Dissipation of acephate, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their metabolites in a humid-tropical vegetable production system

BACKGROUND: High amounts of insecticides are often used in intensive tropical vegetable production systems. Their persistence and residues in vegetables and soils need to be studied to ensure food safety and environmental stability. The dissipation of acephate, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their metabolites was studied in green mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Coss.] and soils. Two treatments, Impact 75 (acephate) and Agent 505 (cypermethrin plus chlorpyrifos), were applied 4 times at weekly intervals. RESULTS: Dissipation of acephate, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in green mustard and topsoils followed first‐order kinetics, with half‐lives of between 1.1 and 3.1 days in green mustard and between 1.4 and 9.4 days in topsoils (26 °C). Higher vapour pressure of insecticides and higher rainfall appeared to stimulate dissipation from the vegetable, with least effect of rainfall on chlorpyrifos. Dissipation rates in the vegetable were faster or similar (cypermethrin) to rates observed for temperate areas. Preharvest intervals of 13, 4 and 3 days were required for acephate, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their metabolites to comply with the tolerance levels. The pesticide dissipation rates in soils varied by less than a factor of 3 between sites. The metabolites methamidophos and TCP derived from acephate and chlorpyrifos amounted to less than 10 and 25% by mass of the parent compounds in soils. Vegetable shading possibly retarded pesticide degradation in soil. CONCLUSION: The dissipation of pesticides and their metabolites in the vegetable was rapid and faster than the dissipation in temperate climates. The degradation rates of pesticides in the soil were equal to or slightly faster than the degradation rates in temperate soils. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

高尔夫球场农药向大气中的挥发研究

高尔夫球场喷洒农药向大气中的挥发受农药性质、施药方式和环境条件的影响。用丙酮、二氯甲烷等有机溶剂作吸收液可较好地捕集空气中的氯氰菊酯、毒死蜱、百茵清等农药化合物。试验条件下,2,4-D丁酯、百菌清和氯氰菊酯在大气中的挥发损失率分别为6．31％、1.38％、7．20％,毒死蜱和灭多威的挥发损失率为0．78％和1．66％。相比之下,氯氰菊酯较易挥发,对空气的污染较大。选择性用药,采用颗粒剂撒施,可有效地减少农药挥发,有利于环境保护。     

吡虫啉、苯醚甲环唑和百菌清在甘蓝中的消解及残留分布

为明确吡虫啉、苯醚甲环唑和百菌清在露地甘蓝中的消解动态及残留分布规律,在田间施用农药后,采用液相色谱-质谱联用仪和气相色谱仪,对不同时间甘蓝样品及甘蓝不同部位的农药残留量进行了分析。结果表明:3种农药在甘蓝中的消解动态均符合一级反应动力学模型,其中,吡虫啉消解最快,苯醚甲环唑次之,百菌清最慢,半衰期分别为1.35、2.28和2.47 d。最终残留试验结果显示:施药后7和14 d,吡虫啉、百菌清在甘蓝中的残留量均符合食品中农药残留限量要求,而苯醚甲环唑在施药后14 d的残留量仍高于最大残留限量值 (MRL)。3种农药在甘蓝不同部位中的残留量差异显著 (P<0.05),其中甘蓝内球叶中未检出或残留量较低,外球叶中初始残留量较低,1至5 d可降至MRL值以下,外叶中的残留量显著高于其他部位。该结果表明,采后处理甘蓝时若去除其外叶,可有效降低甘蓝中的农药残留量,提高质量安全水平。     

几种农药在露地黄瓜上的残留降解动态检测研究

研究了在露地黄瓜栽培中。喷施毒死蜱、甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉、百菌清、甲基硫菌灵和王铜等农药的残留降解动态。结果表明，不同农药在黄瓜果实中的残留量和降解速度有很大差异。在杀虫剂中．甲氰菊酯在喷药后第1d的残留量最大，其后的降解速度较快；毒死蜱残留量位居第二，其降解速度比较稳定；氯氰菊酯在喷药后第1d的残留量超过标准．但第3d以后就检测不到其残留：吡虫啉在施药后第1d的残留量最低，降解速度也比较稳定。在杀菌剂中．甲基硫菌灵的降解速度较快，百菌清和王铜的降解速度较慢。无论是杀虫剂还是杀菌剂，施药后在黄瓜上的残留量随喷药时间的推移而减少。     

