5种杂交F_1罗非鱼生长性能比较研究

对4种杂交F1尼奥罗非鱼(不同尼罗罗非鱼品系♀×奥利亚罗非鱼♂)尼奥Ⅰ、尼奥Ⅱ、尼奥Ⅲ、尼奥Ⅳ与莫荷鱼(莫桑比克罗非鱼♀×荷那龙罗非鱼♂)进行了生长对比试验。试验结果表明:①绝对增重率(g/d)为莫荷鱼>尼奥Ⅱ>尼奥Ⅲ>尼奥Ⅰ>尼奥Ⅳ(P<0.01);②五种杂交F1罗非鱼雄性率为莫荷鱼>尼奥Ⅲ>尼奥Ⅰ>尼奥Ⅱ>尼奥Ⅳ(P<0.05),成活率彼此间无差异(P>0.05);③肥满度(K)为莫荷鱼>尼奥Ⅰ>尼奥Ⅲ>尼奥Ⅱ>尼奥Ⅳ(P<0.01)。以上结果表明,莫荷鱼生长性能较好,具有推广的价值。     

荷那龙罗非鱼、橙色莫桑比克罗非鱼及其杂交F1呼吸耗氧率的初步研究

用呼吸室法对荷那龙罗非鱼、橙色莫桑比克罗非鱼及其杂交F1的呼吸耗氧率、窒息点进行了试验。试验结果表明:①水温为16~32℃时,平均体重为10.40~116.28 g的荷那龙罗非鱼的耗氧率在0.07~0.61 mg/g.h,平均体重为18.98~102.53 g的橙色莫桑比克罗非鱼的耗氧率范围是0.06~0.43 mg/g.h,平均体重2.24~133.82 g的杂交F1莫荷鱼的耗氧率范围是0.06~0.65 mg/g.h;3种试验鱼的耗氧率随着温度的升高而增加;耗氧率与鱼体规格呈负相关。②3种实验鱼的耗氧率均为白天高于夜间。③水温24℃时,3种试验鱼的溶氧临界窒息点分别是:荷那龙罗非鱼0.33~0.55 mg/L,橙色莫桑比克罗非鱼0.24~0.31mg/L,莫荷鱼为0.38~0.43 mg/L。     

莫荷罗非鱼幼鱼耐盐性能的初步研究

以橙色莫桑比克罗非鱼与荷那龙罗非鱼的杂交子代莫荷罗非鱼(Oreochromis mossambicus♀×O.hornurum♂)为实验材料,通过急性耐盐实验和慢性耐盐驯化实验,对其幼鱼耐盐性进行了初步研究。结果表明:莫荷罗非鱼的96 h半致死盐度为(33.74±0.94)‰;在每天将盐度提高8‰的情况下,其半致死盐度为(112.93±4.87)‰,驯化致死盐度为128‰~136‰。实验表明,莫荷罗非鱼经过驯化可以耐受更高盐度的水环境,具有在海水中养殖的潜力。     

低温胁迫对马来西亚红罗非鱼血清生化指标的影响

在室内自然降温条件下,研究了马来西亚红罗非鱼（Oreochromis mossambicus×0．niloticus）致死低温,检测了在温室越冬温度（17．8℃）和低温胁迫下开始死亡时红罗非鱼血清的生化指标。结果表明,当水温降到8．6℃时,马来西亚红罗非鱼开始死亡,死亡低温范围为8．6—6．4℃,半致死低温为7．6℃;8．6℃时,红罗非鱼血清中谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）FAJ）]~L酸激酶同工酶（CK—MB）5种酶的活性显著高于17．8℃时Op〈0．05）,肌酐（CREA）含量、I（＋浓度显著上升Ok0．05）,总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）、球蛋白（GLO）,及Ca2‘含量小幅增加,而Na＋和cr含量均显著下降（P〈0．05）,胆固醇（CHOL）和甘油211（TG）含量略有降低。     

