调控乳脂中共轭亚油酸的研究进展

共轭亚油酸(CLA)是亚油酸的一组构象和位置异构体,对人体健康有着重大的意义。而动物食品是CLA的重要来源,通过调控提高牛乳中CLA的含量,近年来成为研究的热点。本文主要阐述了CLA的结构、生理作用和调控乳中CLA合成的研究进展。     

调控乳脂中共轭亚油酸的研究进展

共轭亚油酸（CLA）是亚油酸的一组构象和位置异构体。对人体健康有着重大的意义。而动物食品是CLA的重要来源，通过调控提高牛乳中CLA的含量，近年来成为研究的热点。本文主要阐述了CLA的结构、生理作用和调控乳中CLA合成的研究进展。     

共轭亚油酸对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长、体组成及肝代谢相关酶活力的影响

珍珠龙胆石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×E.lanceolatu♂)是鞍带石斑鱼(♂E.lanceolatu)与棕点石斑鱼(♀E.fuscoguttatus)杂交出的新品种。本研究用共轭亚油酸(CLA)添加量为0(CLA0)、0.8%(CLA0.8)、1.6%(CLA1.6)、2.4%(CLA2.4)、3.2%(CLA3.2)的5种等氮等能饲料,投喂初始体重为(63.57±0.56)g珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼8周,研究不同共轭亚油酸水平对其生长、体组成及肝代谢相关酶活的影响。结果表明:(1)添加共轭亚油酸对实验鱼增重率、成活率、特定生长率、肥满度、肝体比和脏体比无显著影响;蛋白质效率随着饲料中共轭亚油酸水平的升高而升高,其他各组显著高于CLA0组(P0.05);摄食率随着饲料中共轭亚油酸水平的升高而降低,CLA0组显著高于其他各组(P0.05);饲料系数呈降低趋势,在CLA2.4组达到最低,显著低于CLA0组(P0.05)。(2)肌肉脂肪含量随饲料CLA水平的升高而升高,除CLA0.8组外,其他各组显著高于CLA0组(P0.05),肝脂肪含量随着饲料CLA含量的变化未见显著性差异。CLA1.6组肌肉中饱和脂肪酸和C_(18:0)含量显著高于CLA0组(P0.05),CLA3.2组单不饱和脂肪酸和C_(18:1n-9)显著低于CLA0组(P0.05)。CLA2.4组和CLA3.2组肝中C_(16:0)和C_(18:0)含量显著高于CLA0组(P0.05),而C_(16:1n-7)、C_(18:1n-9)和C_(18:1n-7)含量显著低于CLA0组(P0.05)。CLA2.4组和CLA3.2组肌肉和肝中C_(18:3n-3)和C_(18:2n-6)在显著低于CLA0组(P0.05)。肌肉和肝中C_(18:2c9,t11)和C_(18:2t10,c12)含量同共轭酸添加水平呈现高度正相关,且各添加组均显著高于CLA0组(P0.05)。(3)饲料中共轭亚油酸水平影响葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)的活性,各实验组均显著高于CLA0组(P0.05);饲料中共轭亚油酸水平影响酰基辅酶A氧化酶(ACO)的活性,其中CLA3.2活性最高,均高于其他组(P0.05);除CLA0.8组的总酯酶和脂肪酸合成酶活力低于CLA0组外,其他各组均高于CLA0组(P0.05)。实验结果表明,日粮中适量添加CLA可显著提高珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼对饲料的利用,改善肌肉和肝中脂肪酸组成,同时增加肝脂肪代谢相关酶的活性。     

共轭亚油酸对猪胴体品质的影响

<正>1概述1.1CLA的概念及结构共轭亚油酸(Conjugated linoleicacid,CLA)是一系列含有碳碳共轭双键、具有多种位置和几何异构的十八碳二烯酸的统称。CLA具有16种共轭亚油酸的异构物,9,11-CLA在自然界的分布丰度相对较高,在CLA异构体中,活性是按以下顺序递减的:9c,11t>10t,12c>9t,11t,因此9c,11t-CLA可能是其中最有效的异构体[1]。     

共轭亚油酸的生理功能及安全性研究

共轭亚油酸(Conjugatedlinoleicacid,CLA)是一类在9与11位、10与12位或11与13位碳原子处有顺式或反式共轭双键的十八碳二烯酸,是亚油酸分子的几种位置与几何异构体的通称。国内外研究表明,CLA具有抗癌、抗动脉粥样硬化、加强免疫、抑制脂肪沉积、建造骨骼、防止高血糖和糖尿病、促进生长发育等生理功能。因此,CLA已经成为药物和功能性食品等研究领域的一个热点。本文主要论述了共轭亚油酸的结构、分布、安全性、生理功能及应用前景。     

