抗水牛伊氏锥虫变异表面糖蛋白抗原单克隆抗体的研制

用纯化的伊氏锥虫变异表面糖蛋白（variant surface glucoprotein, VSG）免疫BALB/c小鼠,取免疫小鼠脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞进行融合,经过3次克隆和间接ELISA方法筛选,获得3D7、5B9 2株稳定分泌单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,用间接ELISA方法检测杂交瘤细胞培养液上清效价和小鼠腹水效价,其中细胞培养上清效价分别为1∶6400和1∶12800,腹水效价分别为1∶105和1∶106。单抗的亚型鉴定结果表明,3D7、5B9分泌的抗体都为IgG1亚类κ链。     

己烯雌酚单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

用人工合成的己烯雌酚-牛血清白蛋白(DES-BSA)作为抗原免疫Balb/c小鼠,利用杂交瘤技术建立了1株稳定分泌己烯雌酚单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞1F5,经鉴定:杂交瘤细胞染色体数为99.24±2.5,其分泌的抗体亚型为IgG2α。该细胞株体外传代和冻存复苏后抗体分泌稳定。间接ELISA测定培养上清效价为1∶640,诱生腹水效价3.2×106。ciELISA检测显示其DES 50%抑制质量浓度(IC50)为24μg/L,与水产养殖中常见禁用激素和抗菌药物的交叉反应小,表明该单抗具有较好的敏感性和特异性。     

醋酸甲孕酮单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

用人工合成的醋酸甲孕酮-牛血清白蛋白(MPA-BSA)作为抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,利用杂交瘤技术筛选得到1株稳定分泌醋酸甲孕酮单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株4C11A3B6,该细胞株经体外传代和冻存复苏后抗体分泌稳定。间接ELISA测定培养上清效价为1∶640,诱生腹水效价为1∶2.56×106。经鉴定:杂交瘤细胞分泌的抗体亚型为IgG2а。竞争抑制ELISA(ciELISA)检测显示其IC50为22 ng/mL,与常见抗生素及结构类似物的交叉反应小,表明该单抗具有较好的敏感性和特异性。     

马绒毛膜促性腺激素单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

本研究采用马绒毛膜促性腺激素(equine chorionic gonadotropin,eCG)纯品免疫BALB/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与同系小鼠骨髓瘤细胞SP2/0按1∶10融合,间接酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)筛选阳性克隆和有限稀释法克隆,扩大培养后于小鼠腹腔制备腹水,共得到8株能稳定分泌单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,采用间接ELISA测定抗体效价,效价均达10^-5以上。用获得的杂交瘤细胞株制备单克隆抗体,为eCG分泌水平的ELISA检测方法的建立确立了条件。     

甲砜霉素及氟苯尼考胺单克隆抗体的制备及特性鉴定

将氟苯尼考胺与HSA载体蛋白相连作为抗原免疫Balb/c小鼠,经杂交瘤技术获得了两株能稳定分泌抗甲砜霉素单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株1E及5C。用间接竞争ELISA方法测定,其细胞株1E单克隆抗体的细胞上清液效价为1∶5×103,腹水效价为1∶1×106,抗体亚类为IgG2b,50%抑制浓度(IC50)为15μg/L。其分泌的单克隆抗体与其结构类似物氟苯尼考及氟苯尼考胺的交叉反应率为10.4%和10.8%,和其他化合物基本无交叉反应。体外传代培养和冻存复苏后抗体分泌稳定,可为检测试剂盒提供长期稳定的抗体。     

禽脑脊髓炎病毒单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

选用AEV(VR株 )CEF适应毒制备抗原 ,免疫Balb/c小鼠。应用杂交瘤技术以间接ELISA方法筛选获得一株分泌抗AEV(VR)单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞。制备细胞上清及腹水进行单抗特性鉴定 ,经染色体计数、免疫球蛋白类及亚类测定、特异性试验、稳定性试验、SDS PAGE电泳 ,表明该杂交瘤细胞染色体数目介于 90～ 110之间 ,该单克隆抗体亚类为IgG2a,分子量为 142KD ,ELISA测定细胞上清效价为 1∶1× 10 4 ,腹水效价为 1∶1× 10 6,与其它病原无交叉反应 ,抗体分泌稳定。     

抗氨苄青霉素单克隆抗体的制备及初步鉴定

利用碳化二亚胺(EDC)法将氨苄青 霉素(Ampicillin,AMP)与匙孔嘁血蓝蛋白 (mcKLH)偶联制备免疫原免疫Balb/c小鼠, 应用杂交瘤技术将免疫鼠脾细胞与小鼠骨髓 瘤细胞(SP2/0)融合,建立分泌氨苄青霉素单 克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株。同上方法将氨苄 青霉素连接到阳离子化的牛血清白蛋白(cB SA)上制备检测抗原,对AMP KLH偶联物 免疫小鼠产生的抗体进行检测。通过对杂交 瘤细胞培养上清的检测、鉴定,筛选出8株高 亲和力的杂交瘤细胞株,用其制备的腹水 ELISA效价达到2×106,纯化后的单克隆抗 体(McAb)可以应用于氨苄青霉素残留的快 速检测。     

抗氯霉素单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

用人工合成的氯霉素-人血清白蛋白(CAP-HSA)作抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,通过杂交瘤技术建立了1株分泌抗CAP单克隆抗体(McAb)的杂交瘤细胞1F9.经检测,其分泌的抗体亚类为IgG1,杂交瘤染色体数目84～96条,间接ELISA检测细胞培养上清效价为1256,诱生小鼠腹水的抗体效价可达16×105.该细胞连续培养生物学性状稳定,竞争间接酶联免疫吸附试验(ciELISA)显示,其与供试抗生素交叉反应小,表明该单抗具有较大的应用价值.     

石房蛤毒素单克隆抗体的制备及其特性研究

将石房蛤毒素（Saxitoxin,STX）与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)偶联构建完全抗原STX-BSA,免疫BALB/c小鼠,通过杂交瘤技术获得1株稳定分泌抗STX单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,单抗亚类为IgM。体内诱生法收集腹水单抗,间接ELISA方法测定抗体效价为1∶102400,抗体亲和常数为3.71×106 L/mol。     

抗氯霉素单克隆抗体的制备及其化学发光酶免疫法的建立

以人工合成的氯霉素-牛血清白蛋白(CAP-HS-BSA)免疫Balb/c小鼠,应用杂交瘤技术获得了一株分泌抗氯霉素单克隆抗体(CAP-McAb)的杂交瘤细胞5D7,并对其进行效价、亲和力和特异性测定。结果显示,其分泌的抗体亚类为IgG1,间接ELISA检测细胞培养上清效价为1∶512,诱生的腹水经纯化后效价为1∶2×105,亲和常数为3.6×108L/mol;应用上述单抗建立的检测氯霉素的化学发光酶免疫分析法(ci-CLIA),其检测范围为0.001μg/L~10μg/L,检出限达0.0025μg/L,IC50为39.6μg/L,且与L-苯丙氨酸、L-酪氨酸、青霉素、四环素、庆大霉素等的交叉反应率均小于0.01%,可满足我国对水产品中氯霉素残留检测的要求。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.