15 variable sites, including 14 transversion sites and 1 top transposition.The average A, T, C and G contents in D-Loop were 28.03%, 31.57%, 24.84% and 15.56%, respectively.The contents of A+T (59.6%) were higher than G+C (40.4%).In addition, a total of 16 mtDNA haploid type were detected, haploid type polymorphism (h) was 0.886 ±0.037, nucleotide diversity degree (π) was 0.037±0.01528.The results showed that Ebinur lake Gazelle subgutturosa maintained high variation in mitochondrial D-Loop sequences.     

阿坝藏族羌族自治州若尔盖地区藏猪mtDNA D-Loop的遗传多样性分析

旨在通过获得和对比若尔盖地区藏猪mtDNA D-Loop高变区的部分序列,为该地区藏猪遗传资源的保护与利用提供参考。本试验收集了若尔盖地区9个乡镇共80头藏猪耳组织,以甘南州藏猪mtDNA D-Loop基因序列为模板设计引物,采用PCR扩增测序技术获得了80条核苷酸序列,并采用生物信息学的数据处理方法进行分析。结果表明,若尔盖地区藏猪mtDNA D-Loop高变区（435 bp）的A+T含量（56.46%）明显高于G+C含量（43.54%）,存在碱基偏倚性现象;在80条长度为435 bp的序列中,共检测到14个变异位点,鉴定了17个单倍型,单倍型多样度（Hd）、核苷酸多样度（Pi）和平均核苷酸差异数（k）分别为0.881、0.004 66和2.028,其中Hd、Pi和k在降扎乡藏猪群体中最高,Pi和k在占哇乡藏猪中最低;共享单倍型8个,特有单倍型9个,且若尔盖地区不同藏猪群体间特有单倍型数差异较大,其中,降扎乡藏猪的特有单倍型数量最多,占单倍型总数的17.65%（3/17）;Hap_1和Hap_15单倍型是4个乡镇（降扎乡、益哇乡、热尔乡和冻列乡）群体的共享单倍型,表明这4个乡镇藏猪群体存在两个共同的母系祖先单倍型。若尔盖地区藏猪的平均遗传距离为0.004 66,其中降扎乡和冻列乡藏猪间的遗传距离最大为0.006 90,包座乡和益哇乡藏猪间的遗传距离最小为0.002 16;构建的NJ分子系统进化树将若尔盖地区藏猪分为2支,而加入中国地方家猪、野猪和引种猪后,若尔盖地区藏猪在进化树中比较分散,说明该地区藏猪母源血统遗传复杂,彼此之间基因交流多。本研究进一步证实了若尔盖地区藏猪比西藏林芝、山南、日喀则、甘孜州、阿坝州藏猪的遗传多样性程度高,受到人工选择强度低,应强化对若尔盖地区藏猪遗传资源的保护与利用。     

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Three Newly Discovered Native Chicken Breeds in Yunnan Using mtDNA D-loop Region Sequences

This study was aimed to evaluate the information of their genetic background of Frizzle chicken (FM),Naked-neck chicken (CB) and YN chicken (YN) that were three newly discovered native chicken genetic resources with excellent characteristics,which had been found in Nujiang prefecture and mountainous area of Yunnan province.The variation in a total of 168 individuals sampled from the three chicken populations was assessed using the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop region sequences as genetic marker.The results showed that there were a total of 27 haplotypes were defined in the three native chicken as well as the haplotype diversity of these three chicken were 0.947,0.938 and 0.596,respectively.The nucleotide diversity of these three chicken were 0.01268,0.01434 and 0.00239,respectively.Phylogenetic tree displayed that all 168 individuals distributed in maternal lineage A,B,C,E,F and G.Frizzle chicken contained lineages E,F and G,and Naked-neck chicken contained all 6 lineages,of which the main lineages were E,F and G.YN chicken included lineages E,F and G,and lineage E was the highest percentage in this population.Also,it found that YN chicken was closely related to Gallus gallus murghi,White Plymouth Rock chicken,White Leghorn chicken and New Hampshires chicken,while Naked-neck chicken was closely related to Gallus gallus spadiceus,Gallus gallus jabouillei,Gallus gallus gallus Linnaeus,Indonesian cockfight and Laos chicken.The Frizzle chickens shared more haplotypes with Naked-neck chicken,and the evolutionary relationship between the two species was closer.This study provided a basis for the origin and genetic assessment of three newly discovered Yunnan local chicken breeds.     

