杂交一代_尼罗罗非鱼_奥利亚罗非鱼_及其亲本基因组DNA的比较

采用RAPD技术,用20个随机引物对尼罗罗非鱼、奥利亚罗非鱼及其杂交一代的精巢DNA进行扩增反应,发现引物OPZ-14和OPZ-18在尼罗罗非鱼和奥利亚罗非鱼之间扩增出有差异的DNA片段,作为鉴定两种鱼的分子标记有较高可信度.对这两种鱼的杂交一代基因组DNA的RAPD扩增能获得足够的多态性,20个引物中有8个引物扩增出差异性产物,表明杂交一代基因杂合性增强,这是杂种优势得以形成的重要遗传物质基础之一.     

罗非鱼性别相关微卫星标记的初步筛选

为分析罗非鱼群体的遗传多样性以及筛选与罗非鱼性别相关的微卫星标记。应用24对微卫星引物,使用常规PCR及聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法在两个尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)群体和两个奥利亚罗非鱼(O.aureus)群体中初步筛选到UNH931、GM128、GM201、GM258、GM597以及UNH898共6个与性别相关的微卫星标记。然后使用降落PCR以及毛细管电泳的方法在两个尼罗罗非鱼群体、两个奥利亚罗非鱼群体以及ZY 1、WY 1、YY 1和YY 2型罗非鱼群体中进一步扩增这6个微卫星标记,统计各群体的遗传多样性参数:6个微卫星标记在上述群体共297个样本中检测到95个等位基因,其大小在97~302 bp之间,各位点在各群体等位基因数在1~13个之间,各群体平均观测等位基因数为2.167~9.333,平均有效等位基因数为1.624~4.966,平均观测杂合度为0.324~0.983,平均期望杂合度为0.329~0.782,平均多态信息含量为0.275~0.753;两个尼罗罗非鱼群体、WY 1和YY 2群体达到高度多态(PIC>0.5),两个奥利亚罗非鱼群体、ZY 1和YY 1群体为中度多态(0.25相似文献   

杂交一代（尼罗罗非鱼♀×奥利亚罗非鱼♂）及春亲本基因组ＮＤＡ的比较

采用ＲＡＰＤ技术，用２０个随机引物对尼罗罗非鱼，奥利亚罗非鱼及其杂交一代的精巢ＤＮＡ进行扩增反应，发现引物ＯＰＺ－１４和ＯＰＺ－１８在尼罗罗非鱼和奥利亚鱼之间扩增出有差异的ＤＮＡ片段，作为鉴定两种鱼的分子标记有较高可信度，对这两种鱼的杂交一代基因组ＤＮＡ的ＲＡＰＤ扩增能获得中够的多态性，２０个引物中有８个引物扩增出差异性产物，表明杂交一代基因杂合性增强，这是杂种优势得以形成的重要遗传物质基础之一。     

罗非鱼的SRY基因PCR扩增分析

SRY与性别有关，本文通过对罗非鱼SRY基因分析来探索罗非鱼的性别决定机制。引物对A是根据人的SRY基因来设计的，它特异扩增正常男性SRY基因含保守区在内约600bpDNA片断。用引物对A扩增三种罗非鱼的SRY基因，结果表明：在奥利亚罗非鱼、尼罗罗非鱼、以及奥尼杂交鱼这些鱼的雌雄中都只出现了大小一致的1条带，经检测为SRY的同源基因，无性别特异性。     

罗非鱼杂交F1代与亲本的遗传关系及其杂种优势的利用

用ＲＡＰＤ 技术研究奥利亚罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼杂交子代和亲本的遗传关系及其在杂种优势中的应用。在所用的１６ 个随机引物中,有１１ 个引物在罗非鱼亲代和杂交子代间呈现多态。遗传相似性指数和遗传距离的计算结果表明,正交子代（ 尼罗罗非鱼♀×奥利亚罗非鱼♂） 在遗传关系上界于亲代之间,不表现出明显的倾向性;而反交子代（ 奥利亚罗非鱼♀×尼罗罗非鱼♂） 却与母本奥利亚罗非鱼极其相似。说明正、反交子代与两亲本遗传相似性有明显的不同,表明遗传性状介于两亲本之间的杂交子代更有可能形成显著的杂种优势。同时发现,扩增片段ＯＰＡ０７１９００ 、ＯＰＡ０７９６０ 、ＯＰＺ１４７２０ 和ＯＰＺ１４６００ 可以作为鉴别尼罗罗非鱼、奥利亚罗非鱼和正交子代的遗传标记。     

