复方抗球虫药临床效果观察

复方抗球虫药(妥曲珠利-马杜霉素铵溶液)是一种西药复方制剂,主要用于防治鸡球虫病。本试验主要研究复方抗球虫药临床抗球虫效果并进行推广。在临床上治疗经柔嫩艾美耳球虫南通株人工接种的AA肉仔鸡,结果表明,妥曲珠利-马杜霉素铵抗球虫指数大于180,属于高效抗球虫药物。在各剂量组鸡的粪便和盲肠中均没有检查到球虫卵囊,说明没有耐药的突变虫株。对鸡球虫病的防治效果显著优于马杜霉素铵预混剂和妥曲珠利溶液,对鸡球虫具有高效的防治作用。     

妥曲珠利及其复方制剂对人工感染大型艾美耳球虫病兔的治疗

大型艾美耳球虫(Eimeria magna)是引起球虫病的主要兔球虫种类之一,药物防治依然是目前兔球虫病的主要控制手段,然而,耐药虫株的出现影响了抗球虫药物的防治效果,针对不同地理虫株筛选有效的药物或复方制剂是提高药物临床应用效果的重要途径。本研究以兔大型艾美耳球虫为模型,通过人工感染无球虫兔,来评价妥曲珠利及其复方制剂治疗兔球虫病的效果。试验结果显示,妥曲珠利-莫能菌素复方制剂(TOL-MS)的治疗效果最佳,在感染后第14天,TOL-MS治疗组兔平均低质量与不感染不用药组相当,为(825.60±33.61)g,显著高于妥曲珠利(TOL)、妥曲珠利-磺胺喹恶啉(TOL-SQ)和感染不用药组;并且,在感染E.magna后,除TOL-MS治疗组和不感染不用药组兔无临床症状外,其他各组兔均出现了不同程度的食欲不振、便秘和拉稀症状;而且,与感染不用药对照组相比,TOL-MS治疗组的E.magna卵囊减排率最高,为(99.22±0.09)%,高于TOL治疗组的(96.79±0.59)%,显著高于TOL-SQ治疗组的(9.51±5.87)%。该研究筛选到1种治疗兔球虫病效果显著的妥曲珠利复方口服溶液剂,将为兔球虫病防治提供有效的手段和科学依据。     

不同抗球虫药物对鹌鹑人工感染球虫病的防治效果观察

选用15日龄的鹌鹑200只,随机分为10组,20只/组。经口感染孢子化鹌鹑球虫卵囊,5×104个/只。药物预防组在感染的同时给以规定浓度的妥曲珠利、地克珠利、马杜拉霉素、盐霉素抗球虫药物;药物治疗组在出现球虫病症状时投服上述药物,同时设感染不用药发病对照组和不感染不用药健康对照组。观察4种抗球虫药物对人工感染鹌鹑球虫病预防和治疗效果。结果显示,各药物组的抗球虫指数均高于感染不用药发病对照组,均有预防和治疗鹌鹑球虫病的效果,其中妥曲珠利药效最佳。     

妥曲珠利抗鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫的作用效果及作用峰期探讨

将13日龄公雏98只分为7组.妥曲珠利用量为每千克饲料80mg,其中5个组分别在感染前24h及感染后24、48、72、120 h给药治疗人工感染1×105个柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊的雏鸡.结果表明:妥曲珠利可作用于柔嫩艾美耳球虫内生性发育的所有阶段,主要作用于子孢子阶段.     

常山口服液抗鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫广东分离株的疗效研究

研究旨在明确常山口服液治疗鸡球虫病的疗效和最佳给药剂量。试验选取90只14日龄健康雏鸡,随机分为9组,每组10只,即常山口服液组(分别为2.5、5.0、15.0、25.0、35.0、50.0 m L/L水剂量)、妥曲珠利组(1 m L/L水)、感染对照组和健康对照组。除健康对照组外,每只鸡接种7×104个柔嫩艾美耳球虫广东分离株的孢子化卵囊,饮水给药7 d,观察其疗效。结果显示,常山口服液各剂量组其盲肠和十二指肠的肿胀现象较感染对照组明显减轻,血液性内容物明显减少,抗球虫指数(ACI)分别为87.7、136.2、141.8、136.2、109.7和108.0,均高于感染对照组;常山口服液按5.0、15.0及25.0 m L/L水剂量给药,抗球虫指数均高于对照药物妥曲珠利组(ACI=124.8)。结果表明,人工感染条件下,常山口服液较化学药物妥曲珠利具有更好的抗球虫疗效,且作为中药提取物,疗效对比试验效果较为理想。     