罗非鱼温和气单胞菌病的病原研究和药敏试验

从患病濒死尼罗罗非鱼肝脏分离到99-5-A和99-7-28菌株.经细菌学鉴定均为温和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sobria).用这2菌株对尼罗罗非鱼、 奥利亚罗非鱼及尼奥罗非鱼(尼罗罗非鱼♀×奥利亚罗非鱼♂)进行人工感染,均可使其致病.发病鱼症状与自然病鱼症状一致,呈出血性败血症.再分离菌株的各种特性与原分离菌株相同,确认这2菌株皆为温和气单胞菌.采用纸片扩散法,用35 种药物对上述2菌株进行药物抑菌试验,其中,丁胺卡那霉素、庆大霉素、多粘菌素、 妥布霉素、氟哌酸、氯霉素、氨曲南抑菌效果最佳;99-5-A菌株对呋喃妥因敏感,但 99-7-28菌株对其耐药;99-7-28对复方新诺明敏感,而99-5-A菌株对其则无反应.     

4种遗传型罗非鱼的耐盐慢性驯化表现

在实验室小水体中,对尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus,新吉富)、萨罗罗非鱼(Sarothrodon melanotheron)以及它们的杂交F1和F2("吉丽"罗非鱼)进行盐度梯度实验,观察其耐盐能力。采用4(遗传型)×4(水平或重复)随机区组设计。对照组全程维持淡水养殖;实验组起始盐度为0,盐度每天提高8直至实验鱼100%死亡。在水温保持(27.2±1.3)℃、正常投饵情况下,萨罗罗非鱼、尼罗罗非鱼、杂交F1及F2的50%死亡盐度平均值(MLS)分别为125.78±1.66、54.22±2.51、77.33±1.89和73.73±1.32;萨罗罗非鱼的累计存活率(CS)和MLS值均显著高于尼罗罗非鱼、杂交F1和F2(P<0.05);杂交F1和F2的CS值及MLS值均显著高于尼罗(P<0.05);F2和F1之间CS值和MLS值差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

不同品系尼罗罗非鱼致死低温的研究

在室内自然降温条件下，研究了三个品系尼罗罗非鱼（吉富品系，“７８”品系，“８８”品系）对低温的耐受力，计算得出每个品系的半致死低温，并对降温过程中尼罗罗非鱼行为活动的变化进行了观察。试验结果表明，在上海地区，当温度降低到１１℃时，罗非鱼开始死亡，到７．４℃时，全部死亡。吉富罗非鱼死亡温度范围是１１℃￣８．４℃，“７８”品系是９．８￣７．４℃，“８８”品系是１１℃￣７．４℃。对三个品系半致死低温的研     

细胞核rDNA序列用于罗非鱼及其杂交种鉴别的初步研究

罗非鱼种间，尤其是尼罗罗非鱼与杂种尼奥罗非鱼之间，很难区分。本文对尼罗罗非鱼、奥利亚罗非鱼、莫桑比克罗非鱼和杂交种尼奥罗非鱼（尼罗罗非鱼♀×奥利亚罗非鱼♂）和红罗非鱼的核糖体DNA内部转录间隔子1（ITS1）序列及其两侧的18S和5．8s部分序列特征进行分析，以筛选种间鉴别标记。PCR扩增产物大小约700bp，测序结果表明，（去除引物后）18S长146bp，5．8S长66bp，不同种类之间无差异；ITS1长383-483bp，因种类不同而异，其GC含量大于AT含量，达到67．1％。序列比对分析结果表明，18S和5．8s片段高度保守，但各有3个变异位点可以把上述几个种和杂种相互区分开；18S序列上有一个UnbI限制性酶切位点，可作为尼罗和尼奥罗非鱼的鉴别标记。ITS1序列种间变异大，系统发育分析表明，所研究的5个种聚成2个类群，尼罗与尼奥罗非鱼为一组，莫桑比克-红罗非鱼-奥利亚罗非鱼为另一组。组内种间遗传距离较小，尼罗和尼奥罗非鱼的种间遗传距离为0．006；莫桑比克、奥利亚和红罗非鱼的种间遗传距离在0．007-0．009之间；两组罗非鱼之间的遗传距离较大，在0．030-0．035之间，表明罗非鱼ITS1序列多态性较高，适合于种类区分。结合部分18S和5．8S序列，细胞核rDNA具有鉴别罗非鱼及其杂种的潜力。     