和田黑鸡mtDNA控制区D-Loop序列分析

试验旨在测定和田黑鸡mtDNA D-Loop序列,并分析其与其他5个品种鸡间的同源性及亲缘关系。结果发现,和田黑鸡mtDNA D-Loop序列全长为1230 bp,用DNAMAN软件进行序列比对,发现和田黑鸡与GenBank登录的5个品种鸡的同源性都在98%以上,测定样品mtDNA D-Loop核苷酸序列中富含A+T。聚类分析结果显示,和田黑鸡与丝羽乌骨鸡、红原鸡亲缘关系较近。     

A Genetic Diversity Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA D-loop Region in Four High Quality Chicken Breeds

This study was conducted to elucidate the genetic diversity of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop region in Qingyuan partridge chicken group 1,Qingyuan partridge chicken group 2,Yangshan chicken and Qingyuan Yellow feather black-bone chicken.The specific primers were designed according to mtDNA D-loop region of Gullus gullus spadiceus (accession No.:NC_007235.1) in GenBank.The sequence was analyzed after PCR amplification and sequencing,and the haplotype number,polymorphism number,haplotype diversity,nucleotide diversity and nucleotide mean difference were counted.The evolution divergence among breeds was calculated by Mega 5.10 software,and the phylogenetic tree was constructed.The results showed that the length of mtDNA D-loop region in four high quality chicken breeds was 591 bp,and 549 bp were used for subsequent analysis.The content of A,T,C and G were 27.2% to 27.3%,30.1% to 30.4%,29.5% to 29.8% and 12.8% to 12.9%,respectively,and the average content of G+C was 42.5%.There were 92 polymorphic sites which contained 14 singleton variable sites and 78 parsimony informative sites,and the percentage of transitions and transversions were 89.13% (82/92) and 10.87% (10/92),respectively.The haplotype diversity ranged from 0.682 to 0.835,and the nucleotide diversity ranged from 0.00849 to 0.01167.There were 32 haplotypes in all sequences,which could be divided into clades A,B,C and E,however,most of the individuals belonged to clades B (51.2%) and E (37.6%).The phylogenetic tree results showed that four high quality chicken breeds could be classified as 4 branches which were consistent with the haplotypes classification results.The results indicated that the four high quality chicken populations from Qingyuan had relatively high haplotype and nucleotide diversity and likely shared two or more common maternal lineages.     

Genetic Diversity of Lueyang Black-bone Chicken Based on Mitochondrial DNA D-loop Region Sequence

This study was aimed to assess mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequence diversity and origin of Lueyang Black-bone chicken.The mtDNA D-loop sequence of 30 individuals from Lueyang Black-bone chicken were amplified by PCR and subsequently sequenced.The mtDNA D-loop sequence of other chicken were collected from GenBank and used as reference sequences to analyze the diversity and origin of Lueyang Black-bone chicken.The results revealed that the average values of base composition of A,C,G and T in mtDNA D-loop the sequence of Lueyang Black-bone chicken were 26.6%,26.6%,13.4% and 33.4%,respectively.26 nucleotide polymorphic sites were transition.The average nucleotide diversity (Pi) of the sites and haplotype diversity (Hd) were 0.00705 and 1.000,and the value of Tajima's D was -0.47272.Phylogenetic tree showed that samples were clusted in 4 clades. In the research, it could be concluded that the genetic diversity was relatively rich and wealthy and there were 4 maternal origins to Lueyang Black-bone chicken population.     

