巨型艾美耳球虫早熟株免疫剂量研究

为了确定巨型艾美耳球虫(Eimeria maxima)早熟株合适的免疫剂量,本文设立7个早熟株免疫攻虫组、7个母株免疫攻虫组、1个不免疫攻虫组和1个不免疫不攻虫组,7个早熟株/母株免疫组的免疫剂量为孢子化卵囊100、200、400、600、800、1000和2000个/羽,经嗉囊感染,7日龄首次免疫,14日龄以同等剂量进行第二次免疫,21日龄以8×104个/羽的同源母株进行攻虫,28日龄结束试验,以增重、肠道病变记分和卵囊减少率为试验指标。对早熟株中免疫保护效果较好的2个免疫剂量进行重复试验,免疫方法、试验周期、试验指标和攻虫剂量同第一批试验。结果显示:早熟株和母株200、400、600、800、1000、2000个/羽免疫组攻虫后的增重与健康对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),100个/羽免疫组明显低于健康对照组(P<0.05);各免疫组的卵囊减少率均达90%以上,肠道病变记分均与不免疫攻虫组差异不显著(P>0.05)。用早熟株200、400个/羽进行免疫重复试验,两个免疫组攻虫期间的增重和肠道病变记分均与健康对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),而与不免疫攻虫组差异显著(P<0.05),其卵囊减少率均在86%以上。研究结果表明,该巨型艾美耳球虫早熟株保持了良好的免疫原性,每只鸡免疫200或400个孢子化卵囊均可诱发鸡产生良好的免疫保护力,可考虑以200个孢子化卵囊作为该早熟株在疫苗制备中的推荐免疫剂量。     

堆型艾美耳球虫早熟株免疫剂量研究

为确定堆型艾美耳球虫(Eimeria acervulina)早熟株合适的免疫剂量,设立7个早熟株免疫攻虫组、7个母株免疫攻虫组、1个不免疫攻虫组和1个不免疫不攻虫组,7个早熟株/母株免疫组的免疫剂量为孢子化卵囊100、200、400、600、800、1 000、2 000个/羽,经嗉囊感染,7日龄首次免疫,14日龄以同等剂量进行第二次免疫,21日龄以1.5×105个/羽的同源母株进行攻虫,28日龄结束试验,以增重、肠道病变记分和卵囊减少率为试验指标。并对早熟株中免疫保护效果较好的2个免疫剂量进行重复试验,免疫方法、试验周期、试验指标同第一批试验,攻虫剂量为2×105个/羽的同源母株。结果显示,免疫期间,各免疫组的增重与不免疫组差异不显著(P>0.05);攻虫期间,早熟株400、600、800、1 000个/羽和母株600、800、1 000个/羽免疫组的相对增重与不免疫不攻虫组差异不显著(P>0.05);肠道病变记分,除2 000免疫组明显低于不免疫攻虫组(P<0.05)外,其余各免疫组虽低于不免疫攻虫组,但与其差异不显著(P>0.05);卵囊减少率,早熟株和母株400～2 000个/羽免疫组均达90%以上,其中600、800个/羽免疫组达97%以上。用早熟株600、800个/羽进行免疫重复试验,两个免疫组攻虫期间的相对增重和肠道病变记分均与不免疫不攻虫组差异不显著(P>0.05),而与不免疫攻虫组差异显著(P<0.05),其卵囊减少率均在88%以上。研究结果表明,该堆型艾美耳球虫早熟株保持了良好的免疫原性,不同免疫剂量均能诱发鸡产生免疫保护力,其中以600、800个/羽的免疫效果更好,可考虑以600个/羽作为该早熟株在疫苗制备中的推荐免疫剂量。     