海带雌配子体细菌人工染色体(BAC)文库构建及特异分子标记邻近基因的图位克隆与序列

UV性别决定系统在一些低等生物生活史的单倍体阶段展现出特定的进化和遗传特性。实验构建了一个海带雌配子体基因组的细菌人工染色体(BAC)文库,结果显示,该文库包含31 872个克隆,插入片段平均长为115 kb,覆盖6.57倍的海带基因组。利用海带雌配子体特异性的标记FRML-1488的序列为探针筛选BAC文库,获得4个阳性BAC克隆。随机挑选一个克隆(638-C12),通过Roche454第二代测序平台进行测序,并经过间隔序列的扩增、克隆和测序,了解到该BAC克隆的插入片段长为86 996 bp。该序列位于海带基因组的Scaffold285上,占后者序列总长的22.4%。序列分析结果显示,在雌配子体特异性标记FRML-1488的上游存在大量的微卫星以及Copia逆转录转座子等重复序列。推测BAC克隆638-C12的插入片段可能与海带U染色体的性别决定区相关。本研究是BAC文库在海带性别相关序列图位克隆的首次应用报道,将有助于海带性别染色体结构的揭示及性别决定机制的解析。     

细胞核rDNA序列用于罗非鱼及其杂交种鉴别的初步研究

罗非鱼种间，尤其是尼罗罗非鱼与杂种尼奥罗非鱼之间，很难区分。本文对尼罗罗非鱼、奥利亚罗非鱼、莫桑比克罗非鱼和杂交种尼奥罗非鱼（尼罗罗非鱼♀×奥利亚罗非鱼♂）和红罗非鱼的核糖体DNA内部转录间隔子1（ITS1）序列及其两侧的18S和5．8s部分序列特征进行分析，以筛选种间鉴别标记。PCR扩增产物大小约700bp，测序结果表明，（去除引物后）18S长146bp，5．8S长66bp，不同种类之间无差异；ITS1长383-483bp，因种类不同而异，其GC含量大于AT含量，达到67．1％。序列比对分析结果表明，18S和5．8s片段高度保守，但各有3个变异位点可以把上述几个种和杂种相互区分开；18S序列上有一个UnbI限制性酶切位点，可作为尼罗和尼奥罗非鱼的鉴别标记。ITS1序列种间变异大，系统发育分析表明，所研究的5个种聚成2个类群，尼罗与尼奥罗非鱼为一组，莫桑比克-红罗非鱼-奥利亚罗非鱼为另一组。组内种间遗传距离较小，尼罗和尼奥罗非鱼的种间遗传距离为0．006；莫桑比克、奥利亚和红罗非鱼的种间遗传距离在0．007-0．009之间；两组罗非鱼之间的遗传距离较大，在0．030-0．035之间，表明罗非鱼ITS1序列多态性较高，适合于种类区分。结合部分18S和5．8S序列，细胞核rDNA具有鉴别罗非鱼及其杂种的潜力。     