略阳乌鸡线粒体DNA控制区(D-loop)的遗传多样性分析

为了研究略阳乌鸡线粒体DNA控制区（mtDNA D-loop）的遗传多样性和起源,本研究对30只略阳乌鸡样品的mtDNA D-loop全序列进行了PCR扩增和测序,结合GenBank中公布的其他鸡的D-loop区序列,分析略阳乌鸡线粒体多态性及其起源。结果表明,略阳乌鸡mtDNA D-loop区全序列中,A、C、G、T平均含量分别为26.6%、26.6%、13.4%和33.4%,26个核苷酸多态位点均为转换位点,核苷酸多样度（Pi）为0.00705,单倍型变异度（Hd）为1.000,中性检验Tajima's D值为-0.47272。通过群体构建的系统进化树发现,略阳乌鸡样品在系统进化树上聚为4大分支。研究结果表明,略阳乌鸡群体内个体序列变异程度较大,遗传多样性丰富,揭示略阳乌鸡在遗传组成上具有4个母系来源。     

固原鸡线粒体DNA控制区全序列测定及分析

固原鸡是宁夏唯一的地方鸡品种资源,具有肉质细嫩、味道鲜美、营养丰富等遗传特性。该试验采用PCR和直接测序的方法测定固原鸡(白羽、麻羽、红羽)线粒体DNA(mtDNA)控制区(D-loop)全序列,结果表明固原鸡3个类群线粒体DNA控制区全序列长度分别为1230bp、1231bp或1232bp。分析种内的遗传变异,3个类群固原鸡共发现6个变异位点,其中4个转换,2个缺失/插入,没有观测到颠换;A、T碱基含量占59.9%~60.0%,G、C碱基含量占40.0%;固原鸡与其它8种禽类的D-loop基因序列同源性的分子进化树聚类结果表明固原鸡不同类群与红色原鸡亲缘关系最近。     

中国家鸡和红色原鸡mtDNA控制区遗传多态性及系统进化分析

通过线粒体DNA控制区的结构和多态性来研究中国家鸡和红色原鸡的遗传多态性与系统进化。测定14个中国地方鸡种和红色原鸡2个亚种的256个个体线粒体DNA控制区部分序列约560bp,结果表明,A、C、G、T这4种核苷酸的平均比例分别为25．∞％、37．40％、4．40％和33．20％。共发现44个变异位点,约占分析位点总数的7．86％,没有观测到插入／缺失,颠换和转换之比为0．13;共具有32种单倍型,9种为共享单倍型;16个群体内单倍型多样度从0到0．964,单倍型变异度总体为0．909±0．014,整体的平均核苷酸差异数为7．276,核苷酸多样度为1．851％。群体间核苷酸分歧度（Dxy）在0．747％～3．125％之间变化,核苷酸净遗传距离（Da）为0．015％～2．633％。16个群体表现出较高水平的遗传多态性,群体间表现出显著的遗传分化。群体遗传多态性和亲缘关系分析表明,一些中国家鸡的群体（如固始鸡和仙居鸡）起源于泰国红色原鸡Gallus gallu sgallus亚种,一些中国家鸡的群体（如茶花鸡和藏鸡等）起源于中国红色原鸡Gallus gallus spadiceus亚种,在一些中国地方鸡种还同时具有这2种红色原鸡的遗传贡献;认为中国家鸡起源于泰国或单纯起源于中国的观点都是不全面的。     

Genetic Diversity and Evolution of Danzhou Chicken Assessed with Mitochondrial Complete DNA D-loop Region Sequencing

