人血清白蛋白与氯氰菊酯相互作用的分子模拟研究

运用分子对接、分子动力学、结合自由能计算和丙氨酸扫描等分子模拟方法,研究了人血清白蛋白 (human serum albumin,HSA) 与氯氰菊酯的结合模式。结果表明:氯氰菊酯与HSA结合形成了稳定的复合物,与其氨基酸残基Arg209形成1个氢键,结合自由能为 –83.43 kJ/mol,其中范德华力是结合的主要驱动力,极性溶剂化能是主要抑制力。丙氨酸突变扫描结果显示,氨基酸残基Lys199的ΔΔG_bind值为16.78 kJ/mol,是HSA和氯氰菊酯结合的关键氨基酸。该研究结果为阐明氯氰菊酯在人体内的代谢机制提供了理论参考。     

甜菜夜蛾化学感受蛋白SexiCSP2结合特性和机理研究

为阐明甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua化学感受蛋白识别外源化合物的特性和作用机制,运用Western blotting法分析SexiCSP2蛋白在成虫各组织的表达谱,荧光竞争结合试验法测定SexiCSP2蛋白与25种外源配基的结合特性,运用分子对接、分子动力学、 结合自由能计算等方法研究SexiCSP2与配基的结合模式。结果显示SexiCSP2在成虫接触和非接触性器官中均有表达,与己醛结合能力最强,解离常数为1.3 μmol/L;分子模拟结果显示SexiCSP2与己醛结合形成1个氢键,两者结合自由能为-32.94 kJ/mol,主要驱动力为范德华力,主要抑制力为非极性溶剂化能。这些结果说明SexiCSP2在甜菜夜蛾识别外源化合物中起重要作用,可以作为防控甜菜夜蛾的有效靶标。     

杀虫剂对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的毒力研究

测定了11种杀虫剂对江苏省南京市马群和山东泰安市郊区斜纹夜蛾田间种群的毒力。用点滴法测定结果表明:6种杀虫剂对南京斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力(LD50)大小顺序为:高效氯氰菊酯>氯氟氰菊酯>辛硫磷>马拉硫磷>毒死蜱>灭多威;对泰安斜纹夜蛾幼虫的毒力大小顺序为:高效氯氰菊酯>氯氟氰菊酯>马拉硫磷>辛硫磷>毒死蜱>灭多威。高效氯氰菊酯对两种群的毒力最大,灭多威的毒力最小。山东泰安种群较南京种群对杀虫剂略敏感。用浸叶法测定结果表明:9种杀虫剂对南京斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力(LC50)大小顺序为:除尽>菜喜>高效氯氰菊酯>米螨>抑太保>氯氟氰菊酯>辛硫磷>毒死蜱>抑食肼。对山东泰安斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力大小顺序为:除尽>菜喜>抑太保>高效氯氰菊酯>毒死蜱>辛硫磷>米螨>氯氟氰菊酯>抑食肼。除尽和菜喜对两种群的毒力最高,抑食肼的毒力最低。山东泰安斜纹夜蛾种群除对氯氟氰菊酯和米螨的敏感性略低于南京种群外,对其他药剂均比南京种群敏感。     

甜菜夜蛾敏感品系的获得及其对12种杀虫剂的敏感基线

以高效氯氰菊酯为筛选药剂,通过室内单对汰选获得了甜菜夜蛾敏感品系,并采用浸叶法和点滴法测定该敏感品系对甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、氯虫苯甲酰胺等12种常用药剂的敏感基线。浸叶法测得该品系对供试药剂的敏感性由高到低依次为:甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(LC50为0.0340 mg/L)、茚虫威、氟啶脲、甲氧虫酰肼、氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟虫双酰胺、高效氯氰菊酯、虫酰肼、多杀菌素、毒死蜱、虫螨腈、灭多威(124.0482mg/L)。点滴法测得12种杀虫剂LD50由小到大依次为:高效氯氰菊酯、茚虫威、甲氧虫酰肼、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、虫酰肼、毒死蜱、多杀菌素、氯虫苯甲酰胺、虫螨腈、氟虫双酰胺、灭多威、氟啶脲。结果表明,该敏感基线可用于甜菜夜蛾的抗药性监测。     

