表达传染性喉气管炎病毒gB基因和新城疫病毒F基因重组鸡痘病毒疫苗免疫持续期试验

用表达传染性喉气管炎病毒gB基因和新城疫病毒F基因的重组鸡痘病毒（rFPV～gB—F）制备的疫苗免疫4周龄SPF鸡，免疫后的7、14、21、30、60、90、120、150、180d分别采血，分离血清，检测抗FPV和gB的抗体。结果表明重组疫苗免疫后14d，免疫鸡血清抗体已经全部阳转，免疫后的21d血清抗FPV的抗体出现峰值；此后便开始回落，到免疫后的6个月抗体水平已经接近阴性对照的水平。抗gB的抗体在免疫后的第二周达到阳性，之后的六个月都为阳性。在免疫后的每个月将免疫鸡取20只再分成两组。分别用新城疫强毒与传染性喉气管炎强毒的攻击。在免疫后的第一个月对新城疫的保护率为8／10，第2个月对新城疫的保护为7／10，第3个月为2／10，因此对新城疫的免疫保护期为2个月。在免疫后的5个月内可以使免疫鸡对传染性喉气管炎强毒攻击的保护率达到8／10以上，免疫后的6个月对ILT为8／13．因此rF—PV-gB—F对传染性喉气管炎的免疫保护期为5个月。     

鸡传染性喉气管炎重组鸡痘基因工程疫苗免疫效果试验

用鸡传染性喉气管炎重组鸡痘基因工程疫苗、英特威鸡传染性喉气管炎弱毒疫苗分别免疫鸡群后,观察接种反应并做免疫保护力试验。结果表明,鸡传染性喉气管炎重组鸡痘基因工程疫苗几乎没有接种反应,基因工程疫苗与英特威疫苗对ILT免疫保护率是相同的。一般鸡群通过两次的疫苗免疫接种5个月后,对ILT的免疫保护率能够达到100%。通过对鸡传染性喉气管炎重组鸡痘基因工程疫苗田间试验和区域试验结果表明,用该疫苗免疫鸡群,不仅接种反应小、安全、能有效地防止ILT的发生,而且由于鸡群几乎没有接种反应,育成期死淘率低,鸡群生长发育整齐,在产蛋期能表现优良的生产性能。     

鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒gD基因与ChIL-2重组禽痘病毒的构建及其免疫效力试验

将鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒（ILTV）gD基因和鸡白细胞介素2（ChIL-2）基因通过同源重组法重组禽痘病毒转移载体,构建含ILTVgD基因和ChIL-2基因的重组禽痘病毒转移载体rFPVIL2ILTV—gD,蓝色蚀斑纯化法纯化重组病毒,用IFA检测重组病毒中ILTVgD基因的表达和用ELISA试剂盒检测ChIL-2的表达。重组病毒rFPV—IL2-ILTV-gD免疫试验鸡,间接ELISA测定血清中ILTV抗体效价,动物试验用构建的ILTV强毒以滴鼻方式攻击各组试验鸡,结果表明,外源基因在重组禽疽病毒中得到了稳定表达;ELISA检测结果表明在免疫7d后能够检测到血清抗体,免疫21d后血清抗体达到高峰,此后便开始逐渐下降,符合疫苗免疫的消长规律;攻毒后每组鸡的发病情况可以看出重组病毒rFPV-IL2-ILTV-gD组和疫苗对照组对ILTV强毒攻击的保护率分别为96％和92％,而空白对照组为8％。说明构建的重组病毒rFPV-IL2-ILTV—gD免疫效力稍优于弱毒疫苗,能够较好的保护免疫鸡群。     