浙江省猕猴桃主产区果实农药残留水平与评价

以无公害落叶浆果类果品标准为评价标准,对浙江省猕猴桃主产区180个猕猴桃样品中农药残留情况进行了分析与评价.结果表明:浙江省猕猴桃农药品种检出率71.4％,样品农药检出率52.2％.在所检测的7种农药中,敌敌畏、乐果2种有机磷农药均未检出,4种拟除虫菊酯类农药均有不同程度的检出,检出率依次为:氯氰菊酯25.6％,百菌清17.2％,三唑酮12.2％,溴氰菊酯0.56％,杀菌剂多菌灵检出率26.7％,有机磷类农药和拟除虫菊酯类农药来发现超标现象,多菌灵存在超标现象,超标率2.22％.不同产地和取样场所果实中农药残留检出率存在一定差异.经单项农药污染指数和综合农药污染指数评价发现,浙江省猕猴桃未受到农药污染,品质基本安全.     

四种农药在莼菜加工过程中的残留量变化

为了考察敌百虫、毒死蜱、氯氰菊酯和多菌灵4种农药在莼菜加工过程中的加工因子,从而优化莼菜的加工过程,分别模拟莼菜加工的清洗、杀青、护绿和储藏4个步骤,考察4种农药的加工因子,并分析每个步骤的相关因素对加工因子的影响。采用气相色谱-火焰光度检测器（GC-FPD）检测敌百虫和毒死蜱的含量,气相色谱-电子捕获检测器（GC-ECD）检测氯氰菊酯的含量,液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器（LC-DAD）检测多菌灵的含量。结果表明:随着清洗时间的增加,4种农药的加工因子逐渐变小,并在一定时间后趋于稳定;在供试的10 min内,杀青时间越长,4种农药的加工因子越小;护绿和储藏条件的改变对加工因子均无显著影响。综合考虑莼菜品质和农药残留两方面因素,建议莼菜清洗时间为30 min,在不影响莼菜品质的前提下尽量延长杀青时间。     

Residues of six pesticides in fresh peach—nectarine fruits after preharvest treatment

One of the key features of the new cultural systems is the control of harmful agents with environment-friendly methods. In this study, the residue levels of chlorothalonil, iprodione, bupirimate, pirimicarb, chlorpyrifos and fenoxycarb in different peach??nectarine cultivars were investigated. It was found that, with the exception of chlorpyrifos, the residue levels of all pesticides were lower than the Maximum Residues Limits (MRLs) in all peach??nectarine cultivars used. The detected levels of chlorpyrifos were higher than the MRLs in the cultivar ??Maria Bianca?? 7?days after application, but in cv. ??Legory Hkcb?? dropped to very low levels 27?days after application. The degradation over time of the above pesticides in fruits was investigated in the peach cv. ??Andross??. The detected residue levels of bupirimate, iprodione, fenoxycarb, chlorpyrifos and pirimicarb in this peach cultivar were much lower than those recommended by the European Union (MRLs) 33, 22, 22, 28, and 63?days, respectively, after application, whereas the residue levels of chlorothalonil were below the limit of detection by the analytical method used. All pesticides showed a reduction over time. When examining the levels of residues of pirimicarb and chlorpyrifos in peaches (cv. ??Andross??) sampled from different parts of the tree canopy, no significant difference was found between samples collected from the top and the middle parts of the canopy; however, residues of pirimicarb were significantly higher in samples collected at the bottom of the canopy. Overall, the pesticide regime gave residue levels much lower than those of MRLs, in all peach??nectarine cultivars. This use of chemicals is in accordance with features of the new cultural systems to produce fruits with no or minimal pesticide residues, in contrast to the conventional system in which pesticide residues are not considered. Attention should however be paid to chlorpyrifos which should be applied at least 27?days before harvest. Factors related to the cultivars and the position of fruits in the tree canopy should be considered when sampling fruits for pesticide residues analysis.     