奥利亚罗非鱼、尼罗罗非鱼MyoD1和MyoD2基因特征及差异

采用RT-PCR和RACE法,分离了奥利亚罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus)、尼罗罗非鱼(O.niloticus)MyoD1和MyoD2基因全长cDNA。结果显示,2种罗非鱼MyoD1全长均为1090bp,包括5′非翻译区(UTR)137bp,3′UTR50bp,开放阅读框(ORF)903bp,编码300个氨基酸,其中第110～161个氨基酸为bHLH结构,第233～249个氨基酸为helixIII结构;MyoD2全长均为1478bp,包括5′UTR215bp,3′UTR471bp,ORF792bp,编码263个氨基酸,其中第91～142个氨基酸为bHLH结构,第212～228个氨基酸为helixIII结构。2种罗非鱼MyoD1与其他鱼类MyoD1的相似性为73%～92%;MyoD2与其他鱼类MyoD2的相似性为74%～79%。系统发育树显示,MyoD1和MyoD2分属两支,MyoD1所反映的不同鱼类间的亲缘关系符合传统分类。2种罗非鱼的MyoD1、MyoD2cDNA序列之间只存在个别碱基的差别,而氨基酸序列一致;奥利亚罗非鱼MyoD1的2个内含子均比尼罗罗非鱼的长。根据MyoD1内含子2的差异构建鉴别奥利亚罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼基因混杂的标记,对形态上典型的15尾奥利亚罗非鱼、18尾尼罗罗非鱼及15尾奥尼罗非鱼[Oreochromis aureus(♂)×Oreochromis niloticus(♀)]进行鉴定。结果其中1尾奥利亚罗非鱼中在MyoD1位点混杂了尼罗罗非鱼的基因,尼罗罗非鱼和奥尼罗非鱼则与预期的一致。该研究为选择基因纯合的奥利亚罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼提供了新的分子手段。     

罗非鱼雌、雄群体遗传差异的RAPD分析

从40个随机引物中分别筛选出15和18个,对奥利亚罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼雌、雄群体进行RAPD分析,结果显示:奥利亚罗非鱼雌性群体的多态位点比例为56.25%,基因多样性指数为0.2358,Shannon氏指数为0.3417,群体内的遗传相似指数为0.8625;雄性群体的多态位点比例为57.50%,基因多样性指数为0.2356,Shannon氏指数为0.3418,群体内的遗传相似指数为0.8375。尼罗罗非鱼雌性群体的多态位点比例为47.44%,基因多样性指数为0.1788,Shannon氏指数为0.2637,群体内的遗传相似指数为0.7667;雄性群体的多态位点比例为64.10%,基因多样性指数为0.2347,Shannon氏指数为0.3486,群体内的遗传相似指数为0.6769。试验结果表明,奥利亚罗非鱼雌、雄性群体的遗传多样性程度接近,而尼罗罗非鱼雄性群体的遗传多样性要比雌性群体丰富,遗传变异比雌性群体大。     

全雄奥利亚罗非鱼的制种与应用研究

为获得全雄奥利亚罗非鱼(Oreochromis aurea),对WZ♀-ZZ♂类型的奥利亚罗非鱼采用原系(ZZ♂)与转化系(ZZ△♀)二系配套技术,控制遗传全雄鱼的性别。根据泄殖器特征对转化后的实验鱼进行性別鉴定,确定性别。对实验鱼的外部形态、内部结构进行生物学描述。统计并观察实验鱼的雄性率、生长和发育状况。总结全雄奥利亚罗非鱼在应用中的优势,以期为奥利亚罗非鱼养殖业的发展指明方向。     

Cloning and identification of a female-specific DNA marker in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paramisgurnus dabryanus</Emphasis>

Paramisgurnus dabryanus (Cypriniformes; Cobitidae), has been an emerging aquaculture species in China since the 1990s. In this study, random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting with 220 primers was used to identify a sex-specific DNA marker in pooled DNA and individual DNA samples from male and female P. dabryanus. One primer, S2115, produced a novel sex-specific DNA fragment found only in tested females. This female-specific fragment was 917 bp with 36% GC content, and was named Pdff1. To further validate the authenticity of this female-specific marker for sexing, two PCR primers (pdff1-F and -R) were designed according to the cloned female-specific sequence. Amplification showed bands specific for females. Dot blot and Southern blot hybridization experiments both displayed female specificity using this marker as the probe. Two other P. dabryanus populations were tested by dot blot hybridization with the Pdff1 probe. The hybridization signals were seen in 33 or 43% of males in addition to all females in the Jinan and Xichuan populations, respectively. We propose to use this sex-specific marker to rapidly and specifically identify the gender of P. dabryanus from the ancient Yellow River Wetland in Yanjin, Henan Province. Our results could assist in cloning sex-specific chromosomal regions.     