传染性喉气管炎新城疫鸡痘重组病毒免疫效力的研究

在表达鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)糖蛋白gB基因和新城疫病毒(NDV)F基因的重组鸡痘病毒(rF-PV-gB-F)安全性检验合格后,以5.0×101~5.0×104PFU不同含量按0.1mL/鸡的剂量免疫100只30日龄SPF鸡,30d后分组分别用ILTVWG株和NDVF48E9株强毒进行攻击。免疫鸡抗鸡痘病毒抗体都转为阳性,痘反应和接种剂量有关,重组疫苗的最小反应剂量为50PFU。重组疫苗可以诱发对新城疫和传染性喉气管炎的保护,0.1mL/鸡的接种量在500~5000PFU浓度范围内的免疫效果最好,对于ILTV攻击的发病保护率在70%以上,对NDV强毒攻击的抗死亡保护率可以达到80%,这为进一步考察疫苗的免疫效力试验以及进行田间试验奠定了基础。     

1日龄雏鸡免疫鸡传染性喉气管炎重组鸡痘病毒基因工程疫苗安全性及效力的研究

将鸡传染性喉气管炎重组鸡痘病毒基因工程疫苗以皮下注射和皮下刺种2种不同免疫途径免疫1日龄雏鸡,评价其安全性和效力。以10羽份/只剂量接种后,两组鸡均未观察到全身反应。以1羽份/只剂量接种后28d攻毒,两种免疫方式均可以使免疫鸡产生较强免疫力,能够抵抗传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)WG株强毒和鸡痘病毒(FPV)102株的攻击。以上结果显示,鸡传染性喉气管炎重组鸡痘病毒基因工程疫苗以皮下注射和皮下刺种2种不同途径免疫1日龄雏鸡,具有良好的安全性和有效性。     

表达传染性喉气管炎病毒gB基因和新城疫病毒F基因重组病毒免疫及强毒攻击后外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的动态

采用流式细胞检测技术对表达传染性喉气管炎病毒gB基因和新城疫病毒F基因重组鸡痘病毒（rFPV-gB-F）、新城瘦弱毒疫苗以及传染性喉气管炎弱毒疫苗免疫和传染性喉气管炎以及新城疫强毒攻击后外周血T细胞表型亚类（CD4^＋、CD8^＋、XCRγδ^＋）的变化动态进行监测。重组疫苗和禽痘疫苗免疫之后，CD8^＋和TCRγδ^＋的细胞数先升高后回落；在NDV强毒攻击之后，ND疫苗免疫组的TCRγδ^＋数量升高，rFPV-gB-F免疫组的三种细胞数量在第l周都下降，随后升高；ILT疫苗在免疫后的第1周，CD4^＋细胞数量下降。结果提示rFPV-gB-F可以诱发相应的细胞免疫应答，但是有关传染性喉气管炎病毒导致的细胞免疫需要进一步的研究，     

传染性喉气管炎新型基因载体疫苗对SPF鸡的免疫保护效果分析

为了评估鸡传染性喉气管炎痘病毒载体重组基因工程疫苗威多妙喉痘(Vector-mune FP-LT)对鸡传染性喉气管炎的免疫效果,采用SPF鸡进行免疫攻毒保护试验。试验结果表明:胚源传染性喉气管炎病毒疫苗(CEO疫苗)和组织培养的传染性喉气管炎病毒疫苗(TCO疫苗)免疫后分别有50%和10%的鸡表现出免疫副反应,而威多妙喉痘免疫后无不良反应;CEO疫苗免疫组、TCO疫苗免疫组和威多妙喉痘免疫组的攻毒保护率分别为100%、90%、85%,无显著差异;气管病变计分结果与临床表现结果一致。同时进行的同居感染试验结果表明:非免疫同居感染组保护率仅为60%,而威多妙喉痘免疫后同居感染的保护率为100%。     

禽流感重组禽痘病毒疫苗不同途径及剂量接种的免疫效力

将表达禽流感病毒(AIV)H5 HA和N1 NA基因的重组禽痘病毒(rFPV—HA—NA)以不同剂量分别经翅下刺种、肌肉注射、皮下注射、点眼及滴鼻途径接种于4周龄SPF鸡。结果，该疫苗经翅下刺种、肌肉注射和皮下注射途径接种的SPF鸡，能够诱导其产生血凝抑制(HI)抗体；用100LD50的HPAIVA／Goose／Guangalong／1／96(H5N1)毒株攻击后，免疫鸡无一发病和死亡，免疫保护率为100％。以点眼和滴鼻途径免疫的SPF鸡，大剂量接种能够诱导产生一定水平的抗体，攻毒后的保护率分别为83．3％、66．7％；而小剂量接种则不产生免疫反应，保护率为0。表明rFPV—HA—NA疫苗只有经翅下刺种、肌肉注射和皮下注射途径接种，才能够诱导机体产生高水平的免疫力。     

