甜菜夜蛾细胞色素P450(CYP9A11)与3种杀虫剂的结合机理研究

细胞色素P450(以下简称CYP)与昆虫的抗药性密切相关。本研究运用AutoDock分子对接技术和分子力学泊松-波尔兹曼表面积法(molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area,MM-PBSA)结合自由能计算方法,分析了甜菜夜蛾CYP9A11与3种杀虫剂结合的作用位点、作用力类型和大小。结果表明:CYP9A11与毒死蜱结合形成两个氢键,有8个氨基酸残基参与形成疏水作用力,二者结合自由能为-3659.80 kJ/mol;CYP9A11与灭多威结合形成5个氢键,有3个氨基酸残基形成疏水作用力,结合自由能为-470.92 kJ/mol;CYP9A11中有7个氨基酸残基与氯氰菊酯结合形成疏水作用力,结合自由能为-473.44 kJ/mol。范德华力是CYP9A11与毒死蜱结合的主要驱动力,极性溶剂化能是CYP9A11与氯氰菊酯和灭多威结合的主要驱动力,这些结果为阐明甜菜夜蛾CYP9A11与3种杀虫剂的结合机理提供了参考。     

斜纹夜蛾化学感受蛋白SlitCSP2的表达模式定位及配体结合特性分析

研究斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura化学感受蛋白SlitCSP2的表达模式、组织定位及与配体结合特性,为揭示SlitCSP2在化学通讯中的功能提供理论依据。利用RT-qPCR检测了SlitCSP2在蛹及雌、雄成虫各组织的基因表达水平;Western blot方法检测了SlitCSP2在幼虫期和雄成虫头部、触角和足部的蛋白表达水平;利用免疫组织化学技术对SlitCSP2在幼虫各龄期的分布情况进行定位分析;利用荧光竞争结合试验检测SlitCSP2与13种非挥发性化合物的结合特性。RT-qPCR结果表明,SlitCSP2在3龄幼虫表达量最高,3～6龄表达量逐渐降低;成虫阶段雄成虫足部及胸部和雌成虫头部及翅的表达量最高,且雄成虫头部、足部和胸部的表达量显著高于雌成虫。Western blot结果显示,SlitCSP2在3龄幼虫头部（去触角）的蛋白表达水平较高。免疫组化结果表明,SlitCSP2在幼虫阶段主要分布于头部、口器和胸足;在雄成虫中,SlitCSP2主要分布于足部前跗节和足部外骨骼内侧。荧光竞争结合试验表明,SlitCSP2与单宁（K_i＝1.77）、花青素（K_i＝2.34）和叶酸（K_i＝4.56）有很强的结合能力。本研究明确了SlitCSP2在幼虫各龄期和成虫各组织的表达特征。根据免疫定位及荧光竞争结合试验结果,我们推测SlitCSP2可能在斜纹夜蛾寄主选择和解毒过程中发挥重要作用。     

绿盲蝽气味结合蛋白AlucOBP8的结合特性分析

气味结合蛋白(odorant binding proteins,OBPs)是参与昆虫嗅觉感知过程的一类重要蛋白,其功能之一是结合运输外界气味分子通过淋巴液到达神经元树突。本文克隆了一个绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)气味结合蛋白AlucOBP8(GenBank登录号JQ675725)并进行了原核重组表达。组织表达谱分析表明,AlucOBP8基因主要在雌雄成虫触角表达。采用荧光竞争结合试验,研究了重组蛋白AlucOBP8与7种性信息素类似物和33种植物挥发物的结合能力。结果显示,7种性信息素类似物均不能与AlucOBP8有效结合,而植物挥发物中只有葎草烯(α-caryophyllene)和十二醛(dodecyl aldehyde)与AlucOBP8表现出较强的结合,结合常数分别为8.74和9.99 μmol/L。绿盲蝽雌雄成虫对这两种化合物的趋向结果表明,十二醛对绿盲蝽雄成虫具有显著的驱避作用。初步推断AlucOBP8为普通气味结合蛋白并参与寄主普通挥发气味的识别过程。     