鸡堆型艾美耳球虫早熟株的最小免疫剂量研究

为确定堆型艾美耳球虫(Eimeria acervulina)早熟株的最小免疫剂量,设立了6个早熟株1次免疫组、6个早熟株2次免疫组、2个空白对照组、2个攻毒组。SPF鸡4日龄时以200、300、400、500、600、1 000个/羽的剂量接种早熟株卵囊进行第1次免疫,于14日龄使用1次免疫2倍的剂量进行第2次免疫。一次/二次免疫组及各不免疫攻虫组分别于18或28日龄以2×105个/羽的同源强毒株进行攻毒,以相对增重率、病变记分、病变记分减少率、卵囊抑制率和抗球虫指数(ACI)等指标评价免疫效果,确定最小免疫剂量。结果显示,本次试验使用的早熟株具有良好的免疫原性,不同免疫剂量均能诱发雏鸡产生保护力,且随着免疫剂量的增加保护力逐渐提高。一次免疫剂量为1 000个/羽和二次免疫的首次免疫剂量大于等于400个/羽、第二次免疫800个/羽,可达到良好免疫效果,可分别定为E.acervulina早熟株一次免疫和二次免疫的最小免疫剂量。     

鸡巨型艾美耳球虫早熟株免疫效果试验

为确定使雏鸡获得良好免疫效果的最小巨型艾美耳球虫(E.maxima)早熟株接种量,分别于4日龄对免疫攻毒组以不同剂量进行首免,11日龄以首免2倍剂量对二次免疫攻毒组鸡进行二免。一次或二次免疫后7 d或10 d用同源亲本株进行攻毒,检测免疫攻毒鸡相对增重率、卵囊减少率、病变记分减少率(RLS)和抗球虫指数(ACI)。结果显示,一次免疫剂量≥400个孢子化卵囊/只或两次免疫的一免剂量和二免剂量≥100个孢子化卵囊/只和200个孢子化卵囊/只时,各免疫攻毒鸡的相对增重率≥85%,RLS≥70%,卵囊减少率≥75%,相对保护率≥90%,ACI≥170,均达到良好免疫效果。故将E.maxima早熟株的一次免疫最小免疫剂量定为400个孢子化卵囊/只,两次免疫最小免疫剂量定为一免100个孢子化卵囊/只和二免200个孢子化卵囊/只。     

布氏艾美耳球虫（Eimeria brunetti）早熟虫株的免疫原性及毒力

用５００卵囊／只剂量的Ｅｂｒｕｎｅｔｉ早熟虫株经口服免疫３日龄公鸡雏后１４ｄ,再以４５×１０４卵囊／只剂量的亲本毒株口服攻毒。结果,免疫雏鸡受到完全保护,其平均增重与空白对照组差异不显著。当免疫剂量为２５０卵囊／只时,仅对攻毒具有部分保护作用。毒力试验结果表明,Ｅｂｒｕｎｅｔｉ早熟虫株的致病力显著低于Ｅｂｒｕｎｅｔｉ强毒虫株。当感染剂量相同时,早熟虫株感染组的平均增重与强毒虫株感染组差异显著或极显著。由此认为,Ｅｂｒｕｎｅｔｉ早熟虫株是一弱毒虫株,可用于鸡球虫弱毒疫苗的制备。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫AMA1基因DNA疫苗的免疫保护效果

本研究旨在评价表达柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)顶膜抗原1(Apical membrane antigen 1,Et AMA1)基因的DNA疫苗对雏鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫人工感染的免疫保护效果。将Et AMA1基因和鸡IFN-γ基因插入真核表达载体p CAGGS中,分别构建了真核表达重组质粒p CAGGS-Et AMA1和p CAGGS-Et AMA1-IFN-γ。将重组质粒p CAGGS-Et AMA1转染进293T细胞中,经间接免疫荧光和Western blot实验鉴定,观察其在体外表达情况。将p CAGGS-Et AMA1和p CAGGS-Et AMA1-IFN-γ于7日龄和14日龄腿部肌肉注射免疫雏鸡,21日龄人工感染1×104个柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊,第29日龄时处死试验鸡,以平均增重、卵囊产量和病变记分来评价重组质粒的免疫保护效果。结果显示,p CAGGS-Et AMA1转染的293T细胞出现明显的红色荧光;两种真核表达重组质粒免疫组鸡的平均增重与未攻虫组的平均增重差异不显著,不具有统计学意义,而未免疫攻虫组则与未攻虫组在增重方面差异具有显著统计学意义;免疫组鸡相较于未免疫攻虫组在病变记分方面显著下降;免疫组的卵囊减少率分别为67.43%和72.89%;p CAGGSEt AMA1-IFN-γ组在增重、盲肠病变记分和卵囊减少率方面都优于p CAGGS-Et AMA1组,但差异不具有统计学意义。表明构建的2种重组质粒对雏鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染有一定的免疫保护效果。     

