常用新城疫疫苗免疫佐剂的筛选

文章对目前家禽生产中较常见的新城疫疫苗传统免疫佐剂、天然来源佐剂、化学药物佐剂及新型免疫佐剂的种类与作用机理进行综述,并指出疫苗免疫佐剂选择的关键点。     

佐剂及其在基因免疫研究中的应用

论述了免疫佐剂的作用机理及细胞因子、CpGDNA、化学佐剂、共刺激信号分子、化学因子、黏附分子等佐剂在基因疫苗中的应用概况，并对免疫佐剂在基因疫苗中的应用前景进行了展望。     

IFN-γ真核质粒对口蹄疫病毒生长激素环多肽免疫小鼠的佐剂效应

随着合成抗原和重组抗原的日渐增多,发展合适的佐剂以确保疫苗的最大活性及对接种者的保护作用成为科研工作者的重要任务.目前,细胞因子作为疫苗佐剂已成为免疫佐剂研究的热点和新方向.     

免疫佐剂的研究进展

随着DNA重组疫苗、合成肽疫苗等新型疫苗的不断涌现,免疫佐剂研究越来越受到人们的关注.本文综述了近年来免疫佐剂研究概况,着重介绍了目前常用及研究较多的佐剂的特点,并就免疫佐剂现状及研究发展趋势提出自己的见解,为开发研制高效、低毒、结构新颖的免疫佐剂提供参考.     

免疫佐剂研究进展及前景展望

本文从免疫佐剂的发现、作用机理、发展进行论述,综述了传统免疫佐剂、细胞因子佐剂、天然来源佐剂及新型免疫佐剂的类别与免疫机理,并就免疫佐剂的发展前景进行了展望。     

细胞因子类佐剂在黏膜免疫中的作用

黏膜免疫和黏膜疫苗佐剂的研究是近年来免疫学研究的一个重要方面.由于细胞因子在免疫应答的产生和调节中具有重要作用,可作为免疫佐剂增强疫苗的免疫效果,所以,细胞因子在黏膜佐剂研究中引起了人们广泛的兴趣与关注.文章主要简述黏膜免疫应答的调节及细胞因子类佐剂在黏膜免疫的研究与应用.     

乳剂类免疫佐剂研究进展

乳剂类免疫佐剂又称为油类佐剂，是将抗原包裹在各种油相中，以实现为抗原提供贮存库，并通过将抗原靶向递呈给免疫细胞以增强机体对抗原的特异性免疫应答反应的一类免疫佐剂。自1916年首次报道乳剂类佐剂的应用至今，一百多年来乳剂类佐剂已成为疫苗研制与开发中不可缺少的重要因素，为应对人类和动物各种传染病提供更安全有效的疫苗提供了物质保障。随着现代疫苗学不断的发展，新型疫苗的研制和开发对佐剂提出了更高的要求，了解佐剂的组成成分、有效性和安全性的免疫作用机理是佐剂应用于疫苗研制和开发的前提。因此本文选择了白油佐剂、完全弗氏佐剂(Complete Freund’s Adjuvant,CFA)、不完全弗氏佐剂(Incomplete Freund’s adjuvant,IFA)、MF59^?、AS(Adjuvant systems,AS)系列和Montanides系列等目前常用和商品化的乳剂类免疫佐剂，对其佐剂组成成分、免疫作用机理和临床应用情况等进行综述，以期为乳剂类免疫佐剂的临床使用提供一定的理论参考。     

兽用疫苗佐剂的研究进展

兽用疫苗免疫佐剂可以辅助兽用疫苗进入动物机体,增强疫苗的免疫效力,维持疫苗的稳定性,帮助疫苗更加有效地预防、控制动物传染病,减少损失,保障安全的生态环境。用作兽用疫苗免疫佐剂的物质越来越多,有水性疫苗佐剂和油性疫苗佐剂等,各种佐剂的有效成分和作用方式各不相同。本文就兽用疫苗佐剂的特点做了概述,以期为疫苗研发过程中佐剂的筛选提供参考。     

油乳佐剂及其安全性研究进展

油乳佐剂是免疫佐剂的一种,能使多种抗原产生高滴度抗体,是动物疫苗中应用最广泛的佐剂之一.但此种佐剂在发挥佐剂效应的同时,也会来带一些安全性问题,如应激反应、矿物油的残留等.因此,本文拟对油乳佐剂的作用机理、分类、应用以及潜在的安全性问题等作简要综述,并进一步指出有待研究的问题,为后续开展白油佐剂的相关研究提供参考.     