The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity and evolution of Danzhou chicken.The complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop regions of 36 Danzhou chickens were amplified,sequenced and analyzed.The sequencing reads were compared with the complete mtDNA D-loop sequence of several relative strains of chicken annotated in GenBank,and analyzed by bioinformatics methods.The genetic diversity and its evolutionary relationship in Danzhou chicken were analyzed.The results showed that the lengths of PCR products at the D-loop region were 1 210 bp,with 59.9% being A+T and 40.1% as C+G.The variable regions were 167-1 215 bp,and the high variable regions were mainly 167-367 bp.A total of 20 variable sites that defined 6 haplotypes were identified.The average haplotype diversity (Hd) and average number of nucleotide difference (k) were 0.571 and 6.449,respectively,the nucleotide diversity (Pi) was 0.00537,and the Tajima's D value of neutrality test was 1.61643.6 haplotypes could be grouped to 3 haplogroups (A,B and C) as determined by phylogenic analysis,with B clade,as the most abundant population.It concluded that the genetic diversity and haplotype diversity of Danzhou chicken were relatively low.Phylogenetic tree showed that the genetic composition of Danzhou chicken came from 3 maternal ancestors,Gallus gallus spadiceus,Gallus gallus bankiva and Gallus gallus jabouillei were potential ancestors.There was few influence of exotic lineage detected,which indicated that Danzhou chicken was a relatively conserved breed.     

建昌马mtDNA D-loop区遗传多样性及系统进化分析

试验旨在以线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)为切入点,研究建昌马的母系遗传多样性与系统进化。从建昌马(n=39)血液中提取基因组DNA,用PCR方法扩增mtDNA D-loop区并直接测序,分析其高变区247 bp序列信息,统计mtDNA D-loop区的单倍型及变异位点,计算单倍型多样性(haplotype diversity,Hd)、核苷酸多样性(nucleotide diversity,Pi)和平均核苷酸变异数(average number of nucleotide differences,K)。构建包括建昌马在内的19个品种马的NJ系统进化树,计算各品种间的遗传距离。结果显示,试验获得了清晰的PCR扩增产物,并通过直接测序方法获得了约1200 bp的序列。39匹建昌马mtDNA D-loop区247 bp序列(其中1个样品缺失1 bp)的AT碱基含量为61.45%,属AT碱基对富集区,检测到33个多态性位点,共显示26种单倍型,其中4种为共享单倍型,且Hap7和Hap1为优势单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.947,核苷酸多样性为0.02399,平均核苷酸变异数为5.901,显示丰富的母系遗传多样性;NJ系统进化树显示,建昌马分布在A、C、D、E、F、G共6个支系中,约50%的样品分布在A支系,显示出复杂的母系起源;建昌马与关中马的遗传距离最小(0.021),其次是三河马、文山马、韩国车巨马(0.024),与韩国济州岛马遗传距离最大(0.032)。本研究结果表明,建昌马的mtDNA D-loop高变区遗传多样性丰富,具有多个母系起源,且A支系占有明显优势,与关中马、文山马可能有共同的母系起源。     

贵州地方鸡种的遗传变异研究

为了研究贵州地方鸡种的遗传多样性与系统进化,试验通过PCR直接测序的方法,测定了6个贵州地方鸡种的90个个体线粒体DNA控制区部分序列,并进行了序列分析。结果表明,DNA控制区序列长度为780 bp,A、G、C、T 4种核苷酸的平均比例分别为26.14%、13.38%、25.98%、34.50%;共发现40个变异位点(不包含种内变异位点),占分析位点总数的5.13%;共确定30个单倍型,6个群体内单倍型变异度总体为0.914,变化范围为0.506～0.976。6个群体间表现出显著的遗传分化和较高水平的群体遗传多态性。     

Analyses of Genetic Diversity and Phylogeny of mtDNA D-loop from Yak in Karakoram-Pamir Area

