刀鲚POMC基因的cDNA克隆及其应激应答

为了研究刀鲚(Coilia nasus)阿黑皮素原(proopiomelanocortin,POMC)基因的应激应答及调控,克隆了刀鲚POMC基因的c DNA全长。刀鲚POMC基因的c DNA全长2030 bp,编码区699 bp,编码232个氨基酸。二级结构预测显示,刀鲚POMC包括信号肽(signal peptide)、N末端区(N-terminal region,NPP)、促肾上腺皮质激素结构域(adrenocorticotropic hormone,ACTH)、β-脂解素(β-LPH)、α-促黑素(α-MSH)、促肾上腺皮质激素样垂体中叶多肽(CLIP)、γ-脂解素(γ-LPH)、β-促黑素(β-MSH)和β-内咖肽(β-EP)结构域。运用荧光定量的方法检测了该基因在刀鲚不同组织中的表达分布。结果显示,POMC在健康刀鲚的脑高表达,鳃、肾、精巢相对高表达,肝、脾、肠、头肾、肌肉和卵巢中微量表达。运输胁迫后,POMC基因的表达量显著下降(P0.05);10‰ NaCl组4 h和6 h POMC基因的表达量显著上调(P0.05),6 h的表达量恢复至应激前。POMC基因在脂肪代谢及应激调控中发挥重要的功能,本研究结果可为该基因在刀鲚后续育种及应激调控工作提供重要基础。     

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)体表色素细胞观察及POMC表达特性分析

为认识养殖半滑舌鳎无眼侧黑化的细胞学特性,利用显微观察方法研究了其皮肤黑色素细胞、黄色素细胞和虹彩细胞的形态特征,比较了3种色素细胞在有眼侧皮肤、无眼侧正常和黑化皮肤中的数量分布特征.为进一步揭示无眼侧黑化的分子机制,克隆了半滑舌鳎POMC基因的cDNA序列.结果显示,黑色素细胞较大,含黑色和棕色的色素颗粒,有树突状分枝不明显和延伸成放射状两种形态;黄色素细胞较小,含黄色素颗粒;虹彩细胞最小,含鸟粪素颗粒.半滑舌鳎 POMC基因的cDNA序列长910 bp,包括一个114 bp的5'非翻译区和一个154 bp的3'非翻译区,开放阅读框长度为642 bp,共编码213个氨基酸,包含ACTH、α-MSH、β-MSH、γ-LPH、β-内啡肽5个多肽序列,但缺失γ-MSH和大部分连接区.半滑舌鳎POMC基因的氨基酸序列与其他鱼类的同源性为30%-64%.定量PCR分析显示,POMC mRNA主要在垂体中表达,其次是脑、性腺和无眼侧黑化皮肤.正常与黑化皮肤中的差异表达结果显示,无眼侧黑化皮肤中POMC mRNA表达量最高,并与有眼侧皮肤和无眼侧正常皮肤中的POMC mRNA表达量差异显著,揭示了POMC的表达与无眼侧黑化性状密切相关.     

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)体表色素细胞观察及POMC表达特性分析

为认识养殖半滑舌鳎无眼侧黑化的细胞学特性,利用显微观察方法研究了其皮肤黑色素细胞、黄色素细胞和虹彩细胞的形态特征,比较了3种色素细胞在有眼侧皮肤、无眼侧正常和黑化皮肤中的数量分布特征。为进一步揭示无眼侧黑化的分子机制,克隆了半滑舌鳎POMC基因的cDNA序列。结果显示,黑色素细胞较大,含黑色和棕色的色素颗粒,有树突状分枝不明显和延伸成放射状两种形态;黄色素细胞较小,含黄色素颗粒;虹彩细胞最小,含鸟粪素颗粒。半滑舌鳎POMC基因的cDNA序列长910 bp,包括一个114 bp的5?非翻译区和一个154 bp的3?非翻译区,开放阅读框长度为642 bp,共编码213个氨基酸,包含ACTH、α-MSH、β-MSH、γ-LPH、β-内啡肽5个多肽序列,但缺失γ-MSH和大部分连接区。半滑舌鳎POMC基因的氨基酸序列与其他鱼类的同源性为30%?64%。定量PCR分析显示,POMC mRNA主要在垂体中表达,其次是脑、性腺和无眼侧黑化皮肤。正常与黑化皮肤中的差异表达结果显示,无眼侧黑化皮肤中POMC mRNA表达量最高,并与有眼侧皮肤和无眼侧正常皮肤中的POMC mRNA表达量差异显著,揭示了POMC的表达与无眼侧黑化性状密切相关。     