二硫代碳酸香芹酚酯对人工诱发鸡球虫病的疗效实验

为了评价二硫代碳酸香芹酚酯的抗球虫效果,将其按100、150、200mg/kg浓度添加于饲料中治疗人工感染鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫病,设妥曲珠利25mg/kg、地克珠利2mg/kg浓度拌料给药作对照。结果显示,二硫代碳酸香芹酚酯高、中两种剂量治疗鸡球虫病具有良好的效果,抗球虫指数均在160以上,与妥曲珠利的效果相当,属于中效抗球虫药。临床推荐150mg/kg拌料给药,连用7d。     

癸氧喹酯与妥曲珠利抗斯氏艾美耳球虫洛阳分离株效果比较

为探讨癸氧喹酯与妥曲珠利抗斯氏艾美耳球虫洛阳分离株的效果,试验将40只无球虫感染的獭兔随机分为4组,第Ⅰ组为癸氧喹酯组、第Ⅱ组为妥曲珠利组、第Ⅲ组为感染不用药组、第Ⅳ组为不感染不用药组。第Ⅰ组和第Ⅱ组于感染前第3天用药至试验结束。第Ⅰ~Ⅲ组每只獭兔人工感染斯氏艾美耳球虫洛阳分离株孢子化卵囊1×105个,统计各组存活率、卵囊排出量、平均增重、饲料转化率、病变记分。结果表明:第Ⅱ组在卵囊排出量、平均增重、病变记分方面均优于第Ⅰ组。说明妥曲珠利可用于预防控制洛阳地区兔肝球虫病。     

硝唑尼特混悬液对鸡柔嫩艾美尔球虫病治疗效果研究

采用人工接种柔嫩艾美尔球虫孢子化卵囊的方法复制鸡球虫病模型,检测发病率、死亡率、存活率、增重量等指标,研究硝唑尼特混悬液对鸡球虫病的临床治疗效果.结果显示,高、中、低剂量的硝唑尼特抗球虫指数分别为163.6、168.3、137.9;硝唑尼特混悬液与癸氧喹酯对照组相比差异显著(P＜0.05),与妥曲珠利对照组相比差异不显著(P＞0.05);硝唑尼特混悬液高剂量组和中剂量组差异不显著(P＞0.05),抗球虫指数为中效,低剂量组的抗球虫指数为低效.试验证明,硝唑尼特混悬液对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫病具有一定的治疗效果,有望开发为新的抗球虫药物.     

具有抗氧化活性的植物提取物在肉鸡球虫病治疗上的应用价值

本文以妥曲珠利作为阳性对照,对四种具有抗氧化活性的植物提取物进行体内抗球虫活性筛选。结果证明吊金钱(160mg/kg)对鸡有毒性,而用紫娇花(35mg/kg)、葡萄(75mg/kg)和艾草(150mg/kg)治疗感染肉鸡可获得与妥曲珠利治疗组肉鸡相当的饲料转化率,并且高于未治疗的阴性对照组。紫娇花非常显著地减少了感染肉鸡的球虫卵囊产生。由此可知,富含抗氧化剂的植物提取物对治疗球虫感染存在潜在的应用价值。本研究表明,紫娇花是治疗球虫病较理想的药物。     

中西药方剂防治兔球虫病的疗效试验

为了研究中药方剂与妥曲珠利联合用药对兔球虫病的防治效果,试验选用由青蒿、常山、柴胡、地榆、白茅根等按一定比例制成的中药制剂与妥曲珠利联合使用,测定其联合用药对兔球虫病的治疗效果。结果表明:中西药组每克粪便的卵囊数(OPG)明显降低,感染25 d后降为0,相对增重率为115.4%,与不感染不用药组(Ⅰ组)相比差异显著(P0.05),饲料转化率为7.05,提高了饲料报酬。说明中西药方剂可提高抗球虫效果,促进兔只生长发育。     

Coccidiosis control with toltrazuril in conjunction with anticoccidial medicated or nonmedicated feed

A 42-day broiler floor pen study was conducted comparing the anticoccidial efficacy of toltrazuril (Baycox) as a stand alone treatment and as an additional treatment to in-feed anticoccidial programs. Toltrazuril was administered on days 18 and 19 in the drinking water at 7 mg/kg of body weight. The treatments were 125 ppm nicarbazin (days 0-14) to 66 ppm salinomycin (SAL) (days 15-35) with and without toltrazuril, SAL (days 0-35) with and without toltrazuril, nonmedicated (NM) to SAL with toltrazuril, and NM with and without toltrazuril. The controls were NM noninfected and infected. The treatments were replicated in five blocks of eight pens each in a randomized complete block design. All withdrawal feed was nonmedicated. On day 14, birds, except noninfected, were exposed to coccidial oocysts (Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella) seeded litter. On days 21, 28, 35, and 42, birds and feed were weighed, four birds per pen were coccidial lesion scored, and litter oocyst counts were performed. The coccidial infection in the NM infected treatment caused a significant (P < 0.05) coccidiosis infection. Coccidiosis was moderately controlled in the anticoccidial treatment birds without toltrazuril. Performance in the NM with toltrazuril was equal to or better (P < 0.05) than the anticoccidial programs without toltrazuril. Toltrazuril was equal to the noninfected birds in performance. Toltrazuril most completely eliminated all coccidial lesions and dramatically reduced oocyst shedding. The performance data, lesion scores, and oocyst counts showed that a 2-day treatment with toltrazuril successfully controlled the coccidiosis with no relapse of infection. Toltrazuril can thus be used for supplemental control with in-feed anticoccidials or as a primary anticoccidial with nonmedicated feed.     