This experiment was conducted to clarify the genetic diversity,genetic differentiation and phylogenetic status of yak in Karakoram-Pamir area.The mtDNA D-loop region sequence was selected as a molecular marker,and the sequence and genetic diversity of the mtDNA D-loop region of yak in Karakoram-Pamir area were analyzed by PCR direct sequencing and bioinformatics methods.The yak sequence in GenBank was used.The maximum likelihood method was used to construct the phylogenetic tree and the intermediary network relationship.The results showed that the mtDNA D-loop sequence of yak in Karakoram-Pamir area was rich in A and T bases,with AT content of 61.2%,and there were 63 polymorphic loci,accounting for 7.04% of the total number of nucleotides.The results indicated that A and T bases were rich in the mtDNA D-loop sequences at 61.2%.There were 63 mutation sites,accounting for 7.04% of all nucleotides,The average haplotype diversity (Hd) was 0.806,the average nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.01528,and the average nucleotide difference (K) was 13.509,indicating that the yak was rich in genetic diversity in Karakoram-Pamir area;Through phylogenetic analysis,there were two branches in yak in China,forming two branches and six small clades.The yak in Karakoram-Pamir area involved in this study had two different maternal origins.Additionally,yak in the Karakoram-Pamir area was less shared with other breeds of yak haplotypes.In the branch C,the yak group in the Karakoram-Pamir area accounts for a large proportion and was shared with wild yak.The yak population in Karakoram-Pamir area had a unique genetic background,which might be the result of early domestication of wild yaks.It was suggested to increase the identification of yak breeds and the formulation of breed standards in this area,and strengthen the protection of yak genetic resources in this area.According to the current situation of the population,wild blood yaks were introduced for purification and rejuvenation to prevent breed degeneration and decrease of genetic diversity.The introduction of foreign yak breeds and disorderly hybridization were reduced to ensure the characteristics of this breed of high-quality yak breed resources.     

普洱毛脚乌鸡与南涧绿耳乌鸡线粒体DNA母系遗传分析

In order to elucidate the genetic differences between Puer Miaojiao and Nanjian Lver black bone chicken, the hypervariable region I sequence variations in mtDNA D loop of the respective 48 random samples from Puer Miaojiao and Nanjian Lver black bone chicken were examined by direct sequencing of PCR products in the present study, and an analysis of population genetics and phylogenetics were conducted on the data obtained. In Puer Miaojiao black bone chicken, a total of 24 polymorphic sites included 2 singleton polymorphic sites and 24 parsimony informative sites were detected, which defined 12 haplotypes and the unique haplotypes accounted for 50%. The haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity and the average genetic distance within the population were 0.829±0.039,0.01559±0.00068 and 0.016±0.003, respectively. In Nanjian Lver black bone chicken, a total of 28 polymorphic sites included 0 singleton polymorphic site and 28 parsimony informative sites were detected, which defined 13 haplotypes and the unique haplotypes accounted for 53.85%. In this population, the haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity and the average genetic distance within the population were 0.907±0.018,0.01590±0.00056 and 0.016±0.003, respectively. Phylogenetic and genetic divergence analysis revealed that there were A,B,E,F and G five matrilineages in Puer Miaojiao black bone chicken which accounted for 45.83%,2.08%,8.33%,16.67% and 27.09%, respectively. And there were A,B,C, E,F and G six matrilineages in Nanjian Lver black bone chicken which accounted for 22.92%,14.58%,4.17%,10.42%,16.67% and 31.25%, respectively. The results in this study indicated that the population genetic variation in Nanjian Lver black bone chicken are higher than that in Puer Miaojiao black bone chicken and the population genetic composition for the two chicken populations were significantly different. They are mainly for the native chicken descent by birth, but there may be a small amount of commercial chicken blood mixed.     

