柔嫩艾美耳球虫组蛋白去乙酰化酶2A基因的克隆表达及转录动态分析

为研究柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)组蛋白去乙酰化酶2A(Et Sir2A)的生化功能及其对生活史发育的潜在调节作用,以柔嫩艾美耳球虫甘肃株为例,检测其在不同发育阶段表达量的差异。以基因组数据预测的编码序列为模板设计引物,采用RT-PCR的方法扩增得到Et Sir2A的全长ORF,构建p MAL-C2X-Et Sir2A重组表达质粒并进行原核表达;提取未孢子化卵囊、孢子化7h卵囊、孢子化卵囊、子孢子和第二代裂殖子5个发育阶段/时期的总RNA,采用qRT-PCR方法检测Et Sir2A的转录动态变化。测序结果显示,克隆的Et Sir2A ORF序列全长909 bp,编码302个氨基酸,并能在大肠杆菌原核系统中成功表达;qRT-PCR结果显示,Et Sir2A在不同发育阶段mRNA转录水平差异显著,在未孢子化卵囊阶段最高,第二代裂殖子阶段最低。结果为进一步研究Et Sir2A功能和开发新型抗球虫药物提供了数据基础。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫Etron2基因在不同发育阶段转录水平差异的分析

为研究柔嫩艾美耳球虫不同发育时期Etron2基因的转录水平差异,选取E.tenella生活史中的未孢子化卵囊、孢子化卵囊、子孢子、第二代裂殖子,分别提取总RNA,反转录为cDNA;选择Etactin作为参照基因,Etron2为目的基因,设计实时荧光定量PCR的引物,分析在E.tenella生活史中不同发育阶段Etron2转录水平的差异。结果显示Etron2在未孢子化卵囊中转录水平最高,然后分别是裂殖子、孢子化卵囊和子孢子。在柔嫩艾美耳球虫发育过程中,Etron2基因可能在未孢子化卵囊阶段被转录储备,随着宿主细胞的刺激,得以大量表达,在入侵过程中发挥作用。     

球虫免疫鸡群饲料添加剂的选用

球虫感染属于自限性感染，感染后机体就会产生对同种球虫的免疫力。球虫免疫就是根据这一原理采用少量疫苗活卵囊通过口服途径感染鸡只，而使鸡只获得对同种球虫的保护力，小剂量感染不会引起临床疾病，而且对肠道显微结构的破坏也不大。具体讲，疫苗活卵囊进入鸡消化道经2次脱囊释放出孢子，孢子侵入肠上皮细胞经过孢子生殖、裂殖生殖和配子生殖3个发育阶段形成大量未孢子化的卵囊随粪便排出。在适宜的外界环境中，这些卵囊发育成具感染力的孢子化卵囊，鸡只再从垫料中摄入这些卵囊，从而开始新一轮的增殖发育，这样感染强度与免疫力相长，…     

动物球虫病的诊治

正球虫的功能性单位是孢子,一种能动的呈香蕉形或雪茄形的细胞,顶端尖后端圆。球虫靠孢子在宿主体内移动并侵入上皮细胞内,并且子孢子代表着球虫每个生活史的起点和终点。与生活史中特殊阶段的关系由前缀来表示。子孢子是在孢子化卵囊中出现的感染形态。大小配子体融合后形成卵囊,卵囊减数分裂形成子孢子。子孢子侵入宿主细胞后通过一种复分裂即裂殖生殖形成许多裂殖子,速殖子分裂快,慢殖子分裂慢,如此等等。     

山羊球虫病诊治

正羊球虫病是由艾美科艾美耳属的球虫引起的一种原虫病,山羊艾美耳球虫属直接发育型,不需要中间宿主,须经过无性生殖、有性生殖和孢子生殖3个阶段。孢子化卵囊被羊吞食后,在胃液的作用下,子孢子逸出,迅速侵入羊的肠道上皮细胞,进行多世代的无性生殖,形成裂殖体和裂殖子。在球虫的发育过程中,有两种类型的裂殖体存在,即大裂殖体和小裂殖     

夏季肉鸡球虫病多发的原因与对策

1球虫病多发的原因 1.1温度、湿度合适 鸡感染球虫后，球虫在肉鸡消化道内经过一段时间的裂殖生殖，所产生的裂殖子进行配子生殖，最后形成卵囊，随粪便排出体外。新鲜排出的球虫卵囊无感染性，但在一定的条件下（最适温度为22～30℃；湿度20％～30％；充足氧气等）完成孢子生殖，就形成了具有感染力的孢子化卵囊。     