常山散效力试验用虫株的敏感性

为进一步验证常山散的抗球虫效果以及效力试验用虫株的敏感性,在百球清为对照的基础上,对效力试验用虫株再次以三字球虫粉为对照进行试验。试验分为常山散组、三字球虫粉组、攻虫不给药组和不攻虫不给药组,分别从攻虫后24 h(球虫入侵)和72 h(裂殖发育)开始给药,攻虫后168 h停止给药,观察药物对鸡临床症状、血便排出、盲肠病变的影响,计算抗球虫指数。结果显示,常山散和三字球虫粉给药后鸡精神状态和饮食欲基本恢复正常,血便排出和盲肠病变明显减轻或消失。攻虫后24,72 h给药常山散的抗球虫指数分别为163.04和161.67,三字球虫粉的抗球虫指数分别为174.26和170.71,均明显高于攻虫不给药组(84.78和81.13);2种药物攻虫后24 h给药抗球虫指数高于攻虫后72 h给药。结果表明,常山散具有较好的抗球虫效果,早期给药治疗效果更好,试验所用的柔嫩艾美耳球虫(广东株)药物敏感性较好。     

The efficacy and economic benefits of Supercox, a live anticoccidial vaccine in a commercial trial in broiler chickens in China

The efficacy and economic benefits of Supercox, a live anticoccidial vaccine were examined and compared with an anticoccidial drug in a trial in broiler chickens under modern commercial conditions in China. In total, 40,660 chickens were used in the present study, half of which were vaccinated with the Supercox vaccine comprising a precocious line of Eimeria tenella and non-attenuated lines of Eimeria maxima and Eimeria acervulina, and the other half were medicated with Diclazuril delivered as feed additive at the dosage of 1mg/kg of feed. The vaccine was administered orally to 7-day-old chickens. No clinical diseases were diagnosed in any of the vaccinated birds. However, clinical coccidiosis occurred in a large proportion of medicated control birds and these chickens had to be treated with anticoccidial drugs (Diclazuril and Toltrazuril). Comparison of production performance between vaccinated birds and medicated control birds revealed that the vaccine Supercox performed better than anticoccidial drugs in terms of mortalities, costs and overall economic benefits (profits). These findings demonstrated that the use of the Supercox vaccine could control clinical coccidiosis in broilers and achieve production performance superior to that using anticoccidial drugs, particularly where drug resistance might result in failure to control clinical diseases.     

Anticoccidial efficacy of drinking water soluble diclazuril on experimental and field coccidiosis in broiler chickens

Prophylactic and curative capacity of water soluble formulation of Diclazuril (Diclosol 1%) and feed additive form (Clinacox, 0.5%) were tested against Eimeria infection in broiler chickens. Such testing was performed both experimentally and in the field. Toltrazuril (Baycox, 2.5%) was used as reference control drug. Water soluble formulation of Diclazuril induced a marked inhibitory effect on the different stages of the parasite life cycle in experimentally infected treated birds especially when applied on the day when blood first appeared in the faeces [fifth day post-infection (d.p.i.)] as well as on the second day of blood dropping (6 d.p.i.). Both tested dosage levels of Diclazuril water soluble formulation in drinking water (5 and 10 ppm) showed the same effect in controlling coccidial infection and reducing the total oocyst numbers, lesion and faecal scores. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the efficacy of water soluble form of Diclazuril and the reference control drug (Toltrazuril, 25 ppm). In addition, testing the water soluble formulation (5 ppm) in naturally infected poultry farm (20,000 birds), showed the same anticoccidial effect observed when using Toltrazuril, as a treatment for coccidiosis. In conclusion, addition of Diclazuril at the dose of 5 ppm in the drinking water of naturally coccidia infected bird induced the same effect as 25 ppm of Toltrazuril as a treatment for coccidiosis in chickens.     