广西不同甜菜夜蛾种群对杀虫剂的敏感性

应用室内浸叶法测定了广西3个甜菜夜蛾种群对杀虫剂的敏感性,结果表明,广西不同菜区甜菜夜蛾种群对杀虫剂的敏感性不同。柳江甜菜夜蛾种群对氟啶脲、溴虫腈和氟虫脲的敏感性最高,分别是南宁种群的3.06、5.90、5.17倍,是桂林种群的2.28、2.56、4.93倍;桂林甜菜夜蛾种群对虫酰肼和多杀菌素的敏感性最高,分别是柳江种群的3.82、10.62倍,是南宁种群的4.91、4.36倍;南宁甜菜夜蛾种群对毒死蜱的敏感性几乎与桂林种群一样,是柳江种群的2.80倍;广西3个甜菜夜蛾种群对氟虫腈、高效氯氰菊酯、阿维菌素和溴氰菊酯的敏感性均相当低,无法求出毒力回归方程。     

甘蓝夜蛾CYP9A90基因的克隆及溴氰菊酯对其诱导表达

P450 CYP9A家族基因与昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性相关。为证实溴氰菊酯对甘蓝夜蛾CYP9A基因的诱导效果,本研究采用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆获得甘蓝夜蛾CYP9A基因,real-time PCR检测该基因在甘蓝夜蛾不同组织中的表达差异及溴氰菊酯处理甘蓝夜蛾5龄幼虫不同时间后该基因相对表达量变化,研究结果可为甘蓝夜蛾对溴氰菊酯的抗性治理提供依据。结果表明:克隆得到甘蓝夜蛾CYP9A基因cDNA全长序列,该序列包含1 828bp,包括1个125bp的5′非编码区,1个104bp的3′非编码区和1个1 599bp的开放阅读框,编码532个氨基酸,分子量约为61.1kDa,等电点为8.84,GenBank登录号为KR676343,被国际P450命名委员会命名为CYP9A90。Real-time PCR分析结果表明,该基因在甘蓝夜蛾5龄幼虫6个组织中表达情况不同,其中在脂肪体中表达量最高。低剂量溴氰菊酯作用后不同时间点CYP9A90mRNA总体呈现诱导表达趋势。     

酶抑制剂与防治甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾杀虫剂的互作效应

采用点滴法比较了甲维盆、虫螨腈.茚虫威、虫酰肼、毒死蟀、灭多威对甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的室内毒力,以及酶抑制剂与防治甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾杀虫剂的互作效应.结果表明,甲维盐、虫螨腈、茚虫威对2种试虫毒力较高,LC50值介于0.69～16.32μg/g之间;虫酰肼对甜菜夜蛾毒力较高,LC50值为37.66μg/g毒死蜱对斜纹夜蛾毒力较高,LC50值为20.71μg/g.酶抑制剂PBO,TPP,DEM,SV1在甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾上对虫螨腈和茚虫威均表现为抑制作用,增效比在0.25～0.96之间;而这4种酶抑制剂在甜菜夜蛾上对甲维盐和虫酰肼以及在斜纹夜蛾上对甲维盐和毒死蟀表现为增效作用,除SV1在斜纹夜蛾上对毒死蜱增效倍数高达16.20外,其它组合增效倍数均介于1.22～4.20之间.     

抑霉唑、咪鲜胺与指状青霉CYP51的结合模式及交互抗性机制分析

为解析指状青霉Penicillium digitatum对抑霉唑和咪鲜胺的抗性机制和交互抗性机制,基于指状青霉甾醇14α-去甲基化酶（sterol 14α-demethylases,CYP51）CYP51A和CYP51B的氨基酸序列,采用同源建模的方法构建其三维结构,根据已报道的可能与抑霉唑抗性相关的突变位点CYP51A-Y308H及与咪鲜胺抗性相关的突变位点CYP51B-Y136H、CYP51B-Q309H和CYP51BF506I构建突变模型,采用分子对接法分析其突变前后与抑霉唑、咪鲜胺的结合模式,并进行氨基酸序列保守性分析。结果显示,抑霉唑和咪鲜胺与指状青霉CYP51的结合无特异性,两者均能与其CYP51A和CYP51B结合。指状青霉的CYP51A-Y308氨基酸残基及CYP51A-Y308H突变体氨基酸残基均不能与抑霉唑和咪鲜胺形成相互作用力,说明该突变与指状青霉对抑霉唑和咪鲜胺的抗性无关。指状青霉的CYP51B-Y136H突变导致其与咪鲜胺和抑霉唑的亲和力下降;指状青霉的CYP51B-Y136氨基酸位于CYP51B蛋白的保守区域,其产生的与咪鲜胺和抑霉唑抗性相关的随机突变在药剂...     

