兔出血症病毒JL株分离鉴定及VP60基因主要抗原表位分析

采用血凝试验、电镜观察、RT－PCR方法分离鉴定了1株JL株兔出血症病毒（RHDV），扩增衣壳蛋白VP60基因，将扩增片段克隆到pMDl8－T载体上，经酶切鉴定后测序。结果显示，VP60基因全长1740bp，编码580个氨基酸；JL株与其他RHDV分离株比较，核苷酸同源性为93．7％－99．2％，氨基酸同源性在97．3％－99．5％，在VP606个区中，A、B、D、F是稳定区，氨基酸变异多发生在衣壳蛋白C、E区，表明毒株具有高度保守性；将JL株与国内外标准株蛋白氨基酸变畀及其亲水性、柔性区、抗原区和表面结构进行比较分析，预测RHDV VP60细胞表位。     

RHDV CD株VP60主要抗原表位基因的克隆与序列分析

本实验用RHDV CD株人工感染家兔,发病死亡后,取肝脏匀浆,用Trizol试剂从匀浆上清中提取病毒RNA。根据Genbank已发表序列保守区设计并合成引物,采用RT-PCR方法扩增了RHDV衣壳蛋白VP60主要抗原表位基因。PCR产物纯化后,进行序列测定。测序结果表明,VP60主要抗原表位基因长525bp。该序列与已发表的其它13株RHDV VP60同一核苷酸序列及推导的氨基酸序列进行同源性比较。结果显示,CD株核酸序列与WX-84株同源性最高为97.5%,与其它毒株的同源性在92.0%～96.6%之间。氨基酸序列与WX-84株、墨西哥Mexi-co-89株同源性最高为99.4%,与其它毒株的同源性在96.6%～98.3%之间。     

一株无血凝性兔出血症病毒的分离鉴定及其衣壳蛋白VP60基因的克隆和序列分析

从临床病料中分离鉴定出1株无血凝性的致病性兔出血症病毒（RHDV），命名为Yaan-1。HA试验测得该毒株原代及经兔体传3代后的肝毒在25℃、37℃和4℃时均无血凝性；但在琼脂扩散试验和对流免疫电泳中均可见分离株与常规RHDV高免血清形成清晰的沉淀线；电镜观察可见30nm左右的病毒粒子。采用RT-PCR方法将Yaan-1株的衣壳蛋白VP60基因进行了克隆测序，序列分析表明VP60基因序列全长1740bp，编码579个氨基酸，测序结果提交GenBank（注册号为DQ069280），并与世界各国的常规RHDV分离株进行比较，结果表明核苷酸同源性为90．0％～98．0％，氨基酸同源性为94．1％～99．0％，氨基酸变异多发生在衣壳蛋白C、E区；同时对Yaan-1株的分子量、等电点、疏水性、跨膜区等分子结构特征进行了分析。本研究首次报道了无血凝性RHDV中国分离株，丰富了地方毒株资源，为明确我国地方株的分子流行病学，以及对VP60蛋白分子特征研究提供了新材料。     

RHDVCD株VP60主要抗原表位基因的克隆与序列分析

本实验用RHDVCD株人工感染家兔,发病死亡后,取肝脏匀浆,用Trizol试剂从匀浆上清中提取病毒RNA。根据Genbank已发表序列保守区设计并合成引物,采用RT-PCR方法扩增了RHDV衣壳蛋白VP60主要抗原表位基因。PCR产物纯化后,进行序列测定。测序结果表明,VP60主要抗原表位基因长525bp。该序列与已发表的其它13株RHDVVP60同一核苷酸序列及推导的氨基酸序列进行同源性比较。结果显示,CD株核酸序列与WX-84株同源性最高为97．5％,与其它毒株的同源性在92．0％～96．6％之间。氨基酸序列与WX-84株、墨西哥Mexi—co-89株同源性最高为99．4％,与其它毒株的同源性在96．6％N98-3％之间。     

兔出血症病毒Yaan株衣壳蛋白VP60基因的克隆和序列分析

采用RT-PCR方法扩增兔出血症病毒（RHDV）Yaan株衣壳蛋白VP60基因,将扩增片段克隆到pMD 18-T载体上,经酶切及PCR鉴定后测序.结果显示,VP60基因全长1 740 bp,编码579个氨基酸.将Yaan株与其他RHDV分离株进行比较,结果显示,核苷酸同源性为90.5%～97.5%,氨基酸同源性为94.3%～99.5%,氨基酸变异多发生在衣壳蛋白C、E区,表明毒株具有高度保守性;同时对Yaan株与国外标准株AST/89的VP60蛋白氨基酸变异及其亲水性、柔性区、抗原区和表面结构进行了比较分析.     