表达MDV—gB基因的重组鸡痘病毒免疫效果观察

将马立克氏病病毒（MDV）gB基因插入鸡痘病毒中，构建了含有MDV－gB基因的重组鸡痘病毒（rFPV)，用rFPV、火鸡疱疹病毒（HVT）冻干疫苗、rFPV HVT二联疫苗分别免疫1日龄AA肉用雏鸡，8日龄攻毒后观察免疫保护效果。结果表明，3种疫苗均诱导了免疫应答，免疫保护率分别为69％、69％和85％。该重组病毒疫苗的免疫效果与HVT疫苗的免疫效果相当，二者联用具有免疫协同作用。     

传染性喉气管炎病毒基因疫苗免疫效应

以传染性喉气管炎病毒（ILTV）WG株gB和gD基因为目的基因构建真核表达质粒pCAGG-gB和pCAGG-gD。将75只SPF鸡随机分为7组，经肌肉注射接种pCAGG-gB、pCAGG-gD、pCAGG-gB＋pCAGG-gD、pCAGG-gB＋rFPV-ILTVgB以及rFPV-ILTVgB，并设有生理盐水和空载体（pCAGG）对照组。免疫2周后以500EID50 ILTV WG株强毒进行攻击，以评价ILTV基因疫苗以及基因疫苗和重组病毒联合应用对SPF鸡的免疫保护作用。血清抗体的检测表明：在免疫后的2周，各免疫组的鸡只均产生了特异性的ILTV抗体，外周血CD4^＋T、CD8^＋T、TCRTγδ^＋T细胞明显高于对照组，并且pCAGG-gB和pCAGG-gD分别诱导了高水平的IL-18和IFN-γ的表达。ILTV强毒攻击后，非免疫鸡全部发病，并在第2天出现死亡。而各质粒免疫组均获得了一定的保护（保护率44％），两种质粒联合免疫（pCAGG-gB和pCAGG-gD）和重组病毒（rFPV-ILTVgB）与质粒（pCAGG-gB）联合免疫的免疫组的保护率（56％）高于单独免疫组，产生高水平细胞因子表达的免疫组的保护率高于对照组。重组鸡痘病毒免疫组的保护率（69％）最高。这些结果表明ILTV的DNA疫苗能够诱导鸡体产生特异性免疫应答，并能对传染性喉气管炎强毒的攻击提供一定的免疫保护。     

共表达鸡IL-6和H5亚型禽流感病毒HA基因重组鸡痘病毒免疫抗体消长规律及免疫效力研究

为评价共表达鸡IL-6和H5亚型禽流感病毒HA基因重组鸡痘病毒(rFPV-AIH5AIL6)的免疫抗体消长规律及免疫效力,将重组病毒通过颈部皮下注射和翅部皮下注射2种不同的免疫途径来免疫鸡群,结果发现,2种免疫途径中,重组鸡痘病毒对鸡体质量增加均无影响,而野生型鸡痘病毒均可抑制鸡体质量增加。翅部皮下注射疫苗组能够产生较高的血凝抑制(HI)抗体水平,免疫21d后抗体水平达到高峰,28d后开始下降,49d时仍保持在一定的水平。免疫SPF鸡21d后攻毒,表明该重组病毒能使经滴鼻攻毒的SPF鸡抵抗H5亚型AIV的致死性攻击,保护率为95%,与油苗组相同,与单表达H5亚型禽流感病毒HA基因重组鸡痘病毒组(40%)差异显著;攻毒后3、5、7d采集喉头、泄殖腔棉拭子检测排毒情况,结果发现第3天排毒率最高,其中rFPV-AIH5AIL6免疫组排毒率为最低,显示IL-6在rFPV-AIH5IL6免疫过程中起到了免疫佐剂的作用,这为研制新型的禽流感重组鸡痘病毒疫苗奠定了基础。     

