苎麻疫霉抗甲霜灵突变株的生物学特性研究

 甲霜灵对疫霉菌生物学性状的影响较为复杂,从田间或室内诱变获得的抗甲霜灵(Mt^r)突变株,除抗药性性状发生变异外,其它生物学性状(如致病力、产孢能力、孢子萌发、培养性状等)亦可能发生变异^[1]。但亦有报道指出,疫霉菌的Mt^r与Mt^s菌株的生长速率、孢子囊形成、孢子萌发等性状基本相似^[2]。     

安徽省辣椒疫霉对甲霜灵的抗药性监测

为了明确安徽地区辣椒疫霉对甲霜灵的抗药性水平及抗性菌株的地理分布,2005-2006年从安徽省16个市、县采集辣椒疫病病株,经分离纯化鉴定,获得125株辣椒疫霉菌株,分别采用生长速率法和叶盘漂浮法测定其对甲霜灵的敏感性.结果表明,按照Parra & Ristaino(2001)标准,供试菌株中有79株对甲霜灵敏感,38株对甲霜灵敏感性处于中间状态,8株抗甲霜灵,即敏感菌株、中间菌株和抗性菌株分别占总体的63.2%、30.4%和6.4%.采自不同地区的菌株对甲霜灵的敏感性差异较大,其中以寿县的菌株最为敏感,EC50值最低为0.10μg/mL,平均为0.81±0.20μg/mL;而砀山、和县地区的菌株表现出一定的抗药性,平均EC50为8.32±0.19 μg/mL,最高达25.47μg/mL.抗性菌株的最高抗性倍数约为90倍.     

精甲霜灵与外消旋体甲霜灵对掘氏疫霉菌的抑菌活性比较

采用生长速率法测定精甲霜灵、外消旋体甲霜灵及其混配药剂对掘氏疫霉菌Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker的杀菌毒力。应用不同药剂浓度的白云豆液体和固体带毒培养基培养法及玻璃纸培养法测定甲霜灵、精甲霜灵对病原菌菌丝生长、孢子囊萌发和游动孢子产生的影响,采用电导法测定药剂对病原菌细胞膜通透性的影响。实验结果表明,精甲霜灵和外消旋体甲霜灵对掘氏疫霉菌的EC50值分别为0.129 μg/mL和0.427 μg/mL;两者分别与代森锰锌按照质量比5∶48的配比混配,共毒系数分别为101.6和95.9,对防治由掘氏疫霉菌引起的西瓜疫病具有加和作用。甲霜灵和精甲霜灵对病原菌菌丝的生长和孢子囊的产生都有很高的抑制活性,当药剂浓度为0.3~0.7 μg/mL时,精甲霜灵对菌丝生长的抑制率为39.28%~84.39%,明显优于甲霜灵的28.36%~66.56%。药剂浓度为30.0~70.0 μg/mL时, 精甲霜灵对孢子囊产生的抑制率为42.7%~98.3%,优于甲霜灵的25.1%~89.5%。两种药剂对孢子囊的萌发没有明显影响;精甲霜灵对病原菌细胞膜通透性的影响高于甲霜灵。     

“霜霉威(Propamocarb)”“甲霜灵(Metalaxyl)”对我国辣椒疫霉菌作用方式比较及交互抗性的研究

 通过霜霉威(Propamocarb商品名普力克)、甲霜灵(Metalaxyl商品名瑞毒霉)对辣椒疫霉菌(Phytophthora capsici)6个菌株作用方式的体外测定结果表明,霜霉威浓度在2000ppm时对P. capsici孢子囊和卵孢子的形成,游动孢子的释放、游动及休止孢萌发、菌丝体的生长没有明显的抑制作用。而甲霜灵对P. capsici的各种孢子的产生及菌丝体的生长有较强的抑制作用,对菌丝体生长抑制的Ec₅₀和Ec₉₅分别为0.5596ppm和2.1511ppm;对孢子囊形成抑制的Ec₅₀和Ec₉₅分别为0.1520ppm和15.0032ppm。0.1ppm的甲霜灵可显著抑制卵孢子的生成。但500ppm的甲霜灵对于游动孢子的释放和休止孢萌发没有明显的抑制作用。对霜霉威和甲霜灵的体内活性试验结果表明,800ppm的霜霉威对辣椒疫霉菌的内吸保护防效达94%,1.0ppm的甲霜灵对该病的防效达100%。室内初步试验结果表明,甲霜灵与霜霉威对P. capsici没有交互抗性。     