甜菜夜蛾SeCDA8的基因克隆、蛋白表达及几丁质结合活性分析

几丁质脱乙酰酶（chitin deacetylase,CDA）能催化几丁质脱乙酰化产生壳聚糖,在几丁质降解过程中发挥着重要作用。本研究通过分析甜菜夜蛾（Spodoptera exigua）转录组得到编码甜菜夜蛾几丁质脱乙酰酶的全长CDS序列,命名为SeCDA8（GenBank登录号为OL689577）,其开放阅读框为1158 bp,编码385个氨基酸。NCBI Blast和系统进化分析表明其属于肠道特异CDA蛋白,与斜纹夜蛾CDA相似度最高。成功构建原核重组表达载体pET30a-SeCDA8,转化大肠杆菌,经超声破碎后在沉淀中表达45 kD的重组蛋白。重组SeCDA8蛋白的几丁质结合活性分析结果显示,SeCDA8蛋白与再生几丁质的结合活性较高于胶体几丁质,但均较弱。qRT-PCR分析显示,SeCDA8在前肠和中肠前部高表达,推测其可能与围食膜形成有关。通过探究甜菜夜蛾几丁质脱乙酰酶SeCDA8蛋白的几丁质结合活性和组织定位,为更加深入地探究第Ⅴ类CDA的生理功能提供了重要的理论依据。     

小地老虎化学感受蛋白AipsCSP2配体结合特性分析

为了明确小地老虎化学感受蛋白基因AipsCSP2在雌、雄成虫各组织中的表达情况,解析AipsCSP2蛋白的配体结合特性并探讨其功能。本文基于小地老虎性腺转录组数据,利用PCR技术克隆AipsCSP2基因,并进行生物信息学和系统进化分析;采用qPCR技术测定该基因在小地老虎雌、雄成虫不同组织中的表达水平; 利用原核表达技术体外表达并纯化AipsCSP2蛋白;最后采用荧光竞争性结合试验测定该蛋白与小地老虎和其他鳞翅目昆虫性信息素组分以及主要寄主植物挥发物的结合能力。结果显示AipsCSP2基因开放阅读框（open reading frame,ORF）长度为360 bp,编码119个氨基酸,氨基酸序列中具有4个保守半胱氨酸位点,是典型的化学感受蛋白;组织表达谱结果显示AipsCSP2基因在雌成虫性腺和雄成虫附腺中特异高表达,在其他组织中表达量较低;荧光竞争性结合试验结果表明,AipsCSP2蛋白和小地老虎性信息素组分顺-11-十六碳乙酸酯的合成前体顺-11-十六碳醛有着极其强的结合能力,Ki值为1.48 μmol/L,此外AipsCSP2蛋白和其他鳞翅目昆虫的醇类和醛类性信息素如十四烷醇、顺-9-十六碳醛、顺-7-十六碳醛也有着极其强的结合能力,Ki值分别为1.10 μmol/L、0.63 μmol/L和1.51 μmol/L,和小地老虎性信息素组分顺-7-十二碳乙酸酯、顺-8-十二碳乙酸酯的结合能力为中等,与小地老虎主要寄主植物挥发物结合能力较弱或不结合。推测AipsCSP2蛋白可能主要参与了小地老虎性信息素的合成与识别过程,并在生殖活动中起着重要的作用。     