共轭亚油酸对日本沼虾生长、抗氧化及脂质代谢的影响

为了探讨共轭亚油酸对日本沼虾生长、抗氧化及脂质代谢的影响,实验用不同含量的共轭亚油酸(conjugated linoleic acid,CLA)替代鱼油,CLA添加水平分别为0%(CLA1)、1.5%(CLA2)、3%(CLA3)、4.5%(CLA4)和6%(CLA5),对日本沼虾进行为期8周的摄食营养实验。实验虾的初始均重为(0.102±0.0024)g,每组设5个平行。结果显示,随着CLA含量的增加,各组虾的增重差异不显著,但存活率却有降低趋势,其中CLA5组存活率显著低于CLA1组;肝胰腺中丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)活性随着CLA水平的增加呈现先降低再升高趋势,其中CLA1组SOD活力显著高于其余各组,当CLA含量超过4.5%(CLA4)时,日本沼虾肝胰腺中MDA含量显著增加;随着CLA水平的增加,血浆中胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG)含量显著降低;脂肪代谢相关基因B类Ⅰ型清道夫受体(SR-BI)、肉碱脂酰转移酶(CPT1)m RNA表达水平有一定的波动性,均在CLA4组达到最高,乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)m RNA表达水平呈先增加后降低趋势,其中CLA4组ACC基因表达量显著高于其余各组(P0.05)。研究表明,CLA的添加对日本沼虾抗氧化能力和脂质代谢过程产生了一定的影响,CLA添加对虾的生长性能未产生显著影响,但添加水平较高时(6%)会降低虾的存活率。     

共轭亚油酸的性质及其生理功能

共轭亚油酸(CLA)是亚油酸同分异构体的混合物,是主要来源于反刍动物食品的天然营养成分。它具有抗癌、抗氧化、降低血清胆固醇、减少脂肪沉积、促进生长以及调节免疫等作用,是一种新型保健功能脂质,因此在药物和食品等研究领域中有很广阔的应用前景。在查阅大量文献的基础上,综述了CLA的来源、合成以及各种生理功能,以期为其应用及开发研究提供较为详细的信息资料。     

共轭亚油酸的性质及其生理功能

共轭亚油酸（CLA）是亚油酸同分异构体的混合物，是主要来源于反刍动物食品的炙然营养成分。它具有抗癌、抗氧化、降低血清胆回醇、减少脂肪沉积、促进生长以厦调节免疫等作用，是一种新型保健功能脂质，因此在药物和食品等研究领域中有很广阔的应用前景。在查阅大量文献的基础上，综述了CLA的来源、合成以厦各种生理功能，以期为其应用厦开发研究提供较为详细的信息资料。     

结合亚油酸可以提高应激基因型猪的生产性能和猪肉质量

以总日粮0.75%给杂交生长-肥育去势公猪(60头)添加结合亚油酸(CLA).按应激基因型(阴性、携带和阳性)随机分为CLA或对照日粮组.饲喂CLA日粮猪的饲料/增重比(350g/kg饲料)高于饲喂对照日粮猪(330g/kg饲料).添加CLA猪的第十肋骨脂肪厚(2.34cm比2.84cm)和最后肋骨脂肪厚(2.46cm比2.72cm)低于对照猪.添加CLA使所有基因型猪的主观大理石花纹评分都增加.本研究证实添加CLA可以提高应激基因型猪的饲料转化率、降低背膘厚度和改善猪肉质量.     

共轭亚油酸对大黄鱼免疫功能的影响

1 500尾大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)随机分为5个处理,分别饲喂冰鲜鱼(D1组)、添加5%鱼油日粮(D2组)、共轭亚油酸(CLA)水平为1%(D3组)、2%(D4组)、4%(D5组)日粮.饲喂10周后,通过测定脾脏重、脾体指数、溶菌酶、补体C3、C4、免疫球蛋白IgM浓度等免疫指标,研究不同水平CLA日粮对大黄鱼免疫功能的影响.结果表明,在大黄鱼日粮中添加CLA可以影响其免疫器官-脾脏,添加CLA组使得大黄鱼脾体指数高于未添加CLA的对照组.虽然日粮中添加CLA对于补体C3、C4没有显著影响,但是对于溶菌酶和免疫球蛋白IgM有明显的影响.在大黄鱼日粮中添加CLA可以在一定程度上改善大黄鱼的免疫性能,对于其抗细菌、抗病毒能力有一定提高.     

共轭亚油酸在养猪生产中的研究进展

伴随着现代畜牧业的快速发展,新型的饲料添加剂在养殖生产中应用越来越多。共轭亚油酸作为一种天然的新型功能性脂肪酸,具有抗癌、减少体脂和提高动物生产性能、提高动物免疫力、改善胴体品质等特殊的生理功能。本文主要从它的来源、生理功能及机制和在现代养猪生产中的应用作一综述。     

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) for finishing Nile tilapia

A 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) for finishing Nile tilapia evaluating its effects on growth performance, whole body and filet compositions, fatty acid composition, plasma lipid parameters, filet texture, liquid loss and holding capacity. Triplicate groups of Nile tilapia were hand‐fed until apparent satiation on diets in which CLA oil was supplemented at 0 (control), 5 or 10 g kg^?1. No differences were observed on weight gain, feed intake, feed/gain ratio, protein efficiency ratio, hepatosomatic index, visceral fat, filet yield and survival between treatments. Fish‐fed CLA diets had increased whole body crude protein and reduced filet lipid content. The total plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol decreased with CLA supplementation. Neither 5 nor 10 g kg^?1 dietary CLA improved liquid‐holding capacity and filet texture when compared with fish fed the control diet. Fish‐fed dietary CLA showed lower whole body and filet C18:3(n‐6), C18:3(n‐3) and C20:2(n‐6) levels and higher levels of C18:0. CLA deposition in filet and whole body (16 mg–235 mg g^?1 of tissue) are higher than presented in natural sources of CLA, proving to be a great product to increase CLA consumption by humans.     