大豆疫霉菌对甲霜灵(Metalaxyl)的敏感性及变异性

大豆疫霉菌(Phytophthora megasperma f.sp.glycinea)对甲霜灵的敏感性及变异性研究结果表明,17个中国大豆疫霉菌侏菌丝生长对甲霜灵较敏感,Ec50值平均为0.0098ppm,Ec95值平均为2.6295ppm。但不同菌株对甲霜灵的敏感性不同,Ec50值范围在0.0042～0.0297ppm之间,相差7倍左右。Ec95值范围在0.7688～6.1682ppm之间,相差8倍左右。3个美国菌株菌丝体生长对甲霜灵有一定耐药性,Ec50值范围在0.3725～0.4813ppm之间,Ec95值范同在125.97～280.59ppm之间,分别比中国大豆疫霉菌株Ec50值和Ec95值平均高43倍和77倍。单孢分离物菌丝体生长对甲霜灵敏感性变异较大,B1菌株单孢分离物Ec50值范围在0.0058～0.2537ppm之间,S367菌株的单孢分离物的Ec50值范围在0.0069～0.1735ppm之间,分别相差43倍和25倍。有的单孢分离物对甲霜灵的耐药性增高。各菌株孢子囊和卵孢子产生对甲霜灵敏感性有一定差异,但1.0ppm的甲霜灵对其抑制率均为100％。活体测定结果表明,1.0ppm的甲霜灵对该病的防效达94～100％。     

安徽省辣椒疫霉交配型的分布及在无性后代的遗传

 测定了采自安徽省岳西、潜山、和县、合肥、寿县、淮南、阜南、亳州等不同地区的64 株辣椒疫霉菌株的交配型,并用10 μg / mL 的甲霜灵处理A1 交配型的菌株HN8 和A2 交配型的菌株HN3,分别获得抗性突变菌株HN8-Mrt和HN3-Mrt,进一步测定交配型在HN8、HN3 及其抗性突变株游动孢子后代中的遗传稳定性。结果发现,供试菌株中A2 交配型58 株(占90． 6% );A1 交配型6 株(占9. 4% ),未发现A0 、A1 A2 和A1 ,A2 交配型;A2 交配型全省各地均有分布,A1 交配型只出现在和县、淮南和阜南3 地;HN8-Mrt与HN8、HN3-Mrt与HN3 的交配型分别相同,各菌株单游动孢子后代的交配型均与其亲本分别相同。结果说明,辣椒疫霉交配型在安徽的分布呈不均等的态势,其中以A2 型占绝对优势;用甲霜灵处理不会诱导辣椒疫霉交配型的变异,交配型在辣椒疫霉的游动孢子后代中能稳定遗传。     

大豆疫霉菌对甲霜灵(Metalaxyl)的敏感性及变异性

 大豆疫霉菌(Phytophthora megasperma f.sp.glycinea)对甲霜灵的敏感性及变异性研究结果表明,17个中国大豆疫霉菌侏菌丝生长对甲霜灵较敏感,Ec50值平均为0.0098ppm,Ec95值平均为2.6295ppm。但不同菌株对甲霜灵的敏感性不同,Ec50值范围在0.0042~0.0297ppm之间,相差7倍左右。Ec95值范围在0.7688~6.1682ppm之间,相差8倍左右。3个美国菌株菌丝体生长对甲霜灵有一定耐药性,Ec50值范围在0.3725~0.4813ppm之间,Ec95值范同在125.97~280.59ppm之间,分别比中国大豆疫霉菌株Ec50值和Ec95值平均高43倍和77倍。单孢分离物菌丝体生长对甲霜灵敏感性变异较大,B1菌株单孢分离物Ec50值范围在0.0058~0.2537ppm之间,S367菌株的单孢分离物的Ec50值范围在0.0069~0.1735ppm之间,分别相差43倍和25倍。有的单孢分离物对甲霜灵的耐药性增高。各菌株孢子囊和卵孢子产生对甲霜灵敏感性有一定差异,但1.0ppm的甲霜灵对其抑制率均为100%。活体测定结果表明,1.0ppm的甲霜灵对该病的防效达94~100%。     