堆型艾美耳球虫早熟株与强毒株致病性和繁殖力的比较

为了比较堆型艾美耳球虫（E．acervulina）早熟株与强毒株的致病性和繁殖力情况,通过测定接种 E．acervulina 早熟株与强毒株后鸡只的精神状态、临床症状、增重、病变记分和卵囊产量,表明早熟株的排卵囊高峰出现在第5天,比强毒株提前1 d,早熟株的繁殖力是强毒株的85．8％;早熟株感染后对鸡只增重的影响较小,接种剂量在2．40×104个卵囊／羽之内时,相对增重率均大于90．0％,早熟株组鸡的肠道病变记分显著低于同剂量的强毒株组的肠道病变记分（P ＜0．05）。由此认为,该早熟株符合球虫早熟株的低致病性特性,可用于鸡球虫病早熟苗的制备。     

L-NMMA对鸡球虫早熟弱毒疫苗免疫鸡增重的影响

为了研究鸡球虫早熟弱毒疫苗对免疫鸡增重的影响及一氧化氮合成酶抑制剂(L-NMMA)对免疫鸡增重和免疫效果的影响。取40只SPF雏鸡,分为空白对照组(C1、C2)和单剂量重复接种组(T1、T2),T1、T2组按推荐免疫剂量单剂量重复接种鸡球虫早熟弱毒疫苗,C1和T1、C2和T2分别于二次接种后第7、14天逐只空腹称重,剖检记录十二指肠、空肠和盲肠病变记分,取心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、腺胃、肌胃、十二指肠、空肠和盲肠进行病理组织学检查。另选取40只SPF雏鸡,分为空白对照组C20、攻毒对照组T21、免疫对照组T22和免疫加药组T23,T22和T23按推荐免疫剂量两次免疫鸡球虫早熟弱毒疫苗,T23在免疫的同时腹腔注射L-NMMA,二免后第14天T21、T22和T23均接种鸡球虫混合强毒,测定SPF雏鸡平均增重、相对增重、肠道(十二指肠、空肠和盲肠)病变记分、病变记分减少率(RLS)、血便记分、死亡率及卵囊产量等指标。结果显示,接种组的平均增重显著低于未接种组(P<0.05),接种组的十二指肠、空肠和盲肠有轻微病变且黏膜上皮细胞均有不同程度损伤和脱落;免疫加L-NMMA组一免、二免后及攻毒后试验鸡的平均增重均极显著高于免疫攻毒对照组(P<0.01),且与空白对照组鸡的平均增重无显著差异(P>0.05),且免疫对照组和免疫加药组肠道病变记分和卵囊产量无显著差异(P>0.05)。说明鸡球虫早熟弱毒疫苗对雏鸡肠道有轻微损伤,且对鸡增重有一定影响;L-NMMA可降低鸡球虫早熟弱毒疫苗对试验鸡增重的影响,且不影响疫苗的免疫效果。     