Pesticide degradation in a 'biobed' composting substrate

Pesticides play an important role in the success of modern farming and food production. However, the release of pesticides to the environment arising from non-approved use, poor practice, illegal operations or misuse is increasingly recognised as contributing to water contamination. Biobeds appear to offer a cost-effective method for treating pesticide-contaminated waste. This study was performed to determine whether biobeds can degrade relatively complex pesticide mixtures when applied repeatedly. A pesticide mixture containing isoproturon, pendimethalin, chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, epoxiconazole and dimethoate was incubated in biomix and topsoil at concentrations to simulate pesticide disposal. Although the data suggest that interactions between pesticides are possible, the effects were of less significance in biomix than in topsoil. The same mixture was applied on three occasions at 30-day intervals. Degradation was significantly quicker in biomix than in topsoil. The rate of degradation, however, decreased with each additional treatment, possibly due to the toxicity of the pesticide mixture to the microbial community. Incubations with chlorothalonil and pendimethalin carried out in sterile and non-sterile biomix indicated that degradation, rather than irreversible adsorption to the matrix, was the main mechanism responsible for the reduction in recovered residues. Results from these experiments suggest that biobeds offer a viable means of treating pesticide waste.     

几种农药多元组合对HepG2人肝癌细胞的联合毒性效应

多种农药残留经膳食暴露途径进入人体后，其联合毒性的潜在风险通常超过单一农药。为探明农药多残留的联合暴露毒性，采用经典MTT (噻唑蓝) 比色法，测定了阿维菌素、啶虫脒、多菌灵、百菌清、毒死蜱、高效氯氟氰菊酯、咪酰胺和三唑磷8种农药多种组合方式联合暴露下对HepG2人肝癌细胞增殖的抑制活性。结果表明:联合暴露24 h后，不同种类农药组合对HepG2细胞存活率的影响存在较大差异，随着组合农药质量浓度升高，部分组合对HepG2细胞增殖的抑制效应分别呈现S型变化和线性变化。例如，二元组合 (多菌灵+高效氯氟氰菊酯) 在0~10.00 mg/L、三元组合 (多菌灵+阿维菌素+高效氯氟氰菊酯) 在0~24.12 mg/L、四元组合 (三唑磷+高效氯氟氰菊酯+多菌灵+阿维菌素) 在0~47.46 mg/L以及五元组合 (毒死蜱+阿维菌素+啶虫咪+高效氯氟氰菊酯+三唑磷) 在0~62.80 mg/L暴露条件下其抑制效应表现为S型变化，即随着组合农药质量浓度增大，细胞存活率先迅速降低，之后则缓慢降低；二元组合 (多菌灵+百菌清) 在0~8.46 mg/L、三元组合 (毒死蜱+啶虫脒+多菌灵) 在0~39.97 mg/L、四元组合 (多菌灵+高效氯氟氰菊酯+百菌清+阿维菌素) 在0~25.92 mg/L以及六元组合 (啶虫脒+毒死蜱+三唑磷+多菌灵+高效氯氟氰菊酯+阿维菌素) 在0~57.48 mg/L暴露条件下其抑制效应表现为线性变化，即随着组合农药质量浓度升高，细胞存活率呈线性降低。本研究对农产品中农药多残留的体外细胞毒性进行了评估，明确了不同农药多残留组合对HepG2人肝癌细胞增殖的抑制作用剂量-效应关系，可为进一步探索农药多残留的细胞毒性机制和开展食品安全风险评估提供依据。     

毒死蜱、吡虫啉、螺虫乙酯及其代谢物和苯醚甲环唑在梨中的残留消解动态

利用仪器分析方法和田间试验法，研究了毒死蜱、吡虫啉、螺虫乙酯及其代谢物和苯醚甲环唑在梨中的残留消解动态。样品经乙腈提取，氯化钠盐析净化，毒死蜱采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪检测，其他3种农药采用液相色谱-质谱联用仪检测，外标法定量。结果表明:毒死蜱、吡虫啉、螺虫乙酯及其代谢物和苯醚甲环唑4种农药在梨中的消解动态均满足一级反应动力学方程，半衰期分别为4.4、12.2、13.1和10.3 d。施药后7 d至收获期，4种农药在梨中的最终残留量均未超出中国国家标准中规定的最大残留限量值，按照推荐剂量及其操作规范在梨上施用是安全的。     

