银胶菊对苘麻化感作用初步研究

通过室内培养皿法,研究了银胶菊水浸提液对苘麻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,根、茎、叶、花水浸提液的化感作用强度存在差异,花、叶水浸提液对苘麻的化感抑制强度高于根、茎,且抑制强度随处理浓度的升高而增强;在20％浓度下,花、叶水浸提液完全抑制苘麻幼苗生长,对苘麻种子萌发的抑制率分别为91.9％、78.4％.     

芦苇提取物对5种植物的化感作用

采用培养皿滤纸法,测定了芦苇提取物对小麦、萝卜、黄瓜、稗草和反枝苋5种受体植物的化感作用。结果表明,在0. 08 g/mL浓度时,对除黄瓜外的受体植物种子萌发抑制率为69. 2%～75. 1%,EC50值分别为0. 044、0. 046、0. 033和0. 042 g/mL,对黄瓜种子萌发的抑制作用较差,抑制率为10. 6%。在0. 16 mg/L浓度时,对5种受体植物幼苗茎生长的抑制率为69. 3%～93. 2%,EC50值0. 042～0. 100 g/mL;对幼苗根生长的抑制率为75. 3%～97. 7%,EC50值0. 024～0. 079 g/mL。试验结果丰富了芦苇化感作用范围,从中可能发现新的除草活性化合物。     

银胶菊花对苘麻和稗的化感作用

通过室内培养皿法,研究了银胶菊花水浸提液及其乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相、剩余水相不同极性组分对苘麻和稗种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。定性测定结果表明,在50 g/L浓度处理下,水浸提液完全抑制苘麻和稗种子萌发,对苘麻和稗根长、芽长、鲜重抑制率分别为82.6%、89.1%、84.3%和91.7%、55.8%、39.1%;正丁醇相抑制苘麻种子萌发和幼苗生长最强,乙酸乙酯相抑制稗种子萌发和幼苗生长最强。定量测定结果表明,在1 g/L浓度处理下,乙酸乙酯相生物活性最高,苘麻和稗种子萌发率分别为13.3%和33.3%,对苘麻和稗根长、芽长、鲜重的抑制率分别为63.1%、80.0%、58.3%和51.3%、26.7%、23.3%。     

两种中草药水浸液对小麦条锈病菌的抑制作用研究

采用生物测定方法,研究了中草药苍耳、黄瑞香提取液对小麦条锈病菌的抑制作用。结果表明,小麦条锈病降低小麦种子的生活力,影响小麦幼苗的生长发育。不同浓度苍耳、黄瑞香提取液对小麦条锈病孢子萌发有抑制作用,其中0.50 g/mL苍耳、黄瑞香提取液其抑制率分别为69.29%和64.44%;不同浓度的中草药苍耳、黄瑞香提取液对小麦条锈病菌丝生长均有抑制,0.50 g/mL苍耳、黄瑞香提取液效果最好,抑制率分别为55.44%和44.77%,与对照相比差异都达显著性水平。     

小麦秸秆对杂草种子萌发和土壤微生物代谢的影响

通过室内模拟小麦秸秆还田, 研究小麦秸秆对农田杂草种子萌发和土壤微生物代谢功能的影响。结果表明, 小麦秸秆对杂草种子的萌发抑制活性随秸秆还田的时间呈动态变化, 0~10 d抑草活性逐渐增强, 10 d后抑草活性逐渐降低。对狗尾草种子的萌发抑制效果最好, 在10 d时对狗尾草种子萌发抑制率高达83%。采用Biolog方法研究土壤微生物代谢功能, 10 d处理土壤微生物结构多样性及代谢活性显著高于其他处理。研究明确了小麦秸秆还田能够抑制杂草种子萌发, 并改变土壤微生物环境。     