鸡球虫病防治

<正>1病原鸡球虫属原生动物门艾美耳科艾美耳属,鸡球虫是宿主特异性和寄生部位特异性很强的原虫。球虫卵囊须经孢子生殖,形成孢子化卵囊,方具有感染性。球虫卵囊随鸡粪排出后,在合适的温度(22～28℃)、湿度(75%)和有氧条件下,经过孢子化生殖,形成具有感染性的孢子化卵囊,孢     

夏秋季肉鸡球虫病多发的原因与对策

1球虫病多发的原因 1．1温度、湿度合适 鸡感染球虫后，球虫在肉鸡消化道内经过一段时间的多次裂殖生殖，所产生的裂殖子进行配子生殖，最后形成卵囊，随粪便排出体外。球虫卵囊本无感染性，但在一定的条件下（温度8℃～35℃，最适为22℃～30℃；湿度60％～75％；充足氧气等）完成孢子生殖，就形成了具有感染力的孢子化卵囊。这种卵囊一旦被鸡大量食入，就会造成球虫病发作。而夏秋季节，温度、湿度合适，正有利于球虫的繁殖。所以，夏秋季是肉鸡球虫的多发季节。     

鸡球虫体外HCT-8细胞培养模型的建立

由柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)引起的球虫病严重损害鸡的肠道健康,给养鸡业造成巨大的经济损失。E.tenella寄生在鸡盲肠上皮细胞,体外培养可在鸡原代肾细胞内发育成卵囊完成内生发育过程,而在其他传代细胞系内只能完成部分生殖阶段,为了延长其在细胞内的发育进程,建立了鸡球虫HCT-8细胞培养模型。将新鲜制备的E.tenella子孢子接种HCT-8细胞,制备细胞爬片,分别进行HE染色和DAPI染色,观察子孢子在细胞内的发育状况。结果表明,子孢子在接种后6 h即可入侵HCT-8细胞,随后子孢子发育为滋养体至48 h形成第一代裂殖体,至54h第一代裂殖子释放,于72 h形成第二代裂殖体,在144 h第二代裂殖子释放出来,继续培养至168h未见到卵囊形成,而试验虫株接种鸡体后在144～168 h即可观察到大量未孢子化卵囊排出体外,据此确定子孢子在该细胞内的发育过程结束。本研究所建立的鸡球虫细胞培养模型将子孢子发育至第二代裂殖生殖阶段,将发育阶段向前推进了一个进程,为鸡球虫相关研究工作的开展提供技术平台。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫含HD结构域蛋白特性和功能初步研究

鸡球虫病是由艾美耳球虫引起的一种危害严重的肠道寄生虫病,每年都会给世界各地的养禽业带来巨大的经济损失。目前,该病主要依靠抗球虫药物进行防治,但由于药物的长期及不合理使用导致鸡球虫几乎对所有使用过的抗球虫药均产生耐药性。为研究球虫耐药性产生的分子机制,本实验室前期对柔嫩艾美耳球虫地克珠利耐药株、马杜拉霉素耐药株以及敏感株进行了转录组测序并获得了敏感株与耐药株的差异表达基因,发现柔嫩艾美耳球虫含HD域蛋白（EtHDCP）在耐药株中上调表达。本研究以柔嫩艾美耳球虫敏感株孢子化卵囊cDNA第一链为模板,成功克隆出EtHDCP基因,构建了原核表达重组质粒pGEX-4T-EtHDCP,并成功诱导表达了重组蛋白rEtHDCP。利用qRT-PCR和Western blot对柔嫩艾美耳球虫敏感株不同发育阶段的转录和翻译水平进行分析,结果显示,EtHDCP在第二代裂殖子的转录和翻译水平高于其他三个阶段（未孢子化卵囊、孢子化卵囊和子孢子）。同时利用Western blot分析了EtHDCP在柔嫩艾美耳球虫敏感株、地克珠利耐药株、马杜拉霉素耐药株中的翻译水平,结果显示,EtHDCP在耐药株中的蛋白翻译水平显著高于敏感株。间接免疫荧光定位结果显示,该蛋白主要定位在子孢子和裂殖子的表面以及裂殖子的胞质内。入侵抑制试验表明,抗rEtHDCP多克隆抗体可有效抑制子孢子对宿主细胞的入侵。这些结果说明该蛋白可能参与了虫体在宿主细胞内的生长发育、耐药性的产生以及子孢子入侵宿主细胞的过程。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟株免疫剂量研究

