单环刺螠的人工苗种生产研究Ⅰ.环境因子对单环刺螠受精与孵化的影响

为对单环刺螠(Urechis unicinctus)的人工苗种生产提供科学有效的基础资料,进行了受精方式和环境因子对单环刺螠受精与孵化的影响研究。结果表明,自然受精的受精率(95.67±2.32)%显著高于人工授精(8.79±6.02)%~(57.83±8.23)%(P0.05);人工授精中,精卵比例为5∶1~10∶1时的受精率显著高于其他人工授精组实验组(P0.05),可达50%左右。环境因子中,水温在15.0~21.0℃时,孵化率均达86%以上,显著高于其他水温组(P0.05);盐度为24.1~30.0的实验组中有幼虫孵化,且盐度为27.2时孵化率最高,为(86.70±2.24)%,与其他盐度组差异均显著(P0.05);pH为6.96~9.01的实验组中有幼虫孵化,且pH为8.02时孵化率最高,为(84.26±4.20)%,与其他pH组差异均显著(P0.05);受精卵密度为1 ind./mL时的孵化率为(89.43±2.34)%,较其他实验组稍高,但差异不显著(P0.05);充气+搅动实验组的孵化率为(90.50±2.23)%,显著高于其他组(P0.05),通过搅动水体可将孵化率提高30%以上,而充气可将孵化率提高10%以上。综上所述,受精方式的不同以及环境因子(水温、盐度、pH、充气方式等)的变化会直接影响单环刺螠的受精率和孵化率。本研究通过对比实验,获得了单环刺螠人工授精的最佳精卵比例以及在较大实验水体中受精卵孵化的最适环境因子条件,这将为单环刺螠的全人工苗种繁育工作提供参考依据。     

pH、温度和盐度对单环刺螠消化酶和溶菌酶活力的影响

采用L25(56)正交试验法测定了不同pH(6、7、8、9、10)、温度(10、15、20、25、30℃)和盐度(15、20、25、30、35)对体质量为(71.2±8.5)g的单环刺螠肠蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和脂肪酶活力的影响,以及不同盐度对单环刺螠血液溶菌酶活力的影响。试验结果表明,单环刺螠肠消化酶活力的最适环境条件分别为,蛋白酶:pH 8、温度30℃、盐度35;淀粉酶:pH 9、温度25℃、盐度25;纤维素酶:pH6、温度30℃、盐度35;脂肪酶:pH 6、温度25℃、盐度30。盐度15和20两组单环刺螠血液溶菌酶活力均先降后升再降,而盐度30和35两组则先升后降。至处理第4d,各试验组溶菌酶活力依次为:盐度3025352015,盐度15和20两组溶菌酶活力显著低于盐度较高试验组(P0.05)。盐度25~35、pH 6~9为单环刺螠适宜的环境条件,高温(25~30℃)下其消化酶活力较高,而低盐度(15~20)下其消化酶活力和免疫能力明显降低。     

单环刺螠浮游幼体饥饿实验及不可逆生长点的确定

正单环刺螠俗称海肠,是一种经济价值较高的海产品种。本文通过研究饥饿条件对单环刺螠浮游幼体生长和存活的影响,初步确定了单环刺螠浮游幼体最佳投饵时间及不可逆点,为单环刺螠人工育苗提供理论依据。单环刺螠(Urechis unicinctus)隶属螠虫动物门、螠纲、无管螠目、刺螠科、刺螠属。生活在海边潮间带,     

氨氮和亚硝酸盐对单环刺螠幼体的急性毒性实验

在水温15.1～17.3℃,pH 7.88～8.15,盐度32.17‰～32.28‰,溶解氧6.40～7.40 mg/L的条件下,采用半静水法研究了氨氮和亚硝酸盐对体质量(2.86±0.43)g的单环刺螠(Urechis unicinctus)幼体的急性毒性效应。试验结果表明,单环刺螠幼体中毒后体色变暗,对外界刺激变得不敏感,最后身体缩成一团或细线状。随着氨氮和亚硝酸盐质量浓度升高死亡率逐渐升高,存在明显的剂量效应和时间效应。氨氮对单环刺螠幼体96 h半致死质量浓度分别为620.79 mg/L(95%置信区间557.62～691.11 mg/L),安全质量浓度为62.08 mg/L,对应非离子氨浓度为13.85 mg/L(95%置信区间12.44～15.42 mg/L),安全质量浓度为1.39 mg/L;亚硝酸盐对单环刺螠幼体96 h半致死质量浓度为243.90 mg/L(95%置信区间223.10～266.65 mg/L),安全质量浓度为24.39 mg/L。非离子氨对单环刺螠幼体毒性大于亚硝酸盐毒性。     