复合佐剂的研究进展

不断开发新型免疫佐剂,尤其是复合佐剂,是目前疫苗佐剂的主要发展趋势。根据疫苗生产应用的需要,将单一佐剂复合搭配使用,既可发挥各个佐剂的优点,又有互相促进的作用,达到明显增强免疫效果的目的。为适应生产和市场的需求,复合佐剂对动物机体应无副作用,安全有效。本文对复合免疫佐剂的研究现状和应用前景进行了综述,以期为开发研制高效、低毒的复合免疫佐剂提供参考。     

中药有效成分对动物疫苗的免疫佐剂效果及相关机理研究进展

佐剂作为疫苗的重要组成部分，其自身的安全性及对疫苗的免疫增强效果受到广泛重视。动物疫苗佐剂种类较多，包括铝佐剂、油乳佐剂和脂质体佐剂等。但由于可应用的佐剂有限，疫苗的需求量增大，因此寻求更加安全有效的疫苗佐剂成为新的研究热潮。中药具有易获取、毒性低和免疫活性强等特点，有潜力成为新型疫苗佐剂。笔者对中药有效成分的佐剂活性、联合疫苗后的免疫调节效果及作用机制进行综述，阐明中药有效成分作为动物疫苗佐剂的可能性及研究进展，为新型佐剂的研制提供理论依据。     

新型动物疫苗佐剂的研究进展

疫苗佐剂是使疫苗免疫原性充分发挥的工具,目前动物疫苗佐剂主要以铝盐佐剂和油乳佐剂为主。近年来基因重组疫苗和亚单位疫苗发展迅猛,而这些新型疫苗与传统疫苗相比免疫原性较弱,这就对佐剂提出了更高的要求。当前针对佐剂的研究层出不穷,部分佐剂如MF59、AS01、AS03等已经在人用疫苗中成功应用,但应用于动物疫苗还有技术难题需要攻破。蜂胶佐剂目前在动物疫苗中应用较广,且已经占有了一定的市场份额。为充分比较现有新型疫苗佐剂的优缺点,为后续疫苗佐剂的研究提供参考,就目前广泛研究的新型动物疫苗佐剂进行综述。     

疫苗免疫在禽病控制上的进展

疫苗免疫已有１０００多年的历史,但只有进入二十世纪以后,疫苗科学才得到了迅速的发展。目前商品性疫苗主要是弱毒活疫苗,灭活疫苗和亚单位疫苗三大类,它们有各自的优点和不足。新一代的疫苗,如基因缺失疫苗,载体疫苗,核酸疫苗和病毒－抗体复合物疫苗等,将从质和量两方面改善其免疫应答和免疫保护,并导致新的疾病控制策略的出现。     

口蹄疫双佐剂灭活疫苗的研究

在口蹄疫二价灭活疫苗（O型、AsiaⅠ型）常规使用法国SEPPIC公司206佐剂的基础上,设计了一种缓释作用更强的双佐剂成分疫苗。通过MTT法检测淋巴细胞增殖能力、液相阻断ELISA法检测口蹄疫抗体效价及攻毒试验测定PD50来评判该双佐剂疫苗与常规疫苗的效果差异。结果显示,双佐剂疫苗组细胞免疫水平（淋巴细胞刺激指数SI为1.235±0.060）比常规佐剂疫苗组（SI为1.115±0.035）和对照组（SI为1.010±0.045）高,与常规疫苗组相比差异显著（P＜0.05）,与空白对照组相比,差异极显著（P＜0.01）。双佐剂疫苗组O型和AsiaⅠ型抗体与常规佐剂疫苗组相比,全剂量组抗原量较充分,两组抗体水平差距不大;1/3剂量组和1/9剂量组由于抗原量较少和强缓释作用,导致抗体水平明显较低。攻毒保护结果为双佐剂疫苗组略高于常规佐剂疫苗组,前者每头份疫苗AsiaⅠ型为9.0 PD50,O型为11.84 PD50,后者每头份疫苗AsiaⅠ型为9.0 PD50,O型为9.0 PD50。由分析结果可见,双佐剂疫苗可引起较好的细胞免疫应答和缓释作用,达到好的攻毒保护效果。     

Adjuvant effect of green propolis on humoral immune response of bovines immunized with bovine herpesvirus type 5

Despite recent technological advances in vaccine production, most vaccines depend on the association with adjuvant substances. In this study, propolis, which has been attracting the attention of researchers due to its bioactive properties, was evaluated as an immunological adjuvant. The association of 40mg/dose of an ethanolic extract of green propolis with an inactivated oil vaccine against bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5), resulted in a significant increase (P<0.01) in the neutralizing antibody levels, comparing to the bovines that received the same vaccine without propolis. Besides, propolis increased the percentage of animals with high antibody titers (above 32). Phenolic compounds such as artepillin C (3,5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) and the derivatives of cinnamic acid besides other flavonoid substances were abundant in the propolis extract used, and they could be the main substances with adjuvant action. The effect of the green propolis extract on the humoral immune response can be exploited in the development of new vaccines.     