银胶菊植株水浸提液对几种植物的化感作用

以萝卜、黄瓜、三叶鬼针草和马唐4种植物的种子为供试对象,测定了银胶菊植株水浸提液的化感活性.结果表明:(1)低浓度(0.01 g/ml)的银胶菊植株水浸提液对萝卜和黄瓜种子的萌发没有影响,相对萌发率均为100%,而对萝卜和黄瓜幼苗的生长却表现为促进作用,相对苗长分别为174.3%和103.9%,相对根长分别为151.9%和103.9%;(2)高浓度(0.5 g/ml)的银胶菊植株水浸提液对萝卜和黄瓜的种子萌发率、幼苗根长和苗高均表现为抑制作用,并随着浓度的提高,抑制作用增强;(3)不同浓度的银胶菊植株水浸提液对三叶鬼针草和马唐的种子萌发率、幼苗根长和苗高均表现为抑制作用,并随着浓度的提高,抑制作用增强.其中,当水浸提液浓度为0.5 g/ml时,三叶鬼针草和马唐的种子相对萌发率为0,受到强烈的化感作用.     

银胶菊叶对苘麻和稗的化感作用

通过室内培养皿法,研究了银胶菊叶片水浸提液及其乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相、剩余水相不同极性组分对苘麻和稗种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理生化机制的影响.结果表明,在62.5 g·L-1水浸提液处理下,苘麻和稗发芽率比对照分别降低86.7%和66.6%,对苘麻和稗幼苗根长的抑制率分别为96.4%和87.5%,大于对芽长、鲜重的抑制率,乙酸乙酯相和正丁醇相抑制苘麻和稗种子萌发的作用较强,剩余水相抑制苘麻幼苗生长的作用最强,乙酸乙酯相抑制稗幼苗生长的作用最强;在2 g·L-1浓度处理下,乙酸乙酯相生物活性最高,完全抑制苘麻和稗种子萌发,对苘麻和稗根长、芽长、鲜重抑制率分别为82.6%、90.2%、78.2%和78.8%、86.8%、69.1%;乙酸乙酯相降低了受体的根系活力,提高了其超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量.     

BS-12对小麦种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响

通过水培和盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度BS-12污染对小麦种子萌发与小麦幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,水培中10 mg/L的BS-12能够促进小麦种子萌发,BS-12浓度大于10 mg/L时,随BS-12浓度增大小麦萌发受到的抑制作用增大;土壤中BS-12添加比例以0.5%为分界点,高于0.5%时小麦幼苗受到伤害与抑制作用,低...     

4种农作物对常见城市绿化树木落花的化感响应

采用培养皿滤纸法,研究13种城市绿化树木落花浸提液对黄瓜(Cucumissativus)、高粱(Sorghum vulgare)、小麦(Triticumaestivum)和油菜(Brassica campestris)4种常见受体作物种子的化感效应。结果表明:海棠(Malus spectabilis)、紫玉兰(Magnolia liliflora)、紫荆(Cercis chinensis)和银杏(Ginkgo biloba)落花浸提液可对黄瓜种子萌发及其幼苗生长产生不同程度的化感抑制作用(化感效应指数RI介于-0.90与-0.11之间),紫玉兰落花浸提液可显著抑制高粱种子萌发及其幼苗的生长(RI介于-0.76与-0.14之间)(P0.05),紫玉兰、紫叶李(Prunus cerasiferaⅡ)和紫荆落花浸提液可对小麦种子萌发及其幼苗生长产生不同程度的抑制作用(RI介于-0.87与-0.13之间),紫玉兰、紫叶李和含笑(Michelia figo)落花浸提液可对油菜种子萌发及其幼苗生长产生不同程度的抑制作用(RI介于-0.89与-0.13之间)。综合评价后发现樱花(Cerasus sp.)、桃花(Amygdalus persica)、红叶李(Prunus cerasiferaⅠ)、栾树(Koelreuteria paniculate)和杏梅(Prunus mume)落花水浸提液可对至少3种受体种子萌发和幼苗生长表现为化感促进作用,而海棠、紫玉兰、紫叶李、紫荆、银杏和连翘(Forsythia suspensa)落花水浸提液可对至少3种受体种子萌发和幼苗生长表现为化感抑制作用。因此,樱花、桃花、红叶李、栾树和杏梅等5个树种的落花浸提液可有效促进受体植物种子萌发和幼苗生长过程,可以作为开发生物质有机肥的首选物种资源。     