鲈3种视黄醇类X受体基因cDNA的克隆和组织表达

视黄醇类X受体(retinoid X receptor,RXR)属于配体激活的核受体家族,在调节细胞内各种信号途径中起重要作用.采用RT-PCR和RACE技术,分离到鲈RXR基因3种亚型RXRα、RXRβ和RXRγ的cDNA序列.结果表明,得到的RXRα是长度为1 686 bp 3′末端不完整的cDNA序列,其中包括364 bp的5′非翻译区和1 322 bp的编码序列,可编码440个氨基酸.RXRβ cDNA全长为1 741 bp,其中包括150 bp的5′非翻译区,256 bp的3 ′非翻译区和1 335 bp的开放阅读框,共编码444个氨基酸,理论分子量为49.5 ku.RXRγ cDNA全长为1 847 bp,其中5′非翻译区为88 bp,3 ′非翻译区为397 bp,开放阅读框为1 362 bp,共编码453个氨基酸,分子量约为49.9 ku.氨基酸序列分析显示,鲈RXRα、RXRβ和RXRγ和其它物种的RXRs结构类似,在DNA结合区有P box和D box结构,配体结合区包括12个α螺旋和2个β折叠结构,H12的C端含有AF-2的激活区.系统进化树分析表明,鲈RXRα、RXRβ和RXRγ分别与其他动物的相应亚型聚类.组织分布特异性研究表明,鲈RXRα在肌肉、心脏、眼、大脑、肠、肾脏、脂肪、脾脏、鳃和肝脏10种组织中均有表达,但表达量较低;RXRβ在这10组织中都有较高表达,但心脏中表达量较低;在所检测的10种组织中,RXRγ都有表达,在肌肉、肠、肾脏、脂肪和脾脏表达量较高.     

三角帆蚌β-肌动蛋白基因的cDNA全长克隆及表达分析

采用RTPCR和快速扩增cDNA末端(rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)技术首次克隆了三角帆蚌β-肌动蛋白基因的cDNA全序列,该序列全长为1 483 bp,由长92 bp的5′非翻译区(untranslated region,UTR),257 bp的3′非翻译区,和1 134 bp的开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)组成。阅读框共编码377个氨基酸,推算的分子量约为41.9 ku,理论等电点为5.3。三角帆蚌β-actin氨基酸序列中Met178,Ser305,Ser321,Pro325,Val331,Pro346等6个氨基酸残基具有特异性,此外还发现3个特殊的氨基酸残基位点以及2个软体动物特有的氨基酸残基。三角帆蚌β-actin氨基酸序列与软体动物、节肢动物、脊椎动物的相似性高达98%~99%。NJ法系统进化分析显示三角帆蚌首先与软体动物聚在一起,然后与节肢动物聚在一起,再依次与鱼类、两栖类、哺乳类聚在一起。RT-PCR显示β-actin基因在外套膜、血液、肝、肾、胃、肠、鳃、斧足共8个组织的表达基本一致,具有良好的稳定性。     