草地贪夜蛾鱼尼丁受体与双酰胺类杀虫剂的结合模式及抗性风险分析

为研究草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda (以下简称FAW) 对双酰胺类杀虫剂的抗性机制,根据FAW鱼尼丁受体 (ranodine receptor,RyR) 跨膜区域的氨基酸序列,通过同源建模的方法构建其三维结构;通过对比FAW与小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (以下简称DBM)RyR跨膜区域的氨基酸序列,发现两者具有较高的同源度,进而根据已报道的FAWRyR的突变位点I4734M及DBMRyR的突变位点G4946E (对应FAWRyR的G4891),在FAWRyR中引入突变,采用分子对接的方法分别分析其突变前后与5种双酰胺类杀虫剂的结合模式。结果表明:FAWRyR的I4734M突变模型与5种双酰胺类杀虫剂的亲和力与野生型的无明显差别,均存在氢键、卤键、疏水作用、π-π相互作用及π-阳离子作用等非共价相互作用;但G4891E突变模型与5种双酰胺类杀虫剂的亲和力下降、形成的作用力方式减少,从而影响RyR与双酰胺类杀虫剂的结合稳定性。本研究分析发现,FAWRyR的G4891E突变可能导致其对双酰胺类杀虫剂产生抗性,需在今后的研究中关注该突变。该研究结果还可会为基于鱼尼丁受体设计杀虫剂提供参考。     

9种药剂对斜纹夜蛾的室内毒力与田间应用效果

通过室内毒力测定和田间药效试验,测定当前9种主流杀虫剂产品对斜纹夜蛾的防治效果。结果表明,甲维盐、茚虫威、虫螨腈和虫酰肼对斜纹夜蛾具有优良的防效,可作为防治斜纹夜蛾的首选药剂。Bt与多杀菌素的效果次之。阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯和毒死蜱对斜纹夜蛾已逐渐失去控制作用,在生产中应尽量少用、慎用。     

四种农药在莼菜加工过程中的残留量变化

为了考察敌百虫、毒死蜱、氯氰菊酯和多菌灵4种农药在莼菜加工过程中的加工因子,从而优化莼菜的加工过程,分别模拟莼菜加工的清洗、杀青、护绿和储藏4个步骤,考察4种农药的加工因子,并分析每个步骤的相关因素对加工因子的影响。采用气相色谱-火焰光度检测器（GC-FPD）检测敌百虫和毒死蜱的含量,气相色谱-电子捕获检测器（GC-ECD）检测氯氰菊酯的含量,液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器（LC-DAD）检测多菌灵的含量。结果表明:随着清洗时间的增加,4种农药的加工因子逐渐变小,并在一定时间后趋于稳定;在供试的10 min内,杀青时间越长,4种农药的加工因子越小;护绿和储藏条件的改变对加工因子均无显著影响。综合考虑莼菜品质和农药残留两方面因素,建议莼菜清洗时间为30 min,在不影响莼菜品质的前提下尽量延长杀青时间。     

双条杉天牛OBP与其嗅觉相关化学物质的分子对接及分子动力学分析

为探究双条杉天牛Semanotus bifasciatus气味结合蛋白（odorant binding protein,OBP）与信息化合物的识别结合机理，筛选出与OBP结合效果最佳的化学配体，选择在双条杉天牛触角中高表达的OBP2、OBP6、OBP7序列，通过Swiss-model在线软件对其进行同源模建，使用ERRAT程序、Procheck和Verify＿3D进行建模质量评估；采用Autodock软件对OBP模型和相关化学物质进行分子对接分析，通过GROMACS 2019.6软件包进行目的OBP与结合效果最佳配体复合体的分子动力学模拟。结果显示，OBP2、OBP6和OBP7模型所得到的ERRAT值分别为97.03%、94.06%和97.39%，三维结构与一级结构的兼容性所得评分大于0.2的氨基酸百分比均大于80.00%，且拉氏构象图中氨基酸位于最佳合理区的数量均大于90.00%，说明所建模型合理；在11个化合物中，柏木醇与OBP2、OBP6和OBP7的结合性能最好，结合能分别为-7.04、-6.86和-6.62 kJ/mol，在结合过程中，疏水作用力和氢键作用力共同作用使蛋白与配体...     