水温、盐度对单环刺螠幼体发育影响

<正>单环刺螠(Urechis unicinctus),俗称"海肠",是辽宁地区著名的土著水产经济品种,属螠虫动物门,螠纲,无管螠目,刺螠科,为真体腔原口动物。味道鲜美,富含蛋白质、人体必需氨基酸、多肽、糖胺聚糖等多种活性物质。近年来,过度捕捞和环境污染严重破坏了单环刺螠的自然资源,导致其采捕量急剧下降。随着人工育苗关键技术的突破[1-2],单环刺螠的人工养殖势在必行。该试验研究了水温、盐度对单环刺螠幼体发育的影响,从发育速度、成活率两个角度初步建立了适     

氨氮及盐度对单环刺螠耗氧率的影响研究

在实验室条件下测定了盐度、氨氮对单环刺螠耗氧率的影响。单环刺螠耗氧率随时间的延长逐渐降低，两者之间呈二次多项式关系：OR=ax^2＋bx＋c；盐度对单环刺螠耗氧率的影响非常明显（p〈0．01），盐度在31时，各种规格单环刺螠的耗氧率达到最大值；单环刺螠的耗氧率与NH4^＋浓度呈明显幂函数关系：OR=ax^-b，经F检验总氨氮与体重对单环刺螠耗氧率的影响均达极显著水平（p〈0．01）。     

舟山渔场银鲳人工授精及孵化

2005-2008年,在舟山海域银鲳(Pampus argenteus)繁殖季节(4-5月),随流刺网或张网捕鱼船出海,捕捞性腺成熟的银鲳,进行人工授精和孵化.人工授精试验采用干法、湿法和半干法,比较受精率和孵化率.通过4年连续测量银鲳成熟卵的卵径、油球径等形态指标,对卵子成熟度进行判别,在水温16.0～18.5 ℃、盐度28.0±0.5的条件下进行孵化.结果表明,以干法受精后间隔3～5 min水洗和半干法受精的方法受精率最高,受精率达18.50%～33.50%,最高达40%;孵化率达到43.83%～51.00%,最高达66%.银鲳成熟卵子的卵径为(1.368±0.082)mm,油球径为(0.550±0.031)mm,油球1个.对影响海捕银鲳亲体受精率和孵化率的环境条件也进行了讨论.     

盐度、pH值和碱度对凡纳滨对虾受精卵孵化率的影响

以进口凡纳滨对虾所产的受精卵为材料,在相同孵化水温(29.5℃)、不同盐度(20、25、30、35、40)、不同pH值(7.0、7.5、8.0、8.5、9.0)及不同碱度(2.23 mmol/L、2.79 mmol/L、3.35 mmol/L、3.90mmol/L、4.46 mmol/L)条件下,进行凡纳滨对虾受精卵的孵化试验。试验结果表明:凡纳滨对虾受精率的孵化率与盐度呈密切相关,以海水盐度为30的孵化效果最佳,平均孵化率达到87.7%,盐度低至20或高至40时均不能孵化出无节幼体;凡纳滨对虾受精卵的孵化效果与海水的pH值密切相关,微碱性的海水有利于受精卵的正常发育,孵化率表现较佳,其中以海水pH值8.0的孵化效果最佳,受精卵的平均孵化率为85.85%,海水pH值过低或过高都不利于胚胎的发育,受精卵的孵化率都有不同程度的下降;受精卵的孵化效果与海水碱度的变化没有显著的相关性,在2.23～4.46 mmol/L的碱度范围内,受精卵的平均孵化率介于85.35%到85.95%之间,各碱度梯度组之间的孵化率无显著差异。     

温度和盐度对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼受精率和孵化率的联合影响

采用中心复合设计和响应曲面方法研究了温度(T,℃)和盐度(S)对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼人工受精率(FR,％)和孵化率(HR,％)的综合影响.设定的温度范围为20～34,盐度范围为0～18.建立了温度、盐度与受精和孵化之间关系的定量模型,并通过分析明确了温度与盐度的最优组合.结果表明,吉富罗非鱼在温度与盐度较高或较低范围内受精率与孵化率都处于较低水平.温度和盐度的一次与二次效应对受精与孵化均有极显著的影响(P＜0.01).温度与盐度二者间协同效应不显著(P＞0.05).建立了吉富罗非鱼受精率与孵化率的多项式方程,复相关系数分别达到了0.957 8和0.960 1 (P＜0.01),可以用于预测吉富罗非鱼的受精率和孵化率.利用统计优化技术明确,在温度27.14℃,盐度8.95时,罗非鱼最佳的受精率为80.8％,孵化率为77.63％.本研究旨在考察温度与盐度同时变化对吉富罗非鱼受精率与孵化率的影响,探讨最佳温度－盐度组合以增加吉富罗非鱼苗种产量.     

单环刺螠对水温、盐度和pH的耐受性的研究

以单环刺螠幼螠为材料测定其生活环境的部分水质指标。单环刺螠幼螠生存,水温超过31.6℃会导致幼螠死亡,且降温后幼螠不能恢复;幼螠生存的盐度为13.8~35.9,适宜盐度20.8~35.2;幼螠生存的pH为4.0~10.5,适宜pH 5.96~9.01。盘锦地区近岸沿海和海水养殖池塘可以进行单环刺螠的养殖,水质因子可以满足其正常生长发育。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.