兔出血症病毒RC株VP60基因扩增与序列分析

本实验应用RT—PCR方法从兔出血症病毒荣昌分离株（RHDV—RC）中扩增出衣壳蛋白VP60基因并测序,从GenBank下载已发表的16株RHDVVP60序列,运用生物信息学软件分析并构建系统进化树和氨基酸序列同源性表。结果表明。RC株的VP60基因大小为506bp,GC含量为56．35％．与其它16株RHDVVP60基因核苷酸序列的同源性较高,最高达98.2％;而氨基酸序列的同源性达80％左右。     

兔出血症病毒CD株衣壳蛋白(VP60)基因的克隆、核酸及氨基酸序列比较分析

以兔出血症病毒 CD株人工感染家兔 ,发病死亡后 ,取肝脏匀浆 ,用 Trizol试剂从匀浆上清中提取病毒 RNA。根据 Gen Bank已发表序列保守区设计并合成引物 ,采用 RT- PCR方法扩增了 RHDV衣壳蛋白 VP6 0基因。将所扩增片段克隆到 p MD18- T载体上 ,并进行了序列测定 ,测序结果表明 ,CD株 VP6 0基因全长 174 0 bp。该序列与已发表的其他分布于世界各地的 14株 RHDV序列进行了比较和基因进化树分析。无毒株与各强毒株之间的同源性为 85 .3%～86 .5 % ,强毒株间的同源性较高 ,为 92 .1%～ 10 0 %。根据进化树可把强毒株分为 2大群 ,一群为 CD株、Iowa2 0 0 0株、0 0 - 139株、99- 0 5株 ,其余的为另一群。进一步细分 ,还可以分为 4个亚群和 7个组。但毒株之间的地域性差异并不明显。同时根据 15株 RHDV VP6 0基因的核苷酸序列推导了其所编码的氨基酸序列 ,并进行氨基酸序列的比较和亲水性、柔性区、抗原性和表面结构的比较分析。结果显示 ,各毒株氨基酸之间的的同源性在 90 .5 %～ 10 0 %之间 ,其中无毒株与各强毒株之间的同源性为 90 .5 %～ 91.9% ,强毒株间的同源性在 95 %～ 10 0 %之间 ;氨基酸变异分析未发现突变造成的 VP6 0蛋白高级结构的根本性变化     

猪O型口蹄疫病毒强弱毒株VP1基因的克隆与序列分析

本研究根据口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）VP1基因的序列，设计并合成了1对用于扩增整个VP1基因的引物（5P、P6）。从细胞培养液或组织中提取总RNA，通过PT－PCR扩增，从F29株O3I3株和T509株中均获得了1条约740bp的DNA电泳带。将PCR产物双酶切后电泳回收，插入到相应双酶切的pUC18质粒中，获得了重质粒。通过PCR鉴定，证明重组质粒pUCVP1/F29,pUCVP1/0313,pUCVP1/T509均插入了VP1基因。对上述3个重线质粒进行测序后分析，F29强毒株与O313、T509弱毒株相比，其核苷酸序列同源性分别为98．75％和99．06％；因F29株核苷酸发生3个碱基缺失与1个碱基替换，故推导的氨基酸序列同源性分别仅为44．13％和41．32％，而T509和O3I3株相比，其核苷酸、氨基酸序列同源性分别为99．37％和95．31％。通过序列分析发现，本研究的3个毒株与国内大多数毒株（包括1997年台湾暴发FMDV所分离的毒株，除O／A／58株外）均属同一基因型，核苷酸序列同源性为85％－94％；而与国外毒株相比，属不同的基因型，核苷酸序列同源性仅为81％－82％，其推本研究的3个毒株与国内分离的大多数毒株的VP1基因的氨基酸序列同源性高达87％－95％，本项研究对猪O型FMDV的强弱毒株VP基历进行克隆与序列分析，将进一步丰富我国FMDV毒株VP1基因资料库，为更加科学地防制FMD提供分子水平依据。     

鹅细小病毒VP1-VP3非重叠区基因的克隆与序列分析

通过克隆鹅细小病毒(Goose parvovirus,GPV)分离株VP1-V3非重叠区基因,并对其进行序列分析,为鹅细小病毒感染与疫苗免疫的鉴别诊断奠定理论基础.进行鹅胚病毒增殖,收集尿囊液,提取基因组,参考发表的B株序列,设计合成一对引物,经PCR扩增,克隆VP1-VP3基因,筛选阳性克隆,对其进行序列测定及同源性分析.结果表明,克隆的基因片段为901 bp,VP1-VP3基因共594 bp,编码198个氨基酸;弱毒株之间亲缘关系很近,核苷酸同源性99.5％～100％,氨基酸同源性98.5％～100％;强毒株与B株亲缘关系较近,核苷酸同源性96.6％,氨基酸同源性97.5％;弱毒株与强毒株亲缘关系较远,核苷酸同源性92％～93％,氨基酸同源性96％～97.5％;弱毒株与B株亲缘关系最远,核苷酸同源性92.5％～93％,氨基酸同源性93.9％～95.5％.说明强毒株与弱毒株之间核苷酸序列存在差异.     

兔病毒性出血症病毒YL株衣壳蛋白(VP60)基因的克隆和生物信息学分析

应用RT-PCR方法从兔出血症病毒（RHDV）西北分离株YL株中克隆出衣壳蛋白VP60基因并测序,YL株是中国西北地区首株被测序的RHDV,测序结果显示VP60基因全长1 740 bp,编码579个氨基酸,测序结果在GenBank中注册（登录号为DQ530363）。从GenBank下载全部已发表的40株RHDV序列,运用生物信息学软件分析,构建系统进化树和氨基酸序列同源性表,结果表明,世界不同地区RHDV分离株基因序列虽然非常保守,达到90%以上,但可以分为5个基因群,并且基因型和地域性没有必然联系,中国的分离株除了WX84株外,其它均处于第V基因群,该基因群内近年分离出的中国4个不同大地区（西北、华东、东北、西南）的RHDV毒株与NJ85株遗传距离很近,很可能都来自同一毒株NJ85。同时,对4个不同大地区的近年的4个代表性分离株的二级结构、抗原性进行了预测分析,结果显示二级结构有一定差异,但抗原性相同,这与RHDV只有一个血清型的看法相一致。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.