Laboratory trials with inactivated vaccines against Escherichia coli (O2:K1) infection in fowls.

Laboratory trials were carried out with an O2:K1 vaccine prepared with either the Freund's complete or incomplete adjuvant. Both types of vaccine administered subcutaneously were highly effective against a challenge with the vaccine strain within three to four weeks after vaccination at two to three weeks of age. The complete adjuvant vaccine was more effective than the incomplete adjuvant vaccine when administered to chickens of an earlier age, and in the rate of development and duration of immunity. The efficacy of both vaccines was unimpaired by their incorporation with the Newcastle disease oil adjuvant (inactivated) vaccine (Newcadin). The use of an oil adjuvant vaccine was not found to affect the rate of growth adversely or to produce any other reaction prejudicial to its commerical application. The efficacy of the vaccines was unimpaired by their incorporation with Newcastle disease oil adjuvant (inactivated) vaccine (Newcadin) thus demonstrating the possibility of producing a combined Escherichia coli/Newcastle disease virus vaccine.     

Protective effects of inactivated pasteurella vaccines in specific pathogen free rabbits

Different inactivated P. multocida vaccines were investigated for their protective capacities against experimental infection with virulent P. multocida strains in SPF rabbits. It was found that bacterins without adjuvant and bacterins combined with the adjuvants tested provoked immunity against aerosol infection with homologous strains. However, most bacterins tested caused local tissue irritation. Further work was done with oil adjuvant vaccines because lesions were less severe with this type of vaccine. Some of the multicomponent vaccines tested gave good immunity against heterologous infection, while others did not.     

Comparative immune responses to native cell envelope antigens and the hot sodium dodecyl sulfate insoluble fraction (PG) of Brucella abortus in cattle and mice

Brucella abortus vaccines composed of native cell envelopes or outer membrane proteins of smooth strain 2308 were compared with a vaccine (PG) composed of the insoluble residue of strain 2308 cell envelopes which had been extracted with hot sodium dodecyl sulfate. Vaccines were given by injection in an oil base adjuvant containing trehalose dimycolate and muramyl dipeptide or without adjuvant. Mice vaccinated with 30 micrograms native cell envelopes or PG and challenged 4 weeks later with virulent B. abortus strain 2308 displayed equivalent levels of protective immunity at 1 and 4 weeks post-infection. Heifers were vaccinated with 5 mg of antigens in adjuvant; PG was also administered without adjuvant. Humoral and cell mediated immune (CMI) responses were tested at monthly intervals. PG without adjuvant induced negligible immune responses. Native cell envelope antigens induced significantly higher titers of whole cell agglutinins over a 3-month period than did PG, although revaccination with PG in adjuvant enhanced the production of agglutinins and both vaccines induced antibodies to the O polysaccharide. Lymphocyte blastogenesis responses and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to porin and group 3 proteins were stimulated by both native and PG vaccines, and the magnitude of the responses did not differ significantly between the treatment groups. These vaccines were therefore comparable in their capacity to induce protective immunity in mice and CMI responses in cattle, whereas antibody responses induced by PG in cattle were generally lower. These findings provide a basis for evaluation of nonliving B. abortus vaccines in cattle.     

鸡毒支原体两种油佐剂灭活疫苗的安全与效力比较试验

本研究选择ISA 775 VG佐剂和Marcol-52白油佐剂制备鸡毒支原体灭活疫苗（R株）,对其物理性状、安全性和效力进行比较试验.结果表明：两种佐剂制备的疫苗物理性状良好;ISA 775 VG佐剂疫苗粘度比Marcol-52白油佐剂疫苗低;Marcol-52白油佐剂疫苗安全性优于ISA 775 VG佐剂疫苗;气囊损伤保护率ISA 775 VG佐剂疫苗为100％,Marcol-52白油佐剂疫苗组为79.81％.