表达H5亚型AIV HA和NA基因重组鸡痘病毒的构建及在高母源抗体商品鸡的免疫效力试验

母源抗体的干扰是重组鸡痘病毒(FPV)活载体基因工程疫苗至今未能得到推广应用的主要原因,本试验使用FPV新的复制非必需区构建的载体pP12-18构建在高母源抗体商品鸡具有较高免疫力的基因工程疫苗.将H5亚型禽流感病毒分离株的血凝素(HA)基因和神经氨酸酶(NA)基因定向插入鸡痘病毒转移载体pP12-18中,H5A和NA基因的启动子分别为PS和PE/L,获得用不同的启动子启动不同的外源基因且两基因盒方向为背向串联的重组转移载体p12LSH5HANA.将p12LSH5HANA转染至已感染鸡痘病毒282E4疫苗株(wt-FPV)的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)中.p12LSH5HANA与wt-FPV基因组DNA之间的同源重组产生了重组鸡痘病毒rFPV-12LSH5HANA.通过在含X-Gal的营养琼脂上连续挑选蓝色病毒蚀斑,获得纯化的重组病毒.经传代证实该重组病毒具有良好的遗传稳定性.用105PFU的rFPV-12LSH5HANA免疫无特定病原体(SPF)鸡,能激发机体产生有效的血凝抑制(HI)抗体.初步的动物试验表明,该重组病毒能使经滴鼻点眼攻毒的SPF鸡抵抗H5亚型AIV的致死性攻击,保护率为100%.在高母源抗体的商品鸡上,rFPV-12LSH5HANA与原有载体构建的重组疫苗rF-PV-11SH5HANA的免疫效力有显著差异,保护率分别为81.4%和45.4%.结果表明,选择FPV合适的复制非必需区构建载体是提高重组FPV在高母源抗体商品鸡免疫效力的有效策略之一.     

Improvements to the hemagglutination inhibition test for serological assessment of recombinant fowlpox-H5-avian-influenza vaccination in chickens and its use along with an agar gel immunodiffusion test for differentiating infected from noninfected vaccinated animals

In general, avian influenza (AI) vaccines protect chickens from morbidity and mortality and reduce, but do not completely prevent, replication of wild AI viruses in the respiratory and intestinal tracts of vaccinated chickens. Therefore, surveillance programs based on serological testing must be developed to differentiate vaccinated flocks infected with wild strains of AI virus from noninfected vaccinated flocks in order to evaluate the success of vaccination in a control program and allow continuation of national and international commerce of poultry and poultry products. In this study, chickens were immunized with a commercial recombinant fowlpox virus vaccine containing an H5 hemagglutinin gene from A/turkey/Ireland/83 (H5N8) avian influenza (AI) virus (rFP-H5) and evaluated for correlation of immunological response by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) or agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) tests and determination of protection following challenge with a high pathogenicity AI (HPAI) virus. In two different trials, chickens immunized with the rFP-H5 vaccine did not develop AGID antibodies because the vaccine lacks AI nucleoprotein and matrix genes, but 0%-100% had HI antibodies, depending on the AI virus strain used in the HI test, the HI antigen inactivation procedure, and whether the birds had been preimmunized against fowlpox virus. The most consistent and highest HI titers were observed when using A/turkey/Ireland/83 (H5N8) HPAI virus strain as the beta-propiolactone (BPL)-inactivated HI test antigen, which matched the hemagglutinin gene insert in the rFP-H5 vaccine. In addition, higher HI titers were observed if ether or a combination of ether and BPL-inactivated virus was used in place of the BPL-inactivated virus. The rFP-H5 vaccinated chickens survived HPAI challenge and antibodies were detected by both AGID and HI tests. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the rFP-H5 vaccine allowed easy serological differentiation of infected from noninfected birds in vaccinated populations of chickens when using standard AGID and HI tests.     