粘质沙雷氏菌菌株PS-1对甜菜夜蛾种群增长的抑制作用

甜菜夜蛾是我国严重为害蔬菜的害虫之一,本文测定了粘质沙雷氏菌菌株PS-1对甜菜夜蛾的致病力及其试验种群增长的抑制作用。用菌株PS-1菌悬液与人工饲料混配饲喂甜菜夜蛾2龄幼虫48 h,对其幼虫的存活有明显的抑制作用,对其蛹和成虫有明显的后致死作用。在2×101~2×108 cfu/g的浓度范围内,有明显的浓度效应。随着处理浓度的升高,甜菜夜蛾幼虫的死亡率明显提高,蛹的存活率明显降低,成虫产卵量明显减少,其试验种群的增长分别比对照降低了74.4%~100%。用浓度为1×103、1×105和1×107 cfu/m L的PS-1菌悬液分别配制成10%蜂蜜水饲喂甜菜夜蛾成虫2 d,各浓度处理组成虫的寿命分别比对照缩短了5.70、5.91和7.16 d,产卵量也明显减少。用浓度为1×109 cfu/m L的PS-1菌悬液离心后,取上清液加入到人工饲料中饲喂甜菜夜蛾2龄幼虫48 h,幼虫8 d累积死亡率达70.0%,显著高于对照。用组建生命表的方法评价了菌株PS-1对甜菜夜蛾的全面作用,该菌株对甜菜夜蛾试验种群增长的抑制作用,主要是其抑制了甜菜夜蛾幼虫和成虫的存活率以及成虫的生殖力。这些结果为甜菜夜蛾的生物防治和粘质沙雷氏菌PS-1的进一步开发利用提供了依据。     

甜菜夜蛾中肠碱性磷酸酶alp2基因的克隆、表达及功能分析

为探究甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua中肠碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase protein 2,ALP2)是否为Cry1Ac杀虫蛋白的受体,采用同源克隆和RACE技术克隆了编码alp2基因的完整c DNA序列,利用荧光定量PCR比较了甜菜夜蛾幼虫中肠不同龄期ALP2表达量的差异,利用Ligand blot方法检测了中肠ALP2与Cry1Ac杀虫蛋白的结合。结果表明,alp2基因序列全长1 629 bp(Gen Bank序列号为KP420013),编码542个氨基酸,预测在氨基酸序列N端包含1个由21个氨基酸组成的信号肽,在C端存在1个GPI修饰的锚定位点,且在整个氨基酸序列中存在多个糖基化修饰位点。在整个甜菜夜蛾幼虫期均有ALP2表达,但不同龄期的表达量差异显著,1龄幼虫期表达量最低,4龄幼虫期最高。Ligand blot方法检测结果表明原核表达的ALP2片段与活化的Cry1Ac杀虫蛋白可以结合。研究表明,甜菜夜蛾中肠的ALP2可能是Cry1Ac的受体之一。     

虫酰肼对甜菜夜蛾子代种群的影响

为了解虫酰肼对甜菜夜蛾的作用机理,以较低剂量分别对甜菜夜蛾敏感品系幼虫和成虫进行饲毒处理,观察其对甜菜夜蛾子代种群的影响.结果表明：虫酰肼是有极强后效性的杀虫剂,能降低甜菜夜蛾产卵量、化蛹率、羽化率等,提高畸形蛹、畸形蛾比例,缩短成虫寿命及产卵时间.幼虫一次饲毒后,0.2、0.4 mg/kg两处理的种群趋势指数第2代较对照分别下降10.92%、26.71%,第3代下降12.16%、14.24%,说明这种影响至少可持续到第3代,且用药剂量提高,其影响加大,但孵化率与蛹重变化不明显.成虫饲毒表明,0.4、0.8mg/L两处理的种群趋势指数在第2代较对照分别下降14.18%、12.96%,第3代下降34.40%、39.24%,说明成虫饲毒对甜菜夜蛾的影响随用药次数增加而提高.甜菜夜蛾成虫寿命与虫酰肼选择频率及选择压呈负相关关系,且对雄成虫影响大于雌成虫.     

人血清白蛋白与氯氰菊酯相互作用的分子模拟研究

运用分子对接、分子动力学、结合自由能计算和丙氨酸扫描等分子模拟方法,研究了人血清白蛋白 (human serum albumin,HSA) 与氯氰菊酯的结合模式。结果表明:氯氰菊酯与HSA结合形成了稳定的复合物,与其氨基酸残基Arg209形成1个氢键,结合自由能为 –83.43 kJ/mol,其中范德华力是结合的主要驱动力,极性溶剂化能是主要抑制力。丙氨酸突变扫描结果显示,氨基酸残基Lys199的ΔΔG_bind值为16.78 kJ/mol,是HSA和氯氰菊酯结合的关键氨基酸。该研究结果为阐明氯氰菊酯在人体内的代谢机制提供了理论参考。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.