缢蛏β-ACTIN-1基因的分子特性及其表达分析

为研究缢蛏功能基因的表达调控,利用SMART cDNA文库构建试剂盒成功构建了缢蛏肝脏组织的标准化cDNA文库。对随机选取的5 679个克隆进行随机测序,比对、筛选出2条β-actin同源序列,对其中一条EST序列两端进行扩增、测序,然后进行5′RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)扩增、测序,拼接得到全长cDNA序列,命名为β-ACTIN 1。该序列全长为1 552 bp,包括73 bp的5′非翻译区和348 bp的3′非翻译区,以及1 131 bp的开放阅读框。阅读框共编码376个氨基酸,推算分子量约为41.95 ku,理论等电点为5.23。与其他7种软体动物的氨基酸序列进行比对发现,β-ACTIN 1基因的氨基酸序列中Ile179、Glu229、Ser232、Pro236、Ile248、Asn272、Cys273、Val283、Ser320、Ser325、Val330、Pro339等12个氨基酸残基具有特异性;同时发现缢蛏β-ACTIN 1氨基酸序列与其他软体动物的相似性高达97%以上。系统进化分析显示,缢蛏首先与软体动物聚在一起,然后与节肢动物聚在一起,再依次与鱼类、两栖类、哺乳类聚在一起。荧光定量PCR检测结果显示,β-ACTIN 1基因在缢蛏各组织中的表达及鳗弧菌诱导后的表达均不稳定,不适合作为内参基因。     

圆斑星鲽MHCⅠα基因的克隆与组织表达分析

采用表达序列标签法和cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术,成功获得了圆斑星鲽主要组织相容性复合体MHC Ⅰα的全长cDNA序列.该cDNA全长2171 bp,5'UTR为20 bp,3'UTR为1053bp,开放阅读框(ORF)长度为1098 bp,可编码365个氨基酸,包含信号肽、抗原结合域(α1、α2),IGC类似...     

奥利亚罗非鱼雌激素β受体两种亚型cDNA的克隆、组织分布及雌激素对其表达的影响

采用RT-PCR和RACE技术,克隆了奥利亚罗非鱼β雌激素受体基因(estrogen receptorβ,ERβ)两种亚型的cDNA全序列(ERβ1和ERβ2)。荧光定量PCR分析雌雄奥利亚罗非鱼两种亚型的组织分布,并观察注射外源雌激素对雄性奥利亚罗非鱼下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴雌激素受体ERα和β(β1/β2)基因表达的影响。序列分析表明,ERβ1cDNA全长为4262bp,其中包含239bp5′非编码区,2349bp3′非编码区和1674bp的开放阅读框,共编码557个氨基酸。ERβ2 cDNA全长为2506bp,包含5′非编码区393bp,3′非编码区109bp,阅读框为2004bp,共编码667个氨基酸。氨基酸序列同源性分析显示奥利亚罗非鱼ERβ1与尼罗罗非鱼的相似性高达99.1%,而与鲈形目其它鱼类的相似性为82.6%～94.2%。ERβ2氨基酸序列与尼罗罗非鱼的相似性为98.7%,与大口黑鲈、虹鳟、底鳉及斑马鱼的相似性分别为81.8%、76.3%、64.7%和55.0%。在系统进化树上奥利亚罗非鱼的ERβ1和ERβ2分别与尼罗罗非鱼的相应受体聚类。奥利亚罗非鱼ERβ1/β2基因在所检测的10种组织中均有...     

鳜胃蛋白酶原A、胃质子泵基因cDNA全长的克隆与细胞表达定位

利用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术获得了鳜全长1 322 bp的胃蛋白酶原(pepsinogen,PG)A2 cDNA序列,含1 131 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),共编码376个氨基酸,氨基酸序列包含信号肽、激活肽和胃蛋白酶3部分,胃蛋白酶部分含有2个天冬氨酸活性位点和3个二硫键。鳜胃蛋白酶 A2与A1在序列组成、理化性质、功能位点、空间结构上存在明显差异,表明它们可能具有不同的催化功能。胃质子泵(gastric H⁺/K⁺-ATPase)是胃酸分泌的关键性酶,研究克隆获得了鳜全长3 581 bp和1 669 bp的胃质子泵α、β亚基cDNA序列。序列相似性分析显示,胃质子泵α亚基具有高度保守性,含多个功能位点,而β亚基具有相对可变性。原位杂交(in situ hybridization,ISH)结果显示,鳜PG A1、PG A2和胃质子泵α亚基mRNA均在胃腺的同一类型细胞中表达,该细胞兼有分泌PG和胃酸的功能,鳜胃腺分泌细胞属于泌酸胃酶细胞。     