为了确定柔嫩艾美耳球虫（Eimenatenella）早熟株合适的免疫剂量,本文设立7个早熟株免疫攻虫组、1个不免疫攻虫组和1个不免疫不攻虫组,免疫组的免疫剂量为孢子化卵囊100、200、400、600、800、1000和2000个／羽,经嗉囊感染,7日龄首次免疫,14日龄以同等剂量进行第二次免疫,21日龄以8×10^4个／羽的同源母株进行攻虫,28日龄结束试验,以存活率、增重、肠道病变记分、血便数量、卵囊减少率为观测指标。对免疫保护效果较好的3个免疫剂量进行重复试验,同时设置商品化球虫疫苗对照组,免疫方法、试验周期、试验指标同第一批试验。结果显示：攻虫后,不免疫攻虫组出现5％死亡,而各免疫组来出现死亡;各免疫组卵囊减少率在61．57％～69．52％;200～2000免疫组的增重与不免疫不攻虫组差异不具备显著统计学意义（P〉0．05）;600～2000免疫组的肠道病变记分和血便数量均明显少于不免疫攻虫组（P〈0．05）。用600、800和1000进行重复试验,三个免疫组攻虫期间均来出现死亡,而不免疫组和疫苗对照组均出现5％死亡;三个免疫组的增重均明显高于不免疫攻虫组和疫苗对照组（P〈0．05）;早熟株免疫组的肠道病变记分和血便数量明显低于不免疫攻虫组（P〈0．05）,而疫苗对照组与不免疫攻虫组的相当（P〉0．05）;卵囊减少率在66.30％-78．75％,高于疫苗对照组的51．82％。结果表明,该柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟株保持了良好的免疫原性,不同免疫剂量均能诱发鸡产生免疫保护力,其中600、800和1000个／羽的免疫效果均优于疫苗对照组,可考虑以600个／羽作为该早熟株在疫苗制备中的推荐免疫剂量。     

Effects of clopidol on sporulation and infectivity of Eimeria tenella oocysts

Feed additive anticoccidials currently used in Japan were examined for possible effects on oocyst sporulation of Eimeria tenella. Monensin, salinomycin, lasalocid, amprolium plus ethpabate, amporolium plus ethopabate plus sulfaquinoxaline, clopidol, or nicarbazin were given to chickens continuously via the feed at the recommended use level or one-half of that level. Oocysts discharged in feces 7-8 days post inoculation (PI) were collected and aerated for sporulation. Low sporulation rate was noted, when clopidol at 62.5 mg kg-1 was given from 4 to 7 days PI. These oocysts were as infective as oocysts from controls, based on weight gain, feed efficiency, gross lesion score of cecae, and oocyst count 7 days PI. The results of the study indicated that the second schizogony and gametogony are vulnerable to clopidol, as evidenced by oocyst sporulation, but infectivity of these sporulated oocysts was not affected.     

巨型艾美球虫gam56基因的截短原核表达及其产物的免疫保护效果

为评价gain56基因重组表达产物作为亚单位疫苗预防鸡巨型艾美球虫(E.maxima),感染的效果,以E.maxima NT株配子体总RNA为模板,RT.PCR扩增和克隆gain56基因,选择该基因两段丰富抗原表位的编码区片段.利用原核表达载体pGEX-6P-1在大肠杆菌中进行截短表达.以可溶性的GST-gain56-2融合蛋白为免疫原,设立高、中、低(1.0 mg、0.5 mg、0.25 mg)3个剂量,单独或使用弗氏完全佐剂,于5 d、12 d和19 d对雏鸡进行3次免疫,26 d用5 ×10~4个E.maxima孢子化卵囊进行攻虫,8 d后迫杀,对各组的存活率、相对增重率、卵囊减少率、ACI等指标进行统计分析.结果显示:就相对增重率而言各免疫组比未免疫攻毒组的高27.6%以上,而各免疫组之间差异不显著(p>0.05);就卵囊减少率指标而言,各免疫组较未免疫攻毒组均有不同程度减少,但是均小于75%;就ACI指标而言,各免疫组较未免疫攻毒组均有不同程度增加,以中剂量蛋白佐剂组为最高.GST-gam56-2融合蛋白对于E.maxima感染具有一定的免疫保护效力.     