A strain-specific and a sex-associated STS marker for Asian arowana (Scleropages formosus, Osteoglossidae)

A sex‐associated amplified fragment length polymorphism and a strain‐specific random amplified polymorphic DNA marker were identified from Asian arowana (dragonfish; Scleropages formosus Müller & Schlegel) by screening pooled genomic DNA samples from three different strains as well as males and females respectively. Both markers were cloned, sequenced and successfully converted into sequence‐tagged‐site (STS) markers. The strain‐specific STS marker could be applied to differentiate the Indonesian golden strain of Asian arowana from the green and blood‐red strains before the stage when colours become identifiable. Individuals from the green strain could be sexed with an efficiency of 82.7% using the sex‐associated STS marker. Thus, populations with preferred sex ratios can be formed without the need of rearing a large number of fish.     

Screening and characterization of sex-specific DNA fragments in the freshwater fish matrinchã, Brycon amazonicus (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)

The matrinch? Brycon amazonicus, a commercially important freshwater fish resource, has no heteromorphic sex chromosomes so far described. In the present study, we performed a screening of sex-associated DNA markers in this species, through the use of a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay and a genomic DNA restriction digestion analysis. DNA digestions evidenced no differences between sexes. Sixty-six random primers were used in pooled and individual DNA samples of males and females, and the analysis of the RAPD fingerprints revealed one female sex-associated band. Cloning and sequencing of this band led to the identification of two distinct DNA segments. While one of the isolated fragments showed a significant identity with a described protein gene (phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class W), the other fragment, composed of 535?bp, corresponds to a novel DNA marker. Further experiments were performed with this second DNA fragment in order to verify its sex-specificity. Data on dot blot hybridization, using total DNA of both sexes, confirmed its female-specificity in B. amazonicus. A primer set was designed based on its sequence data and used in PCR with DNA samples of this species, leading to diagnose the animals' sexes with a 100?% overall accuracy through a sequence characterized amplified region approach. No amplification results were found for two other species of the genus-B. orbignyanus and B. lundii. The obtained data can lead to the hypothesis that B. amazonicus may present heteromorphic sex chromosomes that should be in an early phase of differentiation.     

半滑舌鳎雌性特异扩增片段长度多态性标记的筛选与应用

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevisGünther)为东北亚特有的名贵冷温性比目鱼类,为我国养殖业的新宠。半滑舌鳎雌鱼生长速度是雄性的2~3倍,若能实现单雌化养殖将大大提高养殖业的经济效益。本研究利用扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)技术,应用64个引物组合,检测了半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevisGünther)雌雄基因组DNA的多态性,筛选与半滑舌鳎性别相关的AFLP分子标记。实验经过3轮筛选和验证,4个引物组合扩增出7个雌性个体出现频率为100%的DNA片段,我们认为这7个标记是半滑舌鳎雌性特异的AFLP标记,分别命名为CseF382、CseF575、CseF783、CseF464、CseF136、CseF618和CseF305。同时,将标记CseF382成功转化为SCAR标记,测定了该标记的DNA序列,建立了半滑舌鳎遗传性别鉴定的PCR技术,为半滑舌鳎性别决定机制的研究和性别控制奠定了重要基础。     

Identification of RAPD‐SCAR marker linked to white spot syndrome virus resistance in populations of giant black tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon Fabricius