模拟加工对菠菜中农药残留量及膳食暴露评估的影响

采用田间喷药、室内模拟加工和气相色谱检测方法,研究了水洗、漂烫和烘干处理对菠菜中毒死蜱、氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯残留量的影响。结果表明:在田间推荐剂量下,当毒死蜱、氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯的有效成分用量分别为0.038 8、0.001和0.01 g/m2时,经水洗和漂烫处理,菠菜中上述3种农药的残留量分别降低22.6%、53.8%和50.8%;而加倍剂量处理时,则分别降低8.5%、61.4%和40.2%;烘干处理对毒死蜱的去除作用大于50%,但对氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯的去除作用仅为10%左右。对新鲜菠菜和干制菠菜的农药残留量进行膳食暴露评估的结果表明,合理的加工方式可以降低农药膳食摄入估计量的62.1%~76.7%。研究结果表明:毒死蜱的残留受水洗和漂烫影响较小,受烘干影响较大;而氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯的残留受水洗与漂烫影响较大,受烘干影响较小;引入加工因子后膳食暴露评估结果更接近真实值。     

氯氰菊酯在茼蒿和油麦菜上的残留行为研究

为考察氯氰菊酯在茼蒿和油麦菜上的残留行为,于2016年在山西、山东、天津、安徽、云南和河南进行了氯氰菊酯在茼蒿和油麦菜上的规范残留田间试验。两种作物均包括6地的最终残留量试验和1地的消解动态试验。按照现行的蔬菜中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留测定的国家标准方法对样品进行检测,对方法的有效性进行了评价。田间试验结果表明:氯氰菊酯在茼蒿和油麦菜上的消解动态均符合准一级动力学方程,消解半衰期分别为3.2 d和1.8 d。最后一次施药3、5和7 d后,氯氰菊酯在茼蒿上的残留中值分别为1.64、1.19和0.89 mg/kg,在油麦菜上的残留中值分别为0.84、0.50和0.28 mg/kg。结合不同试验点试验期间昼夜平均气温发现,气温对氯氰菊酯在茼蒿和油麦菜上的残留量有明显影响。施药期间较低的气温下,氯氰菊酯在茼蒿和油麦菜上消解缓慢,残留风险明显增大。建议在实际生产中遇到低温天气应适当延长采收间隔期,另外在开展农药残留田间试验时应重视气象条件对残留试验结果的影响。     

中国食品中农药MRL标准对急性膳食暴露评估需求的研究

为了评估当前国内相关农药最大残留限量(MRL)标准及我国居民的急性膳食暴露风险水平,采用FAO/WHO农药残留专家联席会议(JMPR)推荐的农药残留急性膳食暴露评估方法,利用我国居民大份额膳食消费数据、国内登记农药的规范残留试验数据和JMPR推荐的农药毒理学数据,对我国普通人群、0~6岁儿童和育龄妇女的农药残留摄入情况进行了急性膳食暴露评估。结果表明:白菜中的虫螨腈和丙森锌、甘蓝中的高效氯氰菊酯和灭多威对三类人群的国家估算急性暴露水平(NESTI)均大于急性参考剂量(ARf D);香蕉中的氟硅唑对0~6岁儿童和普通人群的NESTI分别为ARf D值的300%和160%;苹果中的二氰蒽醌、甘蓝中的高效氯氟氰菊酯、花椰菜中的阿维菌素及番茄中的丙森锌仅对0~6岁儿童有较高的急性膳食暴露风险;儿童相比其他人群摄入农药残留的急性膳食暴露风险更高、概率更大。建议我国采取相应的风险管理措施,降低农药残留摄入的急性膳食风险,同时尽快完善短期膳食消费数据库和农药残留数据库,在制定农药MRL标准时进行相应的急性膳食暴露评估,以保障消费者的农药急性膳食暴露风险在可接受水平。     

甜菜夜蛾细胞色素P450(CYP9A11)与3种杀虫剂的结合机理研究

细胞色素P450(以下简称CYP)与昆虫的抗药性密切相关。本研究运用AutoDock分子对接技术和分子力学泊松-波尔兹曼表面积法(molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area,MM-PBSA)结合自由能计算方法,分析了甜菜夜蛾CYP9A11与3种杀虫剂结合的作用位点、作用力类型和大小。结果表明:CYP9A11与毒死蜱结合形成两个氢键,有8个氨基酸残基参与形成疏水作用力,二者结合自由能为-3659.80 kJ/mol;CYP9A11与灭多威结合形成5个氢键,有3个氨基酸残基形成疏水作用力,结合自由能为-470.92 kJ/mol;CYP9A11中有7个氨基酸残基与氯氰菊酯结合形成疏水作用力,结合自由能为-473.44 kJ/mol。范德华力是CYP9A11与毒死蜱结合的主要驱动力,极性溶剂化能是CYP9A11与氯氰菊酯和灭多威结合的主要驱动力,这些结果为阐明甜菜夜蛾CYP9A11与3种杀虫剂的结合机理提供了参考。     