Dissipation of acephate, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their metabolites in a humid-tropical vegetable production system

BACKGROUND: High amounts of insecticides are often used in intensive tropical vegetable production systems. Their persistence and residues in vegetables and soils need to be studied to ensure food safety and environmental stability. The dissipation of acephate, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their metabolites was studied in green mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Coss.] and soils. Two treatments, Impact 75 (acephate) and Agent 505 (cypermethrin plus chlorpyrifos), were applied 4 times at weekly intervals. RESULTS: Dissipation of acephate, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in green mustard and topsoils followed first‐order kinetics, with half‐lives of between 1.1 and 3.1 days in green mustard and between 1.4 and 9.4 days in topsoils (26 °C). Higher vapour pressure of insecticides and higher rainfall appeared to stimulate dissipation from the vegetable, with least effect of rainfall on chlorpyrifos. Dissipation rates in the vegetable were faster or similar (cypermethrin) to rates observed for temperate areas. Preharvest intervals of 13, 4 and 3 days were required for acephate, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their metabolites to comply with the tolerance levels. The pesticide dissipation rates in soils varied by less than a factor of 3 between sites. The metabolites methamidophos and TCP derived from acephate and chlorpyrifos amounted to less than 10 and 25% by mass of the parent compounds in soils. Vegetable shading possibly retarded pesticide degradation in soil. CONCLUSION: The dissipation of pesticides and their metabolites in the vegetable was rapid and faster than the dissipation in temperate climates. The degradation rates of pesticides in the soil were equal to or slightly faster than the degradation rates in temperate soils. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Dynamics of pesticide residues in the autumn Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) grown in open fields

Residues of the pesticides chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, deltamethrin and chlorothalonil in the autumn Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) were studied using gas chromatography. The results indicated that the residues were dependent on the frequency and rate of pesticide application and on the weather conditions immediately following spraying. When the Chinese cabbages were treated once at normal rates, the half-lives of the seven pesticides in the vegetable were 4.7, 5.3, 2.9, 3.5, 5.4, 4.3 and 4.0 days respectively. Thus, based on the recommended preharvest intervals, the residual levels of all pesticides were within the national standards. When the Chinese cabbages were treated four times at maximal rates at 5 day intervals, the half-lives of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and chlorothalonil in the vegetable were 3.6, 2.9 and 5.9 days respectively, so that, based on the recommended preharvest intervals, the residual levels of chlorpyrifos and chlorothalonil exceeded the national standards for pollution-free vegetables, but the residual level of cypermethrin was within the national standard. Effects of rain on pesticide final residues in plants treated four times were more significant than in those treated once.     

The ovicidal action of insecticides and insect growth regulator/insecticide mixtures on the eggs of various ages of susceptible and diflubenzuron-resistant strains of Spodoptera littoralis boisd