狗尾草水提取物对6种植物的化感作用

采用室内培养皿法测试了狗尾草地上部分水浸提液对小麦、高梁、绿豆、黄瓜、萝卜等农作物和牛筋草（杂草）的化感作用。结果表明：狗尾草水浸提液对植物种子萌发和幼苗生长具有较高的化感抑制作用;当水浸提液的质量浓度为0．0250g／mL时,除绿豆外,小麦、黄瓜、萝卜和高粱等农作物的种子萌发均受到显著或极显著的抑制作用,其发芽率的彤值分别为-0．56、-0．17、-0．28、-0．27;在0．0500g／mL浸提液处理下,除黄瓜苗高、苗鲜重、根鲜重、绿豆根鲜重外,5种农作物根和苗的生长受到极显著的抑制,小麦、绿豆、黄瓜、萝卜、高粱根长的脚值分别为-0．75、-0．60、-0．61、～1．00、-0．61;当浸提液浓度为0．030g／mL时,牛筋草种子不能萌发,而小麦、绿豆的叶绿素含量和可溶性糖含量则从生理生化水平反映出不同程度的化感效应。综合研究结果可知,狗尾草显示出极强的化感作用,为进一步分离、鉴定和开发环境友好型除草剂提供了理论依据和支持。     

枯草芽胞杆菌对离体荔枝果实霜疫霉病、炭疽病的防治效果

为了进一步明确从土壤中筛选得到的拮抗细菌OR-1、OR-2、OR-3、ON-6的分类地位和生防效果,采用形态学观察、理化特性结合分子生物学方法,鉴定这4株细菌皆为枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillussubitilis.拮抗菌对荔枝霜疫霉菌、炭疽菌菌丝生长均具有明显抑制作用,ON-6菌株的发酵液对菌丝生长的抑制率最高,分别为92.34％和70.36％,其次是OR-1菌株.拮抗菌处理组褐变指数均小于对照组以及杀菌剂处理组,且差异达显著水平(P＜0.05),OR-1菌株防褐变效果最好.常温下,拮抗菌发酵液对离体鲜果病害防治效果优于对照组和杀菌剂处理组,其中ON-6菌株的防治效果最佳;4℃低温储藏处理40天后,拮抗菌发酵液处理组的防治效果高于对照和杀菌剂处理组,且差异显著(P＜0.05),以ON-6和ON-3菌株的防治效果最佳.表明拮抗菌发酵液对荔枝鲜果上的霜疫霉菌和炭疽病菌有一定的抑制作用.     

Effects of a lectin-like protein isolated from Acacia farnesiana seeds on phytopathogenic bacterial strains and root-knot nematode

Acacia farnesiana lectin-like protein (AFAL) showed bacterioestatic effects against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae (Gram-negative) and Clavibacter michiganensis michiganensis (Gram-positive), with the latter being more sensitive. This effect is probably due to the ability of AFAL to interact with the bacterial cell wall where we observed that AFAL induced macroscopic change. The maximum bacterial growth inhibition was approximately 78% when incubated with Gram-negative strains, and as high as 92% percent for the Gram-positive one. The antibacterial effect of flavonoids (rutin, quercetin and morin) was also observed using low concentrations against both bacterial strains. Prior incubation of both with AFAL at high concentrations increases the inhibitory effect of flavonoids on bacterial growth. The potential use of AFAL as a control agent against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was investigated as well, showing anti-nematode properties involving both egg hatching and motility. In the juvenile second-stage, AFAL showed reduction in larval mobility when measured against a control group. The results suggest that AFAL is effective against M. incognita and could be used as a component of integrated pest management programs. These data also suggest that lectins probably play a role in plant defense not only against invertebrate phytopathogens, herbivores and fungi but also against bacteria.     