Use of toltrazuril in pullet breeding flocks raised on floors with anticoccidial-free feed

In 28 replacement pullet flocks with flock size of 4,000 to 25,000 birds Toltrazuril (experimental preparation, 2.5% solution, approx. 7 mg/kg body weight) was administered for a period of two days in the drinking water for metaphylactic purpose and therapeutic use, respectively. All flocks were reared without anticoccidial feed additives. Exposition to Eimeria spp. was recorded by examination of faecal samples and intestinal scrapings. Clinical flock control was achieved by vets at eight to ten day intervals. Toltrazuril was characterized by short application period, rapid mode of action, significant reduction of oocyst shedding, good compatibility and acceptance thus proving superior to conventional chemotherapy of coccidiosis. The results suggest that, even without administration of anticoccidial feed additives. Toltrazuril is an effective agent for therapeutic use in acute coccidiosis. Under insufficient management and rearing conditions repeated metaphylactic application has to be considered.     

抗球虫中药方剂对柔嫩艾美尔球虫感染鸡的疗效研究

为研究中药方剂对鸡感染柔嫩艾美尔球虫的疗效,试验将80只AA肉鸡随机分为4组,除空白对照外,其余各组经口感染混合孢子化球虫卵囊;第3组按5%剂量拌料添加中药,第4组按0.06%的比例拌料添加磺胺氯吡嗪钠。试验中药方剂抗球虫指数(ACI)为167.4,属中效抗球虫药。结果表明,该中药方剂可以用于鸡球虫病的防治。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫对地克珠利和百球清的交叉耐药性检验

分别采用地克珠利和百球清饮水剂对3株来源和特性不同的柔嫩艾美耳球虫株进行了交叉耐药性检验。结果表明，从未接触过百球清的敏感株和由敏感株诱导而成的地克珠利耐药株均表现出对百球清高度敏感；而曾使用过二种药物的野外分离虫株，则表现出对两种药物高度耐药。由此可见，两种药物并不存在必然的交叉耐药性。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫扬州分离株对8种抗球虫药的抗药性

将柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)扬州分离株感染14日龄苏禽黄羽肉鸡,设立8个用药组、1个感染不用药对照组和1个不感染不用药对照组,以相对卵囊产量、病变记分减少率、最适抗球虫百分数和抗球虫指数为指标对该虫株对盐霉素、马杜拉霉素、球痢灵、氯羟吡啶、氨丙啉、尼卡巴嗪、甲基三嗪酮、地克珠利等8种常用抗球虫药的抗药性进行了综合评定,分析了该地区球虫的抗药性及对策。结果表明,该虫株对甲基三嗪酮敏感,对氨丙啉具有中度抗药性,对盐霉素、马杜拉霉素、球痢灵、氯羟吡啶、尼卡巴嗪、地克珠利等其他6种药物具有完全抗药性。提示目前在扬州地区甲基三嗪酮抗球虫疗效最好,氨丙琳效果稍差,应合理使用,盐霉素等其他6种药物应慎用、减少或暂停使用。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫地克珠利抗药株的实验室诱导

采用药物浓度递增法,以0．07mg／L地克珠利为起始诱导浓度连续传代,以最适抗球虫指数（POAA）、病变记分减少率（RLS）和相对卵囊产量（ROP）3项指标综合判定抗药性。经12次传代,该诱导虫株对1．5mg／L地克珠利具有完全抵抗力。试验结果表明,用实验室方法诱导柔嫩艾美耳球虫抗药株完全可行。     

Isolation and selection of ionophore-tolerant Eimeria precocious lines: E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina

Eimeria parasites were isolated from Nanhai Guangdong province (southern China) and studied in chickens in wire cages to evaluate their drug resistance against commonly used ionophores: monensin (100 mg/kg of feed), lasolacid (90 mg/kg), salinomycin (60 mg/kg), maduramicin (5 mg/kg) and semduramicin (25 mg/kg). Chinese Yellow Broiler Chickens were infected with 40,000 crude sporulated Eimeria oocysts at 15 days of age and prophylactic medication commenced a day prior to infection. Drug resistance was assessed for each ionophore drug by calculating the anticoccidial index (ACI) and percentage optimum anticoccidial activity (POAA) based on relative weight gain, rate of oocyst production and lesion values. Results revealed that Nanhai Eimeria oocysts comprising of E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina, were resistant to monensin, sensitive to both salinomycin and lasolacid and partially sensitive to maduramicin and semduramicin. By selection for early development of oocysts during passage through chickens, the prepatent time of E. tenella, E. maxima and E. acervulina were reduced by 49, 36 and 22 h, respectively. The precocious lines are less pathogenic than the parent strains from which they were selected and conferred a satisfactory protection for chickens against coccidiosis. These ionophore-tolerant precocious lines could have wider applications in the development of anticoccidial vaccines for sustainable control of coccidiosis.