L-NMMA对鸡球虫早熟弱毒疫苗免疫鸡增重的影响

为了研究鸡球虫早熟弱毒疫苗对免疫鸡增重的影响及一氧化氮合成酶抑制剂(L-NMMA)对免疫鸡增重和免疫效果的影响。取40只SPF雏鸡,分为空白对照组(C1、C2)和单剂量重复接种组(T1、T2),T1、T2组按推荐免疫剂量单剂量重复接种鸡球虫早熟弱毒疫苗,C1和T1、C2和T2分别于二次接种后第7、14天逐只空腹称重,剖检记录十二指肠、空肠和盲肠病变记分,取心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、腺胃、肌胃、十二指肠、空肠和盲肠进行病理组织学检查。另选取40只SPF雏鸡,分为空白对照组C20、攻毒对照组T21、免疫对照组T22和免疫加药组T23,T22和T23按推荐免疫剂量两次免疫鸡球虫早熟弱毒疫苗,T23在免疫的同时腹腔注射L-NMMA,二免后第14天T21、T22和T23均接种鸡球虫混合强毒,测定SPF雏鸡平均增重、相对增重、肠道(十二指肠、空肠和盲肠)病变记分、病变记分减少率(RLS)、血便记分、死亡率及卵囊产量等指标。结果显示,接种组的平均增重显著低于未接种组(P0.05),接种组的十二指肠、空肠和盲肠有轻微病变且黏膜上皮细胞均有不同程度损伤和脱落;免疫加L-NMMA组一免、二免后及攻毒后试验鸡的平均增重均极显著高于免疫攻毒对照组(P0.01),且与空白对照组鸡的平均增重无显著差异(P0.05),且免疫对照组和免疫加药组肠道病变记分和卵囊产量无显著差异(P0.05)。说明鸡球虫早熟弱毒疫苗对雏鸡肠道有轻微损伤,且对鸡增重有一定影响;L-NMMA可降低鸡球虫早熟弱毒疫苗对试验鸡增重的影响,且不影响疫苗的免疫效果。     

巨型艾美耳球虫山西早熟株诱导及生物学特性研究

本研究采用早熟选育技术，诱导选育出1株与已获得的山东株免疫原性差异较大的巨型艾美耳球虫(Eimeria maxima)山西株的早熟弱毒株，并对其进行生物学特性研究。结果表明：早熟诱导获得的巨型艾美耳球虫山西早熟株卵囊略小于亲本株，潜隐期为109 h;早熟株各组小肠病变记分差异显著低于(P<0.05)亲本株组，且临床症状较亲本株组弱；等剂量下，早熟株组的卵囊产量及卵囊繁殖力低于亲本株组；早熟株单次免疫剂量≥400个卵囊/只、2次免疫的一免剂量≥100个卵囊/只、二免剂量≥200个卵囊/只时可达到良好免疫效果。本研究结果为制备高效广谱、免疫原性良好的鸡球虫疫苗提供虫株和理论依据。     

三株柔嫩艾美球虫野外分离株的致病性分析

用每鸡4×104和8×104个孢子化卵囊的剂量感染黄羽肉雏,以临床症状、肉眼病变、平均增重、病变记分和死亡率为判定指标,对柔嫩艾美球虫EtCZ-1、EtCZ-2、EtCZ-3株的致病性进行了比较分析。结果显示:各虫株引起的临床症状和肠道肉眼病变基本相似,致病性随着感染剂量的增加而增强。各感染组的增重与对照组相比均有显著差异(P<0.50),相对增重率分别下降了74.4%～83.2%、68.7%～72.2%和70.6%～74.4%;感染后鸡出现血便的时间较一致,即第108小时开始排血便,在120h～144h达高峰;病变值和卵囊值均随着感染剂量的增加而增大;除EtCZ-1株高剂量组的存活率是90%以外,其余各组均为100%。显示3株球虫的致病性相似。     

Isolation and selection of ionophore-tolerant Eimeria precocious lines: E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina

Eimeria parasites were isolated from Nanhai Guangdong province (southern China) and studied in chickens in wire cages to evaluate their drug resistance against commonly used ionophores: monensin (100 mg/kg of feed), lasolacid (90 mg/kg), salinomycin (60 mg/kg), maduramicin (5 mg/kg) and semduramicin (25 mg/kg). Chinese Yellow Broiler Chickens were infected with 40,000 crude sporulated Eimeria oocysts at 15 days of age and prophylactic medication commenced a day prior to infection. Drug resistance was assessed for each ionophore drug by calculating the anticoccidial index (ACI) and percentage optimum anticoccidial activity (POAA) based on relative weight gain, rate of oocyst production and lesion values. Results revealed that Nanhai Eimeria oocysts comprising of E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina, were resistant to monensin, sensitive to both salinomycin and lasolacid and partially sensitive to maduramicin and semduramicin. By selection for early development of oocysts during passage through chickens, the prepatent time of E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina were reduced by 49, 36 and 22 h, respectively. The precocious lines are less pathogenic than the parent strains from which they were selected and conferred a satisfactory protection for chickens against coccidiosis. These ionophore-tolerant precocious lines could have wider applications in the development of anticoccidial vaccines for sustainable control of coccidiosis.     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫广西南宁株的分离及鉴定

利用从南宁市郊养鸡场球虫病鸡粪便中收集的球虫混合种卵囊感染小鸡,再应用单卵囊分离感染技术,从感染鸡盲肠中收集的卵囊分离纯化获得1株纯种球虫,经鸡体传代增殖,对该虫株的卵囊大小和卵形指数、潜在期、排卵高峰期、最短孢子化时间、寄生部位、致病性等指标进行观察和测定。结果测得该虫株卵囊的平均大小为(25.743±1.94126)μm×(21.4±1.85985)μm,平均卵型指数为1.2067±0.07;潜在期为140 h;其排卵囊峰期在第6～9天,最高峰在第7天;最短孢子化时间为19 h;寄生部位在盲肠;对两周龄的艾维茵鸡,当使用5×104的孢子化卵囊感染剂量时死亡率为7.5%。根据这些测定和观察到的指标综合鉴定该分离株球虫为柔嫩艾美耳球虫,并命名为柔嫩艾美耳球虫广西南宁株(Eimeria.tenella-GXNN),该研究结果为进一步研究本地区鸡球虫病的药物治疗和免疫预防等奠定了基础。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟耐药株对几种抗球虫药的敏感性

为了探讨鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟耐药株对常用抗球虫药的敏感性,采用尼卡巴嗪、氯苯胍、球痢灵、地克珠利和常山酮5种抗球虫药,对由晋球1号球虫疫苗虫株复制的病鸡进行防治试验,通过相对卵囊产量(ROP)、相对增重率、抗球虫指数(ACI)、病变记分减少率(RLS)和最适抗球虫活性百分率(POAA)5项指标进行综合评定.结果表明,柔嫩艾美耳球虫早熟耐药株对盐酸氯苯胍无抗药性,对地克珠利有轻度抗药性,对常山酮、球痢灵、尼卡巴嗪有部分抗药性,它们的抗球虫指数为187.46～246.75,达到了抗球虫效果.     

妥曲珠利治疗鸡球虫病用药方案的优化

目前,妥曲珠利的用药时间和用药途径及其治疗效果存在争议。为了确定妥曲珠利对鸡球虫病的最佳用药时间和途径,本试验以自由饮水和灌服两种途径分别在感染球虫孢子化卵囊后24、48、72 h连续用药2 d,通过抗球虫指数（anticoccidialindex,ACI）、排卵囊减少率和死亡率等指标分析妥曲珠利饮水剂合理用药方案。结果表明,感染后24 h用药妥曲珠利可有效控制鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫病,48 h后治疗效果不佳;嗉囊灌服的治疗效果优于自由饮水。本试验结果为生产中有效利用妥曲珠利控制鸡球虫病提供了重要依据。     

Effects of Pediococcus- and Saccharomyces-based probiotic (MitoMax) on coccidiosis in broiler chickens

Coccidiosis is the major parasitic disease of poultry. In this study, the role of the commercial probiotic MitoMax which contains Pediococcus acidilactici and Saccharomyces boulardii was evaluated by measuring body weight gain, fecal oocyst shedding, and serum antibody responses as an alternative control method of prophylactic drug against coccidiosis. Day-old broiler chicks were fed regular or probiotic diets supplemented with MitoMax at 0.01%, 0.1%, or 1.0% of diet, and challenged 2 weeks later with 5000 oocysts of either Eimeria acervulina (EA) or Eimeria tenella (ET). Birds fed 1.0% or 0.1% MitoMax-supplemented diets in EA- or ET-infected groups shed less (P<0.05) oocysts than control-infected chickens. Also, chickens fed 0.1% MitoMax-supplemented diet and infected with EA exhibited higher (P<0.001) serum Eimeria-specific antibodies than other groups. These results demonstrate that MitoMax may enhance the resistance of birds against coccidiosis by enhancing humoral immunity when included at > or = 0.1% of the broiler diet.     