Protection of chickens against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N2) by recombinant fowlpox viruses.

Two recombinant fowlpox viruses containing the avian influenza H5 hemaglutinin (HA) gene were evaluated for their ability to protect chickens against challenge with a highly pathogenic isolate of avian influenza virus (H5N2). Susceptible chickens were vaccinated with the parent fowlpox vaccine virus or recombinant viruses either by wing-web puncture or comb scarification. Following challenge 4 weeks later with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, all birds vaccinated by the wing-web method were protected by both recombinants, while 50% and 70% mortality occurred in the two groups of birds vaccinated by comb scarification. Birds vaccinated with the unaltered parent fowlpox vaccine virus or unvaccinated controls experienced 90% and 100% mortality, respectively, following challenge. Hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody levels were low, and agar-gel precipitin results were negative before challenge. Very high HI titers and positive precipitating antibody responses were observed in all survivors following challenge.     

Experimental study to determine if low-pathogenicity and high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses can be present in chicken breast and thigh meat following intranasal virus inoculation

Two low-pathogenicity (LP) and two high-pathogenicity (HP) avian influenza (AI) viruses were inoculated into chickens by the intranasal route to determine the presence of the AI virus in breast and thigh meat as well as any potential role that meat could fill as a transmission vehicle. The LPAI viruses caused localized virus infections in respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. Virus was not detected in blood, bone marrow, or breast and thigh meat, and feeding breast and thigh meat from virus-infected birds did not transmit the virus. In contrast to the two LPAI viruses, A/chicken/Pennsylvania/1370/1983 (H5N2) HPAI virus caused respiratory and GI tract infections with systemic spread, and virus was detected in blood, bone marrow, and breast and thigh meat. Feeding breast or thigh meat from HPAI (H5N2) virus-infected chickens to other chickens did not transmit the infection. However, A/lchicken/Korea/ES/2003 (H5N1) HPAI virus produced high titers of virus in the breast meat, and feeding breast meat from these infected chickens to other chickens resulted in Al virus infection and death. Usage of either recombinant fowlpox vaccine with H5 AI gene insert or inactivated Al whole-virus vaccines prevented HPAI virus in breast meat. These data indicate that the potential for LPAI virus appearing in meat of infected chickens is negligible, while the potential for having HPAI virus in meat from infected chickens is high, but proper usage of vaccines can prevent HPAI virus from being present in meat.     

Increased virulence of modified-live infectious laryngotracheitis vaccine virus following bird-to-bird passage.

Modified-live (ML) infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) vaccine viruses, both tissue-culture-origin (TCO) and chicken-embryo-origin (CEO), were passaged 20 times in specific-pathogen-free chickens. After serial bird-to-bird passage, increased virulence was observed for CEO virus but not TCO virus. Increased mortality and increased severity and duration of respiratory disease were observed in chickens inoculated with chicken-passaged CEO viruses; only mild respiratory disease (no mortality) occurred in chickens inoculated with chicken-passaged TCO viruses. These findings suggest that ML ILT vaccine viruses may increase in virulence after bird-to-bird passage.     

鸡痘母源抗体对重组鸡痘疫苗免疫效果的影响

为了检测抗鸡痘病毒母源抗体对喉气管炎重组鸡痘疫苗的影响,孵化一批来自禽痘病毒高免母鸡的雏鸡,采用ELISA方法检测鸡痘疫苗免疫鸡后代的血清抗体。检测结果表明,雏鸡自孵出2d开始,血清鸡痘病毒抗体水平就开始缓慢下降,到15日龄时下降至临界值,已有部分鸡开始出现抗体阴性反应;到21日龄时,全部被检血清抗体水平均转为阴性。分别于不同日龄对试验雏鸡免疫接种重组鸡痘疫苗,结果只有当鸡体内的鸡痘病毒母源抗体全部为阴性(21日龄)后免疫时才能产生可靠的保护作用,保护率达到80％以上。这说明鸡痘病毒母源抗体对重组鸡痘疫苗的效果有一定的影响,因此重组疫苗合理的首免时间应选择在3周龄以后。     