广东省辣椒疫霉菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性

从广东省各地采集了54个辣椒疫霉菌株,分别测定了菌丝生长和游动孢子囊形成对嘧菌酯的敏感性。结果表明,嘧菌酯对辣椒疫霉的菌丝生长具有很强的抑制作用,EC₅₀范围为0.1428～1.9509μg/mL,平均为0.9649μg/mL;对游动孢子囊形成的抑制作用更强,EC₅₀范围为0.0010～0.0844μg/mL平均为0.0239μg/mL。正态分析表明,辣椒疫病菌54个菌株菌丝生长对嘧菌酯的敏感性符合正态分布,而孢子萌发则在高浓度区具有拖尾现象,表明自然界中已存在个别具有一定耐药性的辣椒疫霉种群。     

福建省辣椒疫霉菌群体结构表型特征分析

为了明确福建省辣椒疫霉菌群体遗传结构的表型特征,对分离自福建省15个市(县)的300株辣椒疫霉菌的交配型、甲霜灵敏感性及生理小种进行了测定。结果显示,288株为A2交配型,12株为A1交配型,出现频率分别为96%和4%,以A2占优势,在各采集点均有分布。263株对甲霜灵表现敏感,28株为中间型,9株为抗性,分别占总体的87.67%、9.33%和3.00%,甲霜灵敏感菌株为主要菌系。根据菌株对辣椒疫霉菌生理小种鉴别寄主的致病性测定结果,可将辣椒疫霉菌划分为3个生理小种,其中168株为小种3,126株为小种2,6株为小种1,分别占56%、42%和2%,小种3为福建辣椒疫霉菌优势小种。     

一株疫病拮抗青霉P.st10菌株的抗菌活性及其对辣椒疫病的盆栽防效

筛选得到一株疫霉菌的拮抗青霉Penicillium striatisporumP.st10。该菌株强烈抑制疫霉菌及核盘菌的菌丝生长。无菌滤液抑制辣椒疫霉孢子囊的形成及孢子囊、游动孢子的萌发,且能杀死菌丝细胞。该菌株在辣椒根际有很强的定殖能力,有机肥对其定殖有增强作用,接种后40d在根际的青霉菌数量,青霉处理为0.76×104cfu/g,而青霉菌肥处理为2.55×104cfu/g。盆栽试验显示:处理7d后,土壤只接种辣椒疫霉对照发病率为93%;同时接种青霉培养滤液和辣椒疫霉处理为16%;接种青霉培养滤液、新鲜菌丝和辣椒疫霉处理为15%。     

枯草芽胞杆菌对离体荔枝果实霜疫霉病、炭疽病的防治效果

为了进一步明确从土壤中筛选得到的拮抗细菌OR-1、OR-2、OR-3、ON-6的分类地位和生防效果,采用形态学观察、理化特性结合分子生物学方法,鉴定这4株细菌皆为枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillussubitilis.拮抗菌对荔枝霜疫霉菌、炭疽菌菌丝生长均具有明显抑制作用,ON-6菌株的发酵液对菌丝生长的抑制率最高,分别为92.34％和70.36％,其次是OR-1菌株.拮抗菌处理组褐变指数均小于对照组以及杀菌剂处理组,且差异达显著水平(P＜0.05),OR-1菌株防褐变效果最好.常温下,拮抗菌发酵液对离体鲜果病害防治效果优于对照组和杀菌剂处理组,其中ON-6菌株的防治效果最佳;4℃低温储藏处理40天后,拮抗菌发酵液处理组的防治效果高于对照和杀菌剂处理组,且差异显著(P＜0.05),以ON-6和ON-3菌株的防治效果最佳.表明拮抗菌发酵液对荔枝鲜果上的霜疫霉菌和炭疽病菌有一定的抑制作用.     

Effects of a lectin-like protein isolated from Acacia farnesiana seeds on phytopathogenic bacterial strains and root-knot nematode

Acacia farnesiana lectin-like protein (AFAL) showed bacterioestatic effects against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae (Gram-negative) and Clavibacter michiganensis michiganensis (Gram-positive), with the latter being more sensitive. This effect is probably due to the ability of AFAL to interact with the bacterial cell wall where we observed that AFAL induced macroscopic change. The maximum bacterial growth inhibition was approximately 78% when incubated with Gram-negative strains, and as high as 92% percent for the Gram-positive one. The antibacterial effect of flavonoids (rutin, quercetin and morin) was also observed using low concentrations against both bacterial strains. Prior incubation of both with AFAL at high concentrations increases the inhibitory effect of flavonoids on bacterial growth. The potential use of AFAL as a control agent against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was investigated as well, showing anti-nematode properties involving both egg hatching and motility. In the juvenile second-stage, AFAL showed reduction in larval mobility when measured against a control group. The results suggest that AFAL is effective against M. incognita and could be used as a component of integrated pest management programs. These data also suggest that lectins probably play a role in plant defense not only against invertebrate phytopathogens, herbivores and fungi but also against bacteria.     