苏云金杆菌亚致死浓度对美国白蛾及其寄生蜂生长发育的影响

为阐明苏云金杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)与白蛾周氏啮小蜂Chouioia cunea Yang的协同作用,分别用103~108孢子/m L的6个Bt浓度处理美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea 2龄幼虫后,通过室内试验测定了Bt对其致死、亚致死效应,及亚致死浓度Bt对寄生蜂子代出蜂的影响。结果表明,浓度106孢子/m L处理组美国白蛾均未能化蛹;而106孢子/m L处理组均能化蛹并羽化,且幼虫发育历期随Bt浓度的增加而延长,平均蛹重在74.92~92.18 mg之间,均高于对照的68.66 mg,但蛹重不呈线性规律变化。当Bt对美国白蛾平均校正死亡率低于17.17%时,幼虫发育历期延迟不明显,但平均蛹重为101.11~124.34 mg,均高于对照;接蜂后能够正常出蜂,出蜂率为33.13%~51.25%,每蛹出蜂量为117.43~143.42头,均显著高于对照。表明用平均校正死亡率低于20%的Bt处理对白蛾周氏啮小蜂的寄生有利,2种生防措施协同作用存在增效潜力。     

Molecular analysis of resistance in a deltamethrin-resistant strain of Musca domestica from China

We investigated the molecular basis of resistance in a strain of house fly (BJD) from Beijing, China. This strain showed 567-fold resistance to commonly used deltamethrin. Flies were 64-fold resistant to deltamethrin synergized by piperonyl butoxide (PBO). The 5′-flanking sequence of the cytochrome P450 gene CYP6D1 in BJD strain had a 15-bp insert as in the LPR strain. Two mutations (kdr, super-kdr) in the voltage sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) were also detected in the BJD strain. Our results showed that a combination of resistance alleles for CYP6D1 and VSSC existed in deltamethrin resistant house flies in China.     

溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对三种鳞翅目害虫的毒力作用比较

为比较溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎的作用差异,采用浸卵法、浸叶法、饲喂毒营养液法等测定了溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对3种害虫的卵、3龄幼虫和成虫的毒力,以及对其3龄幼虫的拒食活性。结果表明,溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺均无杀卵作用,但能降低初孵幼虫存活率。溴氰虫酰胺对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎3龄幼虫的LC₅₀值分别为0.11、0.05和0.13 mg/L,相对毒力分别是氯虫苯甲酰胺的2.8、2.7和5.1倍。溴氰虫酰胺对3种害虫成虫的LC₅₀值分别为0.11、0.09和0.22 mg/L,相对毒力分别是氯虫苯甲酰胺的3.9、3.8和2.7倍。溴氰虫酰胺在亚致死浓度0.10、0.05和0.14 mg/L的剂量下分别对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎3龄幼虫表现出较强的拒食作用,处理48 h后达到最高,拒食率分别为85.58%、81.91%和86.11%。药剂处理试虫虫体皱缩,体节缩短,体重增加率明显低于对照处理。表明溴氰虫酰胺对3种鳞翅目害虫的毒力作用比氯虫苯甲酰胺好,可作为氯虫苯甲酰胺的替代药品。     

Analysis of two acetylcholinesterase genes in Bombyx mori

Two acetylcholinesterases (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) cDNAs were identified and cloned from silkworm, Bombyx mori. One of those, BmAChE-o cDNA, is comprised of 3197 nucleotides which encode 638 amino acids, having an amino acid sequence homology of 72% with Drosophila melanogaster Ace-orthologous AChE (AO-AChE). In some species, another AChE group based on the sequence, Drosophila Ace-paralogous AChE (AP-AChE) has been recognized in relation to organophosphate- or carbamate-resistance, but there have been few reports of AP-AChE among lepidopteran species. However, we isolated the AP-AChE from lepidopteran silkworm, and cloned full ORF as BmAChE-p, which cDNA consisted of 2465 nucleotides that encode 683 amino acids. The homologies with other AP-AChEs were over 60% when compared. Although silkworm is not a target of pesticides, the genomic information obtained in this study will contribute to insecticide-resistance study on lepidopteran pest species.     