抗鸡传染性喉气管炎重组鸡痘病毒基因工程疫苗同居感染试验

疫苗的接触传播是疫苗免疫接种需要考虑的重要因素,为了检测重组鸡痘病毒载体疫苗水平传播的能力,对隔离条件下饲养的SPF鸡用重组鸡痘病毒基因工程疫苗接种,同时设立非免疫对照鸡,饲养期间特意延长清粪时间以增加感染的机会,1个月之后攻击传染性喉气管炎WG株强毒和鸡痘102株强毒,疫苗免疫鸡全部获得保护,而非免疫鸡则全部发病.在试验动物饲养场的自然条件下,将免疫鸡和试验对照两组鸡饲养在同一个鸡舍内,让疫苗毒的传播更接近自然条件.在每个月的攻毒试验中,对照鸡都没有获得对鸡痘和传染性喉气管炎强毒的保护.在疫苗免疫期间进行连续5个月的跟踪检测,同居未免疫鸡没有检测到抗传染性喉气管炎病毒gB抗体.这些实验结果表明抗鸡传染性喉气管炎重组鸡痘病毒基因工程疫苗不能通过接触传播.     

Recombinant viruses of poultry as vector vaccines against fowl plague

To help in the control of fowl plague caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses of hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes H5 and H7 several vaccines have been developed. A prophylactic immunization of poultry with inactivated influenza viruses in non-endemic situations is questionable, however, due to the impairment of serological identification of field virus-infected animals which hinders elimination of the infectious agent from the population. This problem might be overcome by the use of genetically engineered marker vaccines which contain only the protective influenza virus hemagglutinin. Infected animals could then be unambiguously identified by their serum antibodies against other influenza virus proteins, e.g. neuraminidase or nucleoprotein. For such a use, purified HA or HA-expressing DNA vaccines are conceivable. Economically advantageous and easier to apply are modified live virus vaccines in use against other poultry diseases, which have been modified to express influenza virus HA. So far, recombinant HA-expressing fowlpox virus (FPV) as well as infectious laryngotracheitis and Newcastle disease viruses have been asssessed in animal experiments. An H5-expressing FPV recombinant is already in use in Central America and Southeast Asia but without accompanying marker diagnostics. Advantages and disadvantages of the different viral vectors are discussed.     

Vaccinating chickens against avian influenza with fowlpox recombinants expressing the H7 haemagglutinin

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the vaccine efficacy of a fowlpox virus recombinant expressing the H7 haemagglutinin of avian influenza virus in poultry. PROCEDURE: Specific-pathogen-free poultry were vaccinated with fowlpox recombinants expressing H7 or H1 haemagglutinins of influenza virus. Chickens were vaccinated at 2 or 7 days of age and challenged with virulent Australian avian influenza virus at 10 and 21 days later, respectively. Morbidity and mortality, body weight change and the development of immune responses to influenza haemagglutinin and nucleoprotein were recorded. RESULTS: Vaccination of poultry with fowlpox H7 avian influenza virus recombinants induced protective immune responses. All chickens vaccinated at 7 days of age and challenged 21 days later were protected from death. Few clinical signs of infection developed. In contrast, unvaccinated or chickens vaccinated with a non-recombinant fowlpox or a fowlpox expressing the H1 haemagglutinin of human influenza were highly susceptible to avian influenza. All those chickens died within 72 h of challenge. In younger chickens, vaccinated at 2 days of age and challenged 10 days later the protection was lower with 80% of chickens protected from death. Chickens surviving vaccination and challenge had high antibody responses to haemagglutinin and primary antibody responses to nucleoprotein suggesting that although vaccination protected substantially against disease it failed to completely prevent replication of the challenge avian influenza virus. CONCLUSION: Vaccination of chickens with fowlpox virus expressing the avian influenza H7 haemagglutinin provided good protection against experimental challenge with virulent avian influenza of H7 type. Although eradication will remain the method of first choice for control of avian influenza, in the circumstances of a continuing and widespread outbreak the availability of vaccines based upon fowlpox recombinants provides an additional method for disease control.