大鳍鳠 IL-1β基因cDNA克隆及表达分析

白细胞介素1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)作为炎症反应的关键介导物,通过开启基因的表达来调控免疫反应。为了丰富鱼类该基因的研究,实验采用RT-PCR和RACE-PCR技术,首次从鲇形目鱼类大鳍鳠中获得IL-1β基因cDNA的全序列。大鳍鳠IL-1β基因cDNA全长1 194 bp,包括3’非编码区域(UTR)为224 bp,5’UTR为82 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为888 bp,编码296个氨基酸。预测的蛋白质分子量为33.843 43 ku,等电点为5.00。与斑点叉尾等其他8种脊椎动物进行同源性分析发现,大鳍鳠IL-1β氨基酸序列与斑点叉尾相似性最高,为79.0%,与原鸡的相似性最低,为22.0%。进化树分析表明,大鳍鳠IL-1β与斑点叉尾聚为一支。半定量PCR显示,大鳍鳠IL-1β基因在肌肉、脑、脾脏、头肾、体肾、胃、皮肤、肝脏及肠等组织中都有不同程度的表达;经嗜水气单胞菌刺激后大鳍鳠IL-1β基因在头肾和脾脏的转录表达显示,1 d后该基因在头肾与脾脏中的表达量都达到最大,15 d后恢复到刺激前的水平。研究显示,大鳍鳠IL-1β在抵御病原感染过程中发挥重要作用。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

The optimal dietary protein level of juvenile silver sillago Sillago sihama at three dietary lipid levels

A 5 × 3 factorial growth trial was conducted to evaluate optimal dietary protein and lipid levels (dietary protein level, DP; dietary lipid level, DL) for juvenile Sillago sihama (S. sihama) (2.0 ± 0.02 g, initial weight). Fish were fed 15 diets containing 5 DPs (350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 g/kg) and 3 DLs (60, 90 and 120 g/kg) for 8 weeks. The interaction between proteins and lipids significantly influenced the feed conversion ratio, condition factor, body composition, antioxidant indices and lipase activity (p < .05). DP 450 g/kg showed the highest average final body weight. DPs 500 and 550 g/kg significantly decreased the protein efficiency ratio (p < .05). DL 120 g/kg showed the highest percentage weight gain. The low feed conversion ratio was found in diets P45L12, P55L9 and P55L12. Diet P45L12 showed high superoxide dismutase activities. DP 450 g/kg showed the lowest average malondialdehyde content. Lipase activity was increased by increasing DP (p < .05) with a fall at DP 550 g/kg. Under the present experimental conditions, the optimal DP for S. sihama was 450 g/kg under the DL 120 g/kg.     

Vitamin D3 and the renal handling of phosphate in American eels

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D₃) increased plasma inorganic phosphate concentration in American eels,Anguilla rostrata, in a dose-dependent fashion. This response was more marked in phosphate loaded fish. In control as well as phosphate loaded eels the hyperphosphatemic response to D₃ was associated with a sharp reduction in renal phosphate clearance relative to¹⁴C-polyethelene glycol (PEG) clearance. Glomerular filtration and urine flow rates were not affected by D₃. As renal phosphate clearance, even in phosphate loaded eels, never significantly exceeded that of PEG, it is suggested that D₃ reduced the relative clearance rate of phosphate by increasing renal phosphate reabsorption rather than by reducing the tubular secretion of phosphate.