Spatial variation in non-target effects of the insecticides chlorpyrifos,cypermethrin and pirimicarb on Collembola in winter wheat

Contiguous winter wheat fields of similar cropping history and soil type were used in a study of the responses of Collembola to summer sprays of cypermethrin and pirimicarb in southern England. Chlorpyrifos was included in the study as a toxic standard. Epigeic arthropods were captured by suction sampling and crop-inhabiting species obtained by dissecting wheat ears. Eight genera of Collembola responded significantly to the insecticide treatments. Collembolan abundance decreased after chlorpyrifos was applied but increased after use of cypermethrin. Negative effects of cypermethrin and pirimicarb on Collembola were not detected in this study. Effects of chlorpyrifos varied spatially as a result of faunal heterogeneity among the fields, despite apparent homogeneity of the site. Some species known to be susceptible to chlorpyrifos were absent from one or more of the fields. The implications of these findings for the interpretation of non-target pesticide effects and the potential use of Collembola as bioindicators in field studies with pesticides are discussed. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Considering degradation kinetics of pesticides in plant uptake models: proof of concept for potato

BACKGROUND

Degradation kinetics of pesticides in plants are crucial for modeling mechanism-based pesticide residual concentrations. However, due to complex open-field conditions that involve multiple pesticide plant uptake and elimination processes, it is difficult to directly measure degradation kinetics of pesticides in plants. To address this limitation, we proposed a modeling approach for estimating degradation rate constants of pesticides in plants, using potato as a model crop. An operational tool was developed to backward-estimate degradation rate constants, and three pesticides were selected to perform example simulations.

RESULTS

The simulation results of thiamethoxam indicated that the growth dynamics of the potato had a significant impact on the degradation kinetic estimates when the pesticide was applied during the early growth stage, as the size of the potato determined the uptake and elimination kinetics via diffusion. Using mepiquat, we demonstrated that geographical variations in weather conditions and soil properties led to significant differences in the dissipation kinetics in both potato plants and soil, which propagated the variability of the degradation rate constant. Simulation results of chlorpyrifos differed between two reported field studies, which is due to the effect of the vertical distribution of the residue concentration in the soil, which is not considered in the majority of recent studies.

CONCLUSIONS

Our proposed approach is adaptable to plant growth dynamics, preharvest intervals, and multiple pesticide application events. In future research, it is expected that the proposed method will enable region-specific inputs to improve the estimation of the degradation kinetics of pesticides in plants. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

浙江居民毒死蜱和氯氰菊酯的长期膳食暴露与风险评估

基于2007 -2008年浙江省市场销售农产品中毒死蜱和氯氰菊酯残留的监测数据及浙江不同人群的各类食物摄入量和体重数据,采用分布点评估的方法,评估了浙江省20个不同年龄、性别组人群毒死蜱和氯氰菊酯的长期膳食暴露风险水平。结果表明,浙江省不同年龄、性别组人群毒死蜱长期膳食暴露带来的慢性风险仍控制在较低水平范围内,只有当长期食用毒死蜱残留超过监测资料中的99th百分位点值(蔬菜、水果和大米分别为0.395,0.165和0.011 mg/kg)的食物时,才可能产生不可接受的较大风险。而氯氰菊酯的膳食暴露风险更低,即使长期持续食用的果蔬产品中氯氰菊酯残留都达到监测资料中的最大残留值(蔬菜和水果分别为1.830和0.519 mg/kg),其膳食暴露风险仍属于可接受水平。对膳食暴露的贡献率分析结果显示,蔬菜类食品仍是浙江居民毒死蜱和氯氰菊酯膳食暴露的主要来源,控制蔬菜 中毒死蜱和氯氰菊酯残留是降低这2种农药膳食暴露风险的关键。     