Genetics of resistance to coccidiosis: response of inbred chicken lines to infection by Eimeria tenella and Eimeria maxima

1. Experiments have been carried out to compare weight gain, mortality and oocyst production in 7 inbred and partially inbred lines of chickens after challenge with the coccidial parasites Eimeria tenella and E. maxima. 2. There were large differences between lines in the effects of challenge on weight gain and mortality for both species of parasite. However, the lines suffering the greatest mortality were not those showing the greatest effects on weight gain, indicating that mortality alone is not an adequate criterion in selection for resistance. 3. Although oocyst production differed between lines there was no correlation with mortality or with weight loss, implying that the variation observed in these traits was not due to a restriction of the parasite but to an accommodation of its effects. 4. Mortality and weight loss resulting from challenge with E. tenella in the different lines did not correlate with that caused by E. maxima. 5. There was evidence of an association of genes of the major histocompatibility complex genes with mortality, but not with weight loss or oocyst production: there was no indication of association of resistance to coccidiosis with resistance to Marek's disease.     

The optimal immunization procedure of DNA vaccine pcDNA–TA4–IL-2 of Eimeria tenella and its cross-immunity to Eimeria necatrix and Eimeria acervulina

The immunization procedure of DNA vaccine pcDNA–TA4–IL-2 of Eimeria tenella, including route, dose, time of immunization and age of primary immunization of chicken, was optimized. The stability and the cross-species protection of the vaccine were also analyzed. Efficacy of immunization was evaluated on the basis of oocyst decrease ratio, lesion score, body-weight gain and the anti-coccidial index (ACI). Chinese Yellow chickens were randomly distributed into corresponding groups (30/group). The challenged, unchallenged and vector control groups were designed. The results illustrated that 25 μg was the optimal dose and intramuscular injection was the most effective route to induce protective immunity. There were no significant differences of ACIs between boosting and non-boosting groups. Storage time and temperature had little effect on the immunizing efficacy of the vaccine. The vaccine could provide partial cross-protection against the challenge with E. necatrix and E. acervulina, but not with E. maxima.     

穿心莲内酯干混悬剂对人工感染大肠杆菌致肉鸡腹泻的药效评价

本试验旨在评价穿心莲内酯干混悬剂对大肠杆菌感染致肉鸡腹泻的治疗效果,为其临床应用提供试验依据。选取12日龄健康试验鸡300只,随机分为5个组,每组4个重复,每个重复15只。包括空白对照组、大肠杆菌ETECO101攻毒组、大肠杆菌攻毒加100和200 mg·L^-1穿心莲内酯干混悬剂及60 mg·L^-1粘菌素组。肉鸡15日龄通过腹腔注射0.2 mL含5×10⁸ cfu·mL^-1 ETECO101的生理盐水感染细菌,空白对照组腹腔注射0.2 mL生理盐水。细菌感染前3 d开始通过饮水给药,早、晚各给药1次,每次每个重复700 mL,连续给药至攻菌后第3天停止给药。每组随机选取1个重复,于攻菌后24 h和第5天分别选取6只鸡采血、剖检和取组织样,用于肝组织病理学观察、小肠微结构分析、免疫器官指数测定和血液生化指标分析。每组剩余3个重复（45只）试验至攻菌后第7天,计算存活率、粪便评分、平均日增重（ADG）和平均日采食量（ADFI）,以评价药物的药效。结果显示,相对于ETECO101组,药物含量为100和200 mg·L^-1的穿心莲内酯干混悬剂组肉鸡存活率分别提高13.3和17.8个百分点（P<0.05）,减轻大肠杆菌感染导致的腹泻,显著提高肉鸡ADG （P<0.01）和ADFI（P<0.01）;200 mg·L^-1穿心莲内酯干混悬剂组显著地增加了攻菌后24 h肉鸡脾脏和法氏囊指数（P<0.01）,降低了攻菌后第5天肉鸡血清中球蛋白（GLB）和白蛋白（ALB）含量（P<0.05）,有效地抑制肉鸡血清中丙二醛（MDA）含量的增加,提高肉鸡血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力（P<0.01）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活力（P<0.01）。同时,200 mg·L^-1穿心莲内酯干混悬剂组可显著改善肉鸡空肠绒毛高度（P<0.05）,以及绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值。综上所述,饮水中添加穿心莲内酯干混悬剂可减少大肠杆菌感染导致的鸡死亡,改善肉鸡生长性能、血清氧化应激状态和空肠肠道形态,提高法氏囊指数,对大肠杆菌感染而导致的肉鸡腹泻具有显著疗效。     