尼奥罗非鱼杂种性别类型与性腺发育初步研究

通过组织学方法,研究了0.5~4.5月龄尼奥罗非鱼杂种(尼罗罗非鱼♀×奥利亚罗非鱼♂)的性腺发育特征与性别类型。结果表明,0.5月龄尼奥罗非鱼原始性腺尚未分化;1月龄,精巢中原始生殖细胞开始分化成精原细胞;2.5月龄出现初级精母细胞;3月龄出现次级精母细胞;3.5~4月龄精巢中存在不同发育阶段的生殖细胞,壶腹空腔中分散着稀疏的精子;4.5月龄精巢壶腹腔内密集大量精子。在2.5、3.5、4、4.5月龄抽样中,均检测到雌鱼,2.5~3.5月龄卵巢以第Ⅱ时相卵母细胞为主;4~4.5月龄卵巢以第Ⅲ时相卵母细胞为主。研究结果初步表明,尼奥罗非鱼杂种中观察到雄性、雌性两种性别类型,以雄性性别为主;杂种雌、雄鱼的性腺均能正常发育。     

5个尼罗罗非鱼群体遗传关系的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术,对吉富尼罗罗非鱼群体(GF)、尼罗罗非鱼群体Ⅰ(NLⅠ)、尼罗罗非鱼群体Ⅱ(NLⅡ)、尼罗罗非鱼群体Ⅲ(NLⅢ)和尼罗罗非鱼群体Ⅳ(NLⅣ)的遗传多样性进行分析。用81个ISSR引物对5个尼罗罗非鱼群体进行扩增,15个ISSR引物获得多态片段。根据Nei’s遗传距离矩阵构建了5个尼罗罗非鱼群体的遗传关系树状图。UPGMA聚类图表明:NLⅢ群体和NLⅣ群体最先聚在一起;其次二者再与GF群体聚在一起;NLⅠ群体与NLⅡ群体聚在一起。分析结果显示:GF群体与其它4个罗非鱼群体区分较明显;用UBC835扩增的500 bp片段为GF所特有,可作为区别GF和其它尼罗罗非鱼的分子标记。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

美人鱼发光杆菌对凡纳滨对虾非特异性 免疫功能及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%和1%美人鱼发光杆菌灭活菌、0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌配制成3种免疫实验饲料,以基础饲料为空白对照组饲料,每组设3个平行样。对个体质量为(4.83±0.36)g的凡纳滨对虾进行为期20 d的饲养实验,分别在0、5、10、15和20d进行取样,以血清中的酚氧化酶(PO)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(UL)活性为免疫指标,探讨了美人鱼发光杆菌作为免疫制剂对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫效应的影响;在投喂免疫饲料后的第22天,按0.004 2 kg/kg体重的剂量,直接投喂对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)病料,并记录累积死亡率。结果表明,美人鱼发光杆菌免疫实验组对凡纳滨对虾血清中PO、ACP、AKP、UL和SOD活性影响明显高于对照组,并且在饲料中添加美人鱼发光杆菌后,明显提高了对虾抵御WSSV感染的能力。其中0.1%美人鱼发光杆菌活菌实验组的抗病毒感染能力最强,WSSV感染14d内累计死亡率为63.3%±5.8%;而对照组为96.7%±3.3%。研究表明,美人鱼发光杆菌添加在对虾饲料中能提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫水平,增强抵抗疾病的能力,将其作为对虾免疫增强剂具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of Spirulina platensis as a feed additive on growth and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii Boulunger, 1902)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fish meal with dietary Spirulina as a feed supplement on the growth performance and coloration of blue dolphin cichlids (Cyrtocara moorii). Five isonitrogenous (47% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.36 kJ/g digestible energy) diets were for formulated to replace FM with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Spirulina (designated as Control, SP5, SP10, SP15 and SP20 respectively) and fed to the fish (initial body weight, 3.15 ± 0.01 g). Fish were randomly distributed into fifteen 120 L aquariums (26.5 ± 1.00°C), 15 fish per aquarium. The diets were tested in triplicate for 12 weeks. Experimental groups were fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) by hand to satiation. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed the SP10 diet when compared to the SP20 diet. There was no significant difference in these parameters between the other groups. The skin coloration of blue dolphin cichlid fed a diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced. The best coloration was observed in the SP15 group. These impressions were objectively validated by chemical determinations of carotenoids extracted from fish skins and passed statistical tests of significance. The study findings show that Spirulina meal does not diminish growth rates except at very high levels.     