The ovicidal action of four insecticides and three insect growth regulators, on eggs of various ages of the susceptible (S) strain of Spodoptera littoralis, was investigated. The results revealed that diflubenzuron was the most toxic compound tested on 0-1-day-old eggs, followed by triprene and then methoprene; chlorpyrifos came next in its toxicity, followed by cypermethrin then fenvalerate; methomyl was the least effective. With the progress of embryonic development, 1-2-day-old eggs showed slight tolerance to the action of the pesticides and juvenoids, but apparently resisted the action of diflubenzuron. Eggs 2-3 days old showed increased tolerance to the insecticides and diflubenzuron and, to a lesser extent, to the action of the two juvenoids. A total of 21 insecticide or insect growth regulator-insecticide mixtures, based on their toxicity equivalents (LD₂₅ + LD₂₅), were applied jointly on 0-1-day-old eggs of the S strain. The mixtures which produced high synergism on this stage could be arranged, according to their decreasing order of potentiation, as follows: fenvalerate/diflubenzuron, cypermethrin/triprene, methomyl/methoprene, cypermethrin/methoprene, fenvalerate/ methoprene, cypermethrin/methomyl, cypermethrin/diflubenzuron, fenvalerate/triprene, diflubenzuron/methoprene and methomyl/triprene. The mixtures that produced synergistic effects on 0-1-day-old eggs were also tested against the 1-2 and 2-3-day-oldeggs of the S strain. Theresults indicated that themixtures fenvalerate/diflubenzuron, and cypermethrin with either triprene or diflubenzuron, when tested on 1-2-day-old eggs, produced levels of synergism nearly similar to those achieved on newly deposited eggs. On the other hand, the mixtures cypermethrin/methomyl, and fenvalerate with methoprene or triprene, showed comparatively lower levels of synergism. However, the synergistic action of the mixture cypermethrin/methoprene, previously detected on newly deposited eggs, became an additive effect on 1-2-day-old eggs. Only the mixtures fenvalerate/diflubenzuron, cypermethrin/triprene and fenvalerate/methoprene showed synergism on 2-3-day-old eggs. The mixtures which showed synergistic effects on 0-1-day-old eggs of the S strain were further tested on eggs of various ages of the diflubenzuron-resistant (R_d) strain. As regards 0-1-day-old eggs, only the combinations cypermethrin/triprene, methomyl/methoprene and fenvalerate/methoprene produced additive effects. The mixture cypermethrin/diflubenzuron was still synergistic against newly deposited eggs of the R_d strain, in a manner similar to that indicated with the S strain. Apparent levels of antagonism were shown to the other insecticide-juvenoid mixtures as well as to the diflubenzuron/methoprene combination. The combinations cypermethrin/methomyl and fenvalerate/diflubenzuron had some effect on the freshly deposited eggs of the R_d strain but produced lower levels of potentiation. With the increase in age of the eggs, the mixture cypermethrin/diflubenzuron showed a lower level of synergism on the 1-2 day-old eggs than was observed in younger eggs. The additive effects, previously detected with some of the mixtures on newly deposited eggs became an antagonistic effect for the 1-2-day-old eggs. The eggs at this stage were more able to resist thejoint action of the other mixtures tested. Moreover, with further increase in the age of the eggs, the combination cypermethrin/diflubenzuron produced a lower level of potentiation on 2-3 day-old eggs, followed by fenvalerate/diflubenzuron at an even lower level, while the other mixtures showed various levels of antagonism.     

Resistance of <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Spodoptera exigua</Emphasis> to ten insecticides in Shandong,China

Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) collected from three regions (two scallion-producing regions and one ginger-producing region) in Shandong, China and a laboratory colony of Wuhan (WHLC) were evaluated for their susceptibilities to ten insecticides (emamectin benzoate, chlorfenapyr, indoxacarb, spinosyn, tebufenozide, methoxyfenozide, chlorfluazuron, beta-cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and methomyl) in 2008, 2009 and 2010 using a leaf-dip bioassay method. The results indicate that the resistance ratios of S. exigua to newer insecticides such as emamectin benzoate, chlorfenapyr and indoxacarb were all below 20-fold, with no obvious change in all 3 years. S. exigua exhibits moderate resistance to spinosyn, and its resistance ratios increased from 1.98–5.31-fold in 2008 to 14.31–64.20-fold in 2010 from three regions as compared with WHLC. S. exigua showed moderate to high resistance to insect growth regulators such as tebufenozide, methoxyfenozide, chlorfluazuron in 2008, 2009 and 2010, in which resistance to chlorfluazuron was rapidly increased from 31.49–88.19-fold in 2008 to 1184.39–2789.67-fold in 2010. Resistance of S. exigua to beta-cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos varied greatly among the three regions, ranging from 95.31–437.97-fold and 25.05–40.64-fold in 2008, 951.81–1304.40-fold and 44.91–186.33-fold in 2009, to 27.27–1095.31-fold and 19.12–267.98-fold in 2010. In contrast, S. exigua showed low resistance to methomyl, and the resistance ratio was below 5-fold in 3 years. There are several reasons accounting for varying degrees of resistance, including selection pressure, cropping structure and migration, in which the migration of S. exigua may play an important role.     

The joint action of mixtures of insecticides,or of insect growth regulators and insecticides,on susceptible and diflubenzuron-resistant strains of Spodoptera littoralis boisd