深县猪mtDNA CytB基因的遗传多样性与母系起源研究

为探讨深县猪群体内的遗传多样性及母系起源分化,采用PCR直接测序法测定了40头深县猪的mtDNA CytB基因长1 140 bp片段的全序列,并结合GenBank已公布的15个猪种mtDNA CytB基因全序列,采用邻接法构建深县猪、部分其他地方猪种和引进猪种的系统发育树。结果显示,在1 140 bp长的序列中A、T、G、C的含量分别为25.93%、31.72%、28.90%及13.45%,其中A+T的含量(57.65%)高于G+C的含量(42.35%);共发现2个变异位点,无插入和缺失突变,全部为转换位点,其中简约信息位点2个,未发现单一信息位点。40条序列共定义了3种单倍型,单倍型多样性(HD)为0.312,核苷酸多样性(Pi)为0.00026,平均核苷酸差异数(K)为0.327。在深县猪mtDNA CytB基因全序列NJ进化树中,三种单倍型聚为同一分支,母系来源单一,与莱芜猪、大蒲莲猪等山东品种遗传距离较近。结果表明,深县猪群体内遗传多样性比较贫乏,与山东地区的华北型黑猪种群有更近的亲缘关系。     

鹅p21基因克隆、启动子分析及转录调控研究

【目的】 分析鹅p21基因的结构和启动子活性，探讨p21基因的转录调控机制。【方法】 以泰州鹅为试验对象，通过同源克隆、RACE和生物信息学分析等方法获得鹅p21基因全长序列和5′-侧翼区序列特征；构建6个不同缺失片段的启动子区双荧光素酶报告载体并分析其荧光素酶活性，进而确定p21基因核心启动子区；对核心启动子区转录因子结合位点生肌决定因子(MyoD)(+25~+36 bp)进行定点突变，并构建突变报告基因载体，在C2C12细胞系内初步鉴定鹅p21基因核心转录调控因子。【结果】 鹅p21基因cDNA全长1 943 bp，CDS区大小为453 bp，编码151个氨基酸，蛋白序列包含高度保守的CDI家族结合位点。系统进化树分析表明，鹅p21基因与鸭亲缘关系最近，与鸡和火鸡有较强的进化关系。鹅p21基因5′-侧翼区包含启动子元件，—35~+37 bp是核心启动子区，发挥正向调控作用，结合定点突变技术初步鉴定MyoD是鹅p21基因核心转录调控元件。【结论】 本研究获得了鹅p21基因完整的cDNA序列和启动子区域，MyoD是p21基因核心转录调控因子，为探究p21基因在鹅胚胎期肌肉发育过程中的调控机制提供理论依据。     

努比亚山羊脂肪和肥胖相关蛋白基因克隆分析及真核表达载体构建

研究旨在对努比亚山羊脂肪和肥胖相关蛋白（fat mass and obesityassociated protein,FTO）基因进行克隆和分析,并构建其真核表达载体。取努比亚山羊背最长肌组织作为试验材料,采用RT-PCR扩增出FTO基因的编码区,测序鉴定后对得到的序列用相应的分析软件进行生物信息学分析,然后将FTO基因片段与pMD19-T载体连接后转化大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞,构建pMD19-T-FTO载体,测序正确的重组质粒双酶切后,连接pEGFP-N1载体构建pEGFP-N1-FTO真核表达载体,然后转染3T3-L1细胞,培养48 h后,在荧光显微镜下观察细胞表达荧光的情况。结果表明,试验成功克隆了努比亚山羊FTO基因的编码区,序列长度为1 518 bp,编码505个氨基酸,分子质量为57 142.24 u。努比亚山羊FTO基因编码区序列与NCBI上公布的山羊、牛、绵羊、猪、原鸡、小鼠的相似性分别为98.7%、96.4%、98.3%、87.2%、64.3%、81.7%,该基因系统进化树分析显示,努比亚山羊与山羊遗传距离最近,与原鸡遗传距离最远,在不同物种中具有高度保守性。努比亚山羊FTO蛋白二级和三级结构以α-螺旋和无规则卷曲为主。构建的真核表达载体pEGFP-N1-FTO转染3T3-L1细胞48 h后,在显微镜下观察到绿色荧光的表达,说明FTO基因真核表达载体构建成功。本试验构建努比亚山羊FTO基因真核表达载体,其在3T3-L1细胞中成功表达,为以后研究FTO基因与山羊脂肪代谢的相关性奠定基础。