Effect of Melia azedarach extract on the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cholinesterase in insects

The effect of Melia azedarach extract on the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cholinesterase was studied in Spodoptera frugiperda. Larvae were fed an artificial diet containing fruit extract and their midgut was used for enzyme determination. As compared to the control, consumption of the extract containing diet resulted in a 31% inhibition of the cholinesterase activity and a 34% activation of the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity. In the cockroach Leucophaea maderae, the effect on reductase activity was even more pronounced (43%).     

Biological and biochemical responses of Biomphalaria alexandrina to some extracts of the plants Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L.

The molluscicidal activity of cold water, boiled water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform extracts of Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L. plants against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails was carried out. The tests revealed plant’s ethanol extract was more toxic to the snails than the other tested extracts. Therefore, it was tested against snails’ fecundity (M_x), reproduction rate (R₀) and their infection with Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. In addition, biochemical parameters and the activities of some enzymes in tissues of snails treated with the two tested plants were determined. As well, glucose concentration in snails’ hemolymph was evaluated. Exposure of B. alexandrina snails to plant’s ethanol extract led to a significant reduction in their survival and snails’ fecundity, reproduction rate. In addition, it caused a considerable reduction in the infectivity of S. mansoni miracidia to the snails. Also, it caused a reduction in number of cercariae per snail during the patent period and in the period of cercarial shedding. The results revealed that the glucose concentration in hemolymph and Lactate level in soft tissues of treated snails were increased (P < 0.001) while glycogen, total protein, the lipid content and the pyruvate level in snail’s tissues decreased (P < 0.001). The activities of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), pyruvatekinase (PK) and cytochrome oxidase (CY) enzymes in homogenate of snail’s tissues were reduced (P < 0.001) in response to treatment with the two tested plants while protease (PR) activity increased (P < 0.001). It is concluded that the application of LC₂₅ of ethanol extract of S. siniacum and A. judaica L. may be helpful in snail control as it interferes with the snails’ biology and physiology.     

The effects of Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium L. crude leaf extracts on the toxicity, development, feeding efficiency and chemical activities of small cabbage Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

The biological effects of two important medicinal plants, Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium (L.) (viz, mortality, growth, and feeding indices as well as enzyme and non-enzymatic activities) were studied on small white Pieris rapae L a deleterious pest of cruciferous plants under controlled conditions (16:8 h L:D at 25 ± 1 °C and 65 ± 5% RH). The LC₅₀ and LC₂₅ values were 9.387% and 3.645% for A. annua L. and 4.19% and 1.69% for A. millefolium (L.), respectively. At the lowest concentration (0.625%), the deterrency was 29.826% and 44.185% for A. annua L. and A. millefolium (L.), respectively. Feeding indices were variously affected with changes in a number of parameters and an increase in larval and pupal duration. The activity level of alkaline phosphatase increased sharply while alanin and aspartate aminotransferases showed a sharp decrease. For non-enzymatic compounds, the amount of glucose and uric acid increased, but total protein and cholesterol decreased. These results indicate that these two medicinal plants might possess potential secondary metabolites that may be useful for controlling potential insect pests.     

枣镰翅小卷蛾成虫的寄主趋向和产卵选择

采用固相微萃取(SPME)和GC-MS分析研究木枣和酸枣挥发物成分,并测试枣镰翅小卷蛾触角电位(EAG)反应、寄主趋向和产卵选择,以探明枣镰翅小卷蛾的寄主选择机制。结果显示,在萌芽期,木枣和酸枣嫩叶的挥发成分均为罗勒烯、2-甲基-2-菠烯、α-法呢烯和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯4种,但相对含量稍有不同。枣镰翅小卷蛾成虫对木枣和酸枣2种寄主都有强烈的EAG反应,且同一寄主上雌蛾的EAG反应值极显著地高于雄蛾,其EAG值是雄蛾的3.3倍。枣镰翅小卷蛾对木枣表现强烈的趋向反应,而对酸枣的趋向不明显,且雌虫的趋向反应显著高于雄虫。木枣上的产卵量显著高于酸枣,且木枣枣吊上的单雌产卵量为307.9粒,极显著地高于酸枣枣吊上的产卵量(182.9粒)。研究表明,枣镰翅小卷蛾雌蛾在寄主选择中起主导作用,木枣是其嗜好寄主。