白头翁不同提取物及复方抗鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫研究

以存活率、相对增重率、盲肠病变记分、卵囊值和抗球虫指数为判定指标,考察白头翁不同提取物及复方对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊致病性的影响(体外试验)和抗鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染效果(体内试验)。体内、体外试验结果均表明,白头翁不同提取物及复方均能提高相对增重率,降低盲肠病变计分和卵囊值。抗球虫指数(ACI)检测表明,白头翁不同提取物及复方对球虫孢子化卵囊有微弱的抑杀效果,对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染预防效果较差,不宜作为鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫病的预防和治疗药物。     

Coccidiosis immunization: effects of mushroom and herb polysaccharides on immune responses of chickens infected with Eimeria tenella

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of polysaccharide extracts (E) of two mushrooms, Lentinus edodes (LenE) and Tremella fuciformis (TreE), and an herb, Astragalus membranaceus (AstE), on the immune responses of chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. A total of 180 broiler chickens were assigned to nine groups: three groups were fed with each of the extracts (LenE, TreE, and AstE), three groups were fed with the extracts and immunized with live oocyst vaccine (LenE+V, TreE+V, and AstE+V), a group was immunized with the vaccine only, and there were two controls (E. tenella-infected and noninfected groups). The oocyst vaccine was given at 4 days of age, and the extracts (1 g/kg of the diet) were supplemented from 8 to 14 days of age. At 18 days of age, all birds except those in the noninfected group were infected with 9 x 10(4) sporulated oocysts. The results showed that at 7 days postinfection (p.i.), birds fed the extracts without vaccination had lower body weight (BW) gain than those given the vaccine only. However, the extracts in conjunction with the vaccine significantly enhanced BW gain of the infected chickens compared with the vaccine group. Of the three extracts, LenE and TreE showed a better growth-promoting effect. The extracts largely increased oocyst excretion of droppings during the primary response postvaccination. The cecal peak oocyst output and lesion scores measured at 7 days p.i. were higher in the groups fed the extracts than in the group immunized with the vaccine only, whereas those of the groups fed with the extracts and immunized with the vaccine were not significantly different from the vaccine group. Of the three extracts, both LenE- and AstE-fed groups showed lower cecal oocyst output. Thus, as compared with the extracts, the live, attenuated vaccine showed better results with significantly increased immune response in coccidial infected birds. The polysaccharide extracts may prove useful against avian coccidiosis, and, particularly when they are used in conjunction with vaccine, they have shown preliminary promise against the experimental coccidial infection.     

Anticoccidial effect of green tea-based diets against Eimeria maxima

Anticoccidial effects of green tea (GT)-based diets were evaluated in chickens following oral infection with Eimeria maxima an ubiquitous intestinal parasite of poultry that impairs the growth and feed efficiency of infected birds. Five-week-old chickens were assigned to four groups (GT 0.5%, GT 2.0%, untreated/infected and non-infected control) and each group consisted of 15 chickens. Chickens were fed a standard diet supplemented with ground green tea for 2 weeks prior to infection with E. maxima (10,000 sporulated oocysts per bird). The effects of green tea on E. maxima infection were assessed by two parameters, fecal oocyst shedding and body weight gain. The green tea-fed chickens produced significantly reduced fecal oocysts (P<0.05) when compared to the E. maxima-infected group fed standard diet. The green tea-based diet, however, did not improve body weight loss caused by E. maxima infection. This study is the first to demonstrate anticoccidial effect of green tea on Eimeria parasites.