Anticoccidial effect of green tea-based diets against Eimeria maxima

Anticoccidial effects of green tea (GT)-based diets were evaluated in chickens following oral infection with Eimeria maxima an ubiquitous intestinal parasite of poultry that impairs the growth and feed efficiency of infected birds. Five-week-old chickens were assigned to four groups (GT 0.5%, GT 2.0%, untreated/infected and non-infected control) and each group consisted of 15 chickens. Chickens were fed a standard diet supplemented with ground green tea for 2 weeks prior to infection with E. maxima (10,000 sporulated oocysts per bird). The effects of green tea on E. maxima infection were assessed by two parameters, fecal oocyst shedding and body weight gain. The green tea-fed chickens produced significantly reduced fecal oocysts (P<0.05) when compared to the E. maxima-infected group fed standard diet. The green tea-based diet, however, did not improve body weight loss caused by E. maxima infection. This study is the first to demonstrate anticoccidial effect of green tea on Eimeria parasites.     

Concurrent response to challenge infection with Cryptosporidium parvum in immunosuppressed C57BL/6N mice

We investigated the response to challenge infection with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in immunosuppressed C57BL/6N mice. In the primary infection, fecal oocyst shedding and parasite colonization were greater in immunosuppressed mice than in nonimmunosuppressed mice. Compared with primary infection, challenge infection with C. parvum didn''t show any oocyst shedding and parasite colonization. Especially, oocyst shedding and parasite colonization from the mice infected with heat-killed oocysts were not detected. After challenge infection with C. parvum oocysts, however, these mice were shedding small numbers of oocysts and parasite colonization. Except normal control and uninfected groups, the antibody titers of other groups appear similar. Based on the fecal oocyst shedding, parasite colonization of ilea, and antibody titers in the mice, these results suggest that the resistance to challenge infection with C. parvum in immunosuppressed C57BL/6N mice has increased.     

鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫SO7基因的原核表达及动物免疫试验

为了研究鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫SO7基因原核表达重组蛋白的免疫效力,分析其在鸡抗柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染中对鸡平均增重、抗球虫指数(ACI)、减少盲肠病变和卵囊数量中的作用,从柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊中提取总RNA作为模板,用RT-PCR扩增出SO7基因片段,再应用DNA重组技术将SO7基因克隆到原核表达载体pET32a(+)中并用IPTG诱导表达。SDS-PAGE结果显示,pET32a(+)-SO7表达的目的蛋白约为40ku,主要以包涵体形式存在。用纯化的重组蛋白进行动物免疫试验显示,SO7重组蛋白在鸡抗柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染中有较好的免疫保护作用,能够显著提高鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染鸡的平均增重和抗球虫指数(ACI),对减少盲肠病变和卵囊数量也有部分作用。     

Resistance to intestinal coccidiosis following DNA immunization with the cloned 3-1E Eimeria gene plus IL-2, IL-15, and IFN-gamma

A cloned Eimeria acervulina gene (3-1E) was used to vaccinate chickens in ovo against coccidiosis, both alone and in combination with genes encoding interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, or interferon (IFN)-gamma. Vaccination efficacy was assessed by increased serum anti-3-1E antibody titers, reduced fecal oocyst shedding, and enhanced body weight gain following experimental infection with E. acervulina. When used alone, anti-3-1E antibody titers were transiently, but reproducibly, increased at 2 wk and 3 wk posthatching in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, significantly reduced oocyst shedding and increased weight gain were observed at relatively high-dose 3-1E vaccinations (> or =25 microg/egg). Combined immunization with the 3-1E and IL-1, IL-2, IL-15, or IFN-gamma genes induced higher serum antibody responses compared with immunization with 3-1E alone. Following parasite infection, chickens hatched from embryos given the 3-1E gene plus the IL-2 or IL-15 genes displayed significantly reduced oocyst shedding compared with those given 3-1E alone, while 3-1E plus IL-15 or IFN-gamma significantly increased weight gain compared with administration of 3-1E alone. Taken together, these results indicate that in ovo immunization with a recombinant Eimeria gene in conjunction with cytokine adjuvants stimulates protective intestinal immunity against coccidiosis.