苏云金杆菌亚致死浓度对美国白蛾及其寄生蜂生长发育的影响

为阐明苏云金杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)与白蛾周氏啮小蜂Chouioia cunea Yang的协同作用,分别用103~108孢子/m L的6个Bt浓度处理美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea 2龄幼虫后,通过室内试验测定了Bt对其致死、亚致死效应,及亚致死浓度Bt对寄生蜂子代出蜂的影响。结果表明,浓度106孢子/m L处理组美国白蛾均未能化蛹;而106孢子/m L处理组均能化蛹并羽化,且幼虫发育历期随Bt浓度的增加而延长,平均蛹重在74.92~92.18 mg之间,均高于对照的68.66 mg,但蛹重不呈线性规律变化。当Bt对美国白蛾平均校正死亡率低于17.17%时,幼虫发育历期延迟不明显,但平均蛹重为101.11~124.34 mg,均高于对照;接蜂后能够正常出蜂,出蜂率为33.13%~51.25%,每蛹出蜂量为117.43~143.42头,均显著高于对照。表明用平均校正死亡率低于20%的Bt处理对白蛾周氏啮小蜂的寄生有利,2种生防措施协同作用存在增效潜力。     

溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对三种鳞翅目害虫的毒力作用比较

为比较溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎的作用差异,采用浸卵法、浸叶法、饲喂毒营养液法等测定了溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对3种害虫的卵、3龄幼虫和成虫的毒力,以及对其3龄幼虫的拒食活性。结果表明,溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺均无杀卵作用,但能降低初孵幼虫存活率。溴氰虫酰胺对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎3龄幼虫的LC₅₀值分别为0.11、0.05和0.13 mg/L,相对毒力分别是氯虫苯甲酰胺的2.8、2.7和5.1倍。溴氰虫酰胺对3种害虫成虫的LC₅₀值分别为0.11、0.09和0.22 mg/L,相对毒力分别是氯虫苯甲酰胺的3.9、3.8和2.7倍。溴氰虫酰胺在亚致死浓度0.10、0.05和0.14 mg/L的剂量下分别对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎3龄幼虫表现出较强的拒食作用,处理48 h后达到最高,拒食率分别为85.58%、81.91%和86.11%。药剂处理试虫虫体皱缩,体节缩短,体重增加率明显低于对照处理。表明溴氰虫酰胺对3种鳞翅目害虫的毒力作用比氯虫苯甲酰胺好,可作为氯虫苯甲酰胺的替代药品。     

Molecular analysis of resistance in a deltamethrin-resistant strain of Musca domestica from China

We investigated the molecular basis of resistance in a strain of house fly (BJD) from Beijing, China. This strain showed 567-fold resistance to commonly used deltamethrin. Flies were 64-fold resistant to deltamethrin synergized by piperonyl butoxide (PBO). The 5′-flanking sequence of the cytochrome P450 gene CYP6D1 in BJD strain had a 15-bp insert as in the LPR strain. Two mutations (kdr, super-kdr) in the voltage sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) were also detected in the BJD strain. Our results showed that a combination of resistance alleles for CYP6D1 and VSSC existed in deltamethrin resistant house flies in China.     

Analysis of two acetylcholinesterase genes in Bombyx mori

Two acetylcholinesterases (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) cDNAs were identified and cloned from silkworm, Bombyx mori. One of those, BmAChE-o cDNA, is comprised of 3197 nucleotides which encode 638 amino acids, having an amino acid sequence homology of 72% with Drosophila melanogaster Ace-orthologous AChE (AO-AChE). In some species, another AChE group based on the sequence, Drosophila Ace-paralogous AChE (AP-AChE) has been recognized in relation to organophosphate- or carbamate-resistance, but there have been few reports of AP-AChE among lepidopteran species. However, we isolated the AP-AChE from lepidopteran silkworm, and cloned full ORF as BmAChE-p, which cDNA consisted of 2465 nucleotides that encode 683 amino acids. The homologies with other AP-AChEs were over 60% when compared. Although silkworm is not a target of pesticides, the genomic information obtained in this study will contribute to insecticide-resistance study on lepidopteran pest species.     