White spot disease (WSD) caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) creates severe epizootics in shrimp aquaculture industry worldwide. Despite several efforts, no such permanent remedy was yet developed. Selective breeding using DNA markers would be a cost‐effective strategy for long‐term solution of this problem. In the present investigation, out of 30 random primers, only one primer produced a statistically significant (P < 0.01) randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker of 502 bp, which provided a good discrimination between disease resistant and disease susceptible populations of Penaeus monodon from three geographical locations along the East coast of India. Because RAPD markers are dominant, a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker was developed by cloning and sequencing of 502 bp RAPD fragment, which generates a single 457 bp DNA fragment after PCR amplification only in the disease resistant shrimps. Challenge experiment was also conducted to validate this 457 bp SCAR marker, and the results suggested that the WSSV loads were 2.25 × 10³ fold higher in disease susceptible than that in disease resistant shrimps using real‐time PCR. Therefore, this 457 bp DNA SCAR marker will be very valuable towards the development of disease‐free shrimp aquaculture industry.     

利用AFLP技术筛选锯缘青蟹性别差异DNA片段

采用高盐和酚氯仿异戊醇 (PCI)结合法提取DNA ,利用AFLP技术 ,应用 5 2个引物组合 ,检测了锯缘青蟹 (Scyllaser rata)雌雄基因组DNA的多态性 ,筛选与锯缘青蟹性别相关的分子标记。实验中共扩增出 4 312条带 ,筛选出候选差异DNA片段 74 8条。这些差异DNA片段的获得 ,为研究锯缘青蟹性别的分子标记奠定了基础     

青岛文昌鱼遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用RAPD技术对青岛文昌鱼雌、雄各11条个体共22个样本进行遗传多样性检测。从40个寡聚核苷酸随机引物中筛选出17个扩增重复性好、条带清晰、特异性强的引物，对每个个体基因组DNA进行了扩增。得到RAPD产物的分子量在200～2200bp之间，产物总计127个位点，其中，多态位点60个(占47．24％)。计算个体间遗传相似系数平均为0．8656，个体间遗传距离平均为0．1344。用Shannon多样性指数量化的遗传多态度(Ho)，雄性群体(0．1912)高于雌性群体(0．1125)，平均遗传多态度(Hpop)为0．1519。文昌鱼遗传多态度所占的比例在群体内为0．2553，而雌、雄群体间为0．7447。在文昌鱼雌、雄个体RAPD产物中，两个电泳图谱上能读出明显的雄性特征带，估计可能与雄性文昌鱼具有异型性染色体有关，这与XY型性别决定机制相吻合。引物OPC12扩增产物250bp为雄性文昌鱼所特有，可能为区别性别的分子标记。用NJ法进行聚类分析，结果表明，22个个体明显按性剐聚成两类，文昌鱼雌、雄个体基因组间的差异较大。     

翘嘴鳜微卫星标记及其与主要经济性状的相关分析

利用筛选出的7对具有较高多态性的微卫星标记,检测106尾翘嘴鳜Siniperca chuatsi选育个体的基因组DNA,分析这些微卫星标记与翘嘴鳜体长、体质量和体高的相关性。结果获得67个等位基因,各位点的等位基因数为3~19,片段大小在147~530bp之间;期望杂合度0.5092~0.9207,均值为0.7574;各位点的多态信息含量在0.4639~0.9101之间,均值为0.7197,表明所选择的SSR标记识别力较高,适用于翘嘴鳜选育群体遗传分析和标记辅助育种研究。相关性分析结果表明,G4位点中含有的片段为219bp等位基因的基因型(229/219或219/219)个体的体质量、体长和体高的表型效应显著高于其他的基因型,G10位点中246/246基因型的体质量和体高表型效应显著高于其他基因型,可作为未来翘嘴鳜分子标记辅助育种的重要参考位点。     

Detection of channel catfish virus in channel catfish,Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque): use of a nucleic acid probe*

A nucleic acid probe for channel catfish virus (CCV) was constructed using recombinant DNA techniques. This probe consisted of a specific viral DNA fragment generated by digestion of CCV DNA with the restriction enzyme EcoRI. The probe was used to examine DNA isolated from tissues of fish that had been injected with CCV. Viral DNA was detected in some tissues of various injected fish. The sensitivity limit of detection was determined to be one viral DNA per cell.