Dietary thiamin and pyridoxine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp,Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Two experiments were conducted to quantify the dietary thiamin (experiment I) and pyridoxine (experiment II) requirements of fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for 16 weeks. In experiment I, dietary thiamin requirement was determined by feeding seven casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) with graded levels of thiamin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg kg^?1 diet) to triplicate groups of fish (6.15 ± 0.37 cm; 1.89 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet with 2 mg kg^?1 thiamin had highest specific growth rate (SGR), protein retention (PR), RNA/DNA ratio, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), RBCs and best feed conversion ratio (FCR). However, highest liver thiamin concentration was recorded in fish fed 4 mg thiamin kg^?1 diet. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver thiamin concentrations exhibited the thiamin requirement in the range of 1.79–3.34 mg kg^?1 diet (0.096–0.179 μg thiamin kJ^?1 gross energy). In experiment II, six casein–gelatin‐based diets (400 g kg^?1 CP; 18.69 kJ g^?1 GE) containing graded levels of pyridoxine (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg kg^?1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of fish (6.35 ± 0.37 cm; 1.97 ± 0.12 g). Fish fed diet containing 6 mg kg^?1 pyridoxine showed best SGR, FCR, PR, RNA/DNA ratio, Hb, Hct and RBCs, whereas maximum liver pyridoxine concentration was recorded in fish fed 8 mg kg^?1 dietary pyridoxine. Broken‐line analysis of SGR, PR and liver pyridoxine concentrations reflected the pyridoxine requirement from 5.63 to 8.61 mg kg^?1 diet. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating thiamin‐ and pyridoxine‐balanced feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

Sea bream culture in Egypt; status, constraints and potential

Marine fish farming in Egypt began in 1976 with the culture of gilthead sea bream, (Sparus aurata) as this fish was notably adaptable to brackish and marine pond conditions. Today, marine fish and shrimp farms amount to about 19,000 ha, out of which 42% is already in production while the rest, i.e., 58% is still under construction. In 1997, cultured gilthead sea bream production of 2,250 tons made up 3% of the 75,000 tons total aquaculture catch. In polyculture, usually with the grey mullet and sea bass, gilthead sea bream contributed 440 kg ha^–1 to the total yield of 1,700 kg ha^–1 (26%) over a period of 16 months. For the same period, the yield of monoculture ponds averaged 100 kg ha^–1, while in marine cages, yields ranged from 4–10 kg m³. In 1996–1997, fry of 0.25–1 g and fingerlings 1–10 g with a total of 3 million, were collected from the wild and 1 million fry were produced in the three marine hatcheries out of the four existing ones. The development of sea bream culture in Egypt is now severely inhibited by the shortage of seeds and adequate feeds. Exports of both sea bream and sea bass, during 1994–1996 averaged 1,300 tons per year.     

A Minchinia mercenariae‐like parasite infects cockles Cerastoderma edule in Galicia (NW Spain)

The cockle Cerastoderma edule fishery has traditionally been the most important shellfish species in terms of biomass in Galicia (NW Spain). In the course of a survey of the histopathological conditions affecting this species in the Ria of Arousa, a haplosporidan parasite that had not been observed in Galicia was detected in one of the most productive cockle beds of Galicia. Uni‐ and binucleate cells and multinucleate plasmodia were observed in the connective tissue mainly in the digestive area, gills and gonad. The parasite showed low prevalence, and it was not associated with abnormal cockle mortality. Molecular identification showed that this parasite was closely related to the haplosporidan Minchinia mercenariae that had been reported infecting hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria from the Atlantic coast of the United States. The molecular characterization of its SSU rDNA region allowed obtaining a fragment of 1,796 bp showing 98% homology with M. mercenariae parasite. Phylogenetic analysis supported this identification as this parasite was clustered in the same clade as M. mercenariae from the United States and other M. mercenariae‐like sequences from the UK, with bootstrap value of 99%. The occurrence of M. mercenariae‐like parasites infecting molluscs outside the United States is confirmed.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.