Effect of Melia azedarach extract on the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cholinesterase in insects

The effect of Melia azedarach extract on the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cholinesterase was studied in Spodoptera frugiperda. Larvae were fed an artificial diet containing fruit extract and their midgut was used for enzyme determination. As compared to the control, consumption of the extract containing diet resulted in a 31% inhibition of the cholinesterase activity and a 34% activation of the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity. In the cockroach Leucophaea maderae, the effect on reductase activity was even more pronounced (43%).     

Biological and biochemical responses of Biomphalaria alexandrina to some extracts of the plants Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L.

The molluscicidal activity of cold water, boiled water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform extracts of Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L. plants against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails was carried out. The tests revealed plant’s ethanol extract was more toxic to the snails than the other tested extracts. Therefore, it was tested against snails’ fecundity (M_x), reproduction rate (R₀) and their infection with Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. In addition, biochemical parameters and the activities of some enzymes in tissues of snails treated with the two tested plants were determined. As well, glucose concentration in snails’ hemolymph was evaluated. Exposure of B. alexandrina snails to plant’s ethanol extract led to a significant reduction in their survival and snails’ fecundity, reproduction rate. In addition, it caused a considerable reduction in the infectivity of S. mansoni miracidia to the snails. Also, it caused a reduction in number of cercariae per snail during the patent period and in the period of cercarial shedding. The results revealed that the glucose concentration in hemolymph and Lactate level in soft tissues of treated snails were increased (P < 0.001) while glycogen, total protein, the lipid content and the pyruvate level in snail’s tissues decreased (P < 0.001). The activities of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), pyruvatekinase (PK) and cytochrome oxidase (CY) enzymes in homogenate of snail’s tissues were reduced (P < 0.001) in response to treatment with the two tested plants while protease (PR) activity increased (P < 0.001). It is concluded that the application of LC₂₅ of ethanol extract of S. siniacum and A. judaica L. may be helpful in snail control as it interferes with the snails’ biology and physiology.     

The effects of Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium L. crude leaf extracts on the toxicity, development, feeding efficiency and chemical activities of small cabbage Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

The biological effects of two important medicinal plants, Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium (L.) (viz, mortality, growth, and feeding indices as well as enzyme and non-enzymatic activities) were studied on small white Pieris rapae L a deleterious pest of cruciferous plants under controlled conditions (16:8 h L:D at 25 ± 1 °C and 65 ± 5% RH). The LC₅₀ and LC₂₅ values were 9.387% and 3.645% for A. annua L. and 4.19% and 1.69% for A. millefolium (L.), respectively. At the lowest concentration (0.625%), the deterrency was 29.826% and 44.185% for A. annua L. and A. millefolium (L.), respectively. Feeding indices were variously affected with changes in a number of parameters and an increase in larval and pupal duration. The activity level of alkaline phosphatase increased sharply while alanin and aspartate aminotransferases showed a sharp decrease. For non-enzymatic compounds, the amount of glucose and uric acid increased, but total protein and cholesterol decreased. These results indicate that these two medicinal plants might possess potential secondary metabolites that may be useful for controlling potential insect pests.     

两株棒束孢菌的鉴定及其对茶卷叶蛾和茶小卷叶蛾的致病力

为明确分离自茶卷叶蛾和中华大刀螳僵虫的2株虫生真菌的归属及生防潜力,采用形态学特征和rDNA-ITS序列分析其分类地位,测定了其对茶卷叶蛾和茶小卷叶蛾幼虫的致病力,并初步筛选了其最适培养条件.结果表明:2株真菌均为环链棒束孢Isaria cateniannulata,分别命名为ICBS918和ICTL911.在1.0×10⁸孢子/mL浓度下,ICBS918和ICTL911对茶卷叶蛾幼虫的累计校正死亡率均达100%,LT₅₀分别为3.13 d和3.15 d;对茶小卷叶蛾幼虫的累计校正死亡率分别为100%和95%,LT₅₀分别为3.25 d和3.31 d.接菌后8 d,2菌株对茶卷叶蛾幼虫的LC₅₀分别为0.47×10⁵孢子/mL和1.01×10⁵孢子/mL;对茶小卷叶蛾幼虫的LC₅₀分别为2.20×10⁵孢子/mL和1.34×10⁵孢子/mL.2菌株23 ℃下最适生长培养基均为综合马铃薯培养基,最适产孢培养基均为蛋白胨马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基;在萨氏培养基上,菌株ICBS918和ICTL911分别在24~30 ℃及24 ℃时生长速度最快,在27 ℃和21 ℃时产孢量最大.表明2株环链棒束孢对茶卷叶蛾和茶小卷叶蛾幼虫均具有较好的生防潜力,可作为生防菌进行开发和应用.