The joint action of insecticides, or of mixtures of insect growth regulators and insecticides, on the susceptible (S) strain and diflubenzuron-resistant (R_d) strain of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. was investigated. The joint action of the insecticides and/or insect growth regulator mixtures was determined by mixing them in proportion to their activity equivalents at the LD₂₅ or ED₂₅ levels. A total of 15 mixtures of two synthetic pyrethroids, two organophosphorus, one carbamate and one organochlorine insecticides, were applied to the fourth-instar larvae of the S and R_d strains. The insecticide mixtures cypermethrin/methomyl and cypermethrin/endrin exhibited high and moderate levels of synergism on the S strain, respectively. However the mixtures chlorpyrifos/methomyl, phosfolan/methomyl, and phosfolan/endrin produced antagonism, while the other mixtures showed varying levels of additive effects. The response of the fourth-instar larvae of the S strain, to the joint action of diflubenzuron/juvenoid, diflubenzuron/insecticide, or insecticide/juvenoid mixtures, revealed that diflubenzuron produced high levels of synergism when combined with methoprene and progressively less with fenvalerate, methomyl and cypermethrin. On the other hand, the mixture diflubenzuron/triprene was antagonistic. Fenvalerate with the two juvenoids produced synergism while methomyl showed an additive effect with methoprene. However, the mixtures cypermethrin/methoprene, cypermethrin/triprene and methomyl/triprene produced antagonism. The mixtures that produced potentiation on the fourth-instar larvae of the S strain lost their high potency when tested against the R_d strain. The results also indicated that insecticide/juvenoid mixtures, when applied on 2-day-old pupae of the S strain, were synergistic, except in the case of cypermethrin/methoprene and methomyl/triprene mixtures, for which additive effects were observed. When the mixtures that had synergistic effects on the S strain were tested on the R_d strain, the results revealed that their synergistic effects were apparently reduced. This was attributed to the fact that the generalised levels of tolerance in the R_d strain towards various compounds may have influenced the several defence mechanisms to act against the synergistic action of the chemical mixtures.     

模拟加工对菠菜中农药残留量及膳食暴露评估的影响

采用田间喷药、室内模拟加工和气相色谱检测方法,研究了水洗、漂烫和烘干处理对菠菜中毒死蜱、氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯残留量的影响。结果表明:在田间推荐剂量下,当毒死蜱、氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯的有效成分用量分别为0.038 8、0.001和0.01 g/m2时,经水洗和漂烫处理,菠菜中上述3种农药的残留量分别降低22.6%、53.8%和50.8%;而加倍剂量处理时,则分别降低8.5%、61.4%和40.2%;烘干处理对毒死蜱的去除作用大于50%,但对氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯的去除作用仅为10%左右。对新鲜菠菜和干制菠菜的农药残留量进行膳食暴露评估的结果表明,合理的加工方式可以降低农药膳食摄入估计量的62.1%~76.7%。研究结果表明:毒死蜱的残留受水洗和漂烫影响较小,受烘干影响较大;而氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯的残留受水洗与漂烫影响较大,受烘干影响较小;引入加工因子后膳食暴露评估结果更接近真实值。     

21种化学药剂对新疆棉田主要害虫毒力及对多异瓢虫的安全性

为明确现阶段棉田常用化学杀虫剂对新疆维吾尔自治区（简称新疆）棉花主要害虫的毒力以及对新疆本地优势天敌多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata的安全性,于室内分别测定当前21种棉田常用化学药剂对新疆棉田3种主要害虫棉蚜Aphis gossypii、截形叶螨Etranychus truncatus和棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera以及优势天敌多异瓢虫的毒力,比较不同药剂对各种害虫和天敌的相对毒力指数以及益害毒性比。结果表明,药剂处理24 h后,10种蚜虫防治药剂对棉蚜成蚜的半致死浓度LC₅₀由高到低依次为氟啶虫胺腈、啶虫脒、吡虫啉、环氧虫啶、噻虫嗪、丁硫克百威、烯啶虫胺、呋虫胺、螺虫乙酯和吡蚜酮,其中益害毒性比较高的药剂主要有氟啶虫胺腈和螺虫乙酯;5种叶螨防治药剂对截形叶螨成螨的LC₅₀从高到低依次为阿维菌素、哒螨灵、四螨嗪、噻螨酮和炔螨特,其中益害毒性比较高的药剂主要有四螨嗪、噻螨酮和阿维菌素;6种鳞翅目害虫幼虫防治药剂对棉铃虫3龄幼虫的LC₅₀由高到低顺次为甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐（简称甲维盐）、氯虫苯甲酰胺、茚虫威、灭多威、毒死蜱和高效氯氰菊酯,其中益害毒性比较高的药剂主要有甲维盐和氯虫苯甲酰胺。综合上述2个方面结果,氟啶虫胺腈、阿维菌素、甲维盐和氯虫苯甲酰胺不仅对棉花害虫毒力效果强,而且对有益天敌安全性高。