稻谷加工过程中4种常用杀虫剂残留的消解规律

为控制水稻籽粒中农药的残留量,提高稻米食用的安全性,研究了稻谷中三唑磷、毒死蜱、丁硫克百威和氯虫苯甲酰胺4种杀虫剂从农田到餐桌的残留消解规律,阐明了水稻生长后期4种农药的施药期、用药量、采收间隔期与籽粒中农药残留分布的关系,并结合食用加工过程,分析了稻米入口前农药的残留消解情况,评估了稻米食用的安全性。田间试验参照农药登记残留试验准则进行,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定4种农药在稻谷不同加工过种中的残留量。结果表明:脱壳和碾米2种稻谷加工过程对4种农药的去除具有促进作用,其加工因子 (P_F) 均小于0.5;稻米食用加工过程中淘洗2次结合高压蒸煮可有效降低4种农药在稻米中的残留量,P_F<0.2,可进一步提高农药摄入的安全性。农药种类、施药剂量与采收间隔期和稻米的安全性密切相关。氯虫苯甲酰胺和丁硫克百威主要分布在稻壳和谷糠中,两者占总含量的85%以上,因此即使蜡熟期施药1次,采收间隔期21 d,2种农药也均未检出;而毒死蜱和三唑磷在收获后的籽粒中仍有检出,残留量范围分别为0.032~0.043 mg/kg和0.053~0.073 mg/kg。精米中三唑磷含量分配比随采收间隔期延长先降低后增加,其累积具有显著的滞后性,使得三唑磷残留量高于中国国家标准中规定的最大残留限量 (MRL) 0.05 mg/kg,应适当延长采收间隔期以降低其最终残留量。即使在乳熟期施药,所有剂量处理收获后的大米经淘洗2次结合高压蒸煮后,4种农药的残留水平均低于MRL值。因此,适当的食用加工方式能够有效降低稻米中农药的残留量,提高稻米食用的安全性。     

吡虫啉和百菌清在设施内外葫芦和黄瓜中的残留特性比较

采用高效液相色谱和气相色谱法,分别研究了吡虫啉和百菌清在薄膜大棚设施内外葫芦叶和黄瓜中消解动态及其在葫芦和黄瓜中的残留量,并结合气象因子对产生残留差异的原因进行了分析。样品中的吡虫啉经乙腈和盐酸溶液提取,中性氧化铝和弗罗里硅土层析柱净化后,用高效液相色谱检测;百菌清经乙腈提取,中性氧化铝层析柱净化后,用气相色谱检测。结果表明:吡虫啉在设施内外葫芦叶和黄瓜中均消解迅速,施药7 d后,其在设施内外葫芦叶上的消解率分别为90.4%和98.7%,在黄瓜中的消解率分别为67.8%和85.9%;而百菌清在葫芦叶上的消解速率均比在黄瓜中的稍慢,施药7 d后其在设施内外葫芦叶上的消解率分别为15.4%和38.1%,在黄瓜中的消解率分别为87.8%和91.5%。表明2种农药在设施外2种蔬菜上的消解速率均快于设施内的。两种农药均是在设施外葫芦及黄瓜中的残留量低于设施内的,而降雨和光照强度可能是引起农药在设施内外蔬菜上残留差异的主要因子。     

基于点评估方法的渤海湾产区苹果中农药残留膳食暴露风险研究

为评估渤海湾产区苹果中主要农药的残留情况及其产生的风险,在山东、辽宁及河北3个主要省份的150个生产基地进行了苹果样品采集与测定分析,并对我国不同人群的膳食暴露风险进行了评估。结果表明:93.3%的苹果样品检出有低浓度农药残留,经最大残留限量值(MRL)判定后100%合格,82.0%的样品中农药残留种类在3种及以下;共检出17种农药残留,大多为低毒或无毒农药,无禁用和高毒农药。采用点评估方法,选择检出率在20%以上的多菌灵、毒死蜱、啶虫脒和戊唑醇进行不同消费人群暴露点评估。结果显示:4种农药的急性和慢性摄入风险均为儿童高于成年人,绝大多数女性人群的摄入风险高于男性;4种农药急性摄入风险均高于慢性摄入风险,风险水平由高到低为多菌灵毒死蜱戊唑醇啶虫脒,但点评估结果均远低于100%,说明通过食用苹果摄入的农药残留极其微量,不会对人体产生急性或慢性风险。