Deposition of conjugated linoleic acid in market size sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and its effects on performance,composition and fillet sensory and texture attributes

The effect conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) accumulation in fish fillet on sensory and texture attributes has been evaluated. Fish were fed diets with graded levels of CLA, which were administered for different durations prior to harvest. Fish were sampled for fillet proximate composition and fatty acid profile for sensory and texture parameters at the end of the trial. Growth performance, feed conversion ratio and muscle proximate composition were not affected by dietary treatments. Muscle fatty acid profile was not affected by dietary treatments despite the increase in saturated fatty acids in fish fed diet with 10 g kg⁻¹ of CLA for 16 weeks before harvest. Besides, the deposition levels of CLA isomers increased gradually depending on the CLA treatment, reaching its maximum level in fish fed 10 g kg⁻¹ CLA diet for 20 weeks before harvest. Fish fed 10 g kg⁻¹ were juicier (P < 0.05) compared with control group, whereas fish fed 5 g kg⁻¹ CLA diet were less (P < 0.05) chewy than fish fed control diet regarding sensory attributes. Texture parameters were not significantly affected by dietary CLA. These results suggest that market size European sea bass could successfully incorporate CLA isomers with some minor positive effects on sensory analyses.     

Conjugated linoleic acid in diets for lambari (Astyanax altiparanae) (Garutti & Britski, 2000)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on growth performance, carcass chemical composition and fatty acid profile of lambari (Astyanax altiparanae). A completely randomized experimental design with six treatments, diets with graded levels of CLA (0.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0 and 25.0 g kg^?1) and five repetitions. Fish (n = 570; weight: 1.58 ± 0.23 g) were distributed into 30 (70‐L) aquaria and fed the experimental diets during 90 days. No effects of dietary supplementation with CLA on fish performance and carcass chemical composition were observed. CLA influenced carcass fatty acid profile, a positive relationship was found for 16:1 n‐9, 18:1 n‐9, 18:2(cis‐9, trans‐11), 18:2(trans‐10, cis‐12) and 20:1 n‐9, and a negative relationship was found for 15:1 n‐7, 16:0, 16:1 n‐5, 18:2 n‐6, 18:3 n‐3, 20:5 n‐3 and 22:4 n‐6. Total CLA and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) linearly increased with the increase in dietary CLA, while saturated fatty acids (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of n‐6 and n‐3 series linearly decreased. Dietary CLA can be incorporated into the lambari (A. altiparanae) muscle, and the fish can be used as functional foods, because CLA is related to the prevention of various diseases in humans.     

Conjugated linoleic acid affects growth performance,hepatic fatty acid profile and lipid metabolism in juvenile Synechogobius hasta

This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary CLA (Conjugated linoleic acid) levels on growth performance, fatty acid profiles and lipid metabolism of liver in Synechogobius hasta. Fish were fed six diets with fish oil replaced by 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 g kg^?1 CLA for 8 weeks. Weight gain, WG, and SGR (specific growth rate) tended to increase when dietary CLA levels increased from 0 to 10 g kg^?1 and then decline with further increasing dietary CLA levels to 25 g kg^?1. FCR (feed conversion ratio) showed contrary trend with WG and SGR. The reduced VSI (vicero somatic index) and increased HSI (hepatosomatic index) were observed in fish fed increasing dietary CLA levels. Whole‐body lipid content declined, but hepatic lipid content increased with increasing dietary CLA levels. Dietary CLA modified total percentages of the main groups of fatty acids in liver. Hepatic 6PGD, ME and ICDH activities increased with increasing dietary CLA levels. FAS and G6PD were very variable and not related to dietary treatments. CPT I activities showed no significant differences among the treatments. Based on second‐order polynomial regression analysis of WG and FCR against dietary CLA level, 8.7–10.1 g kg^?1 was indicated to be the optimal dietary CLA range for maximum growth and feed utilization for S. hasta.     

Enrichment of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fillets with conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acids by dietary manipulation

An experiment was conducted in aquaria with channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to determine the efficacy of augmenting fillets with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n − 3 HUFA) by feeding diets amended with products containing high levels of these nutrients. Refined menhaden fish oil at 1.5% of diet supplied the n − 3 HUFA. CLA was used at dietary levels of 0.5% and 1% with a preparation that contained approximately 65% isomers of CLA. Corn oil was added to the basal diet at maximum inclusion level for added lipids of 3% for the control diet and to adjust total added lipid content of the other diets to 3%. Average initial body weight was 57.39 ± 0.25 g/fish. Six experimental diets were fed twice daily to four replicate aquaria for six weeks. At that time, fish were group weighed for determination of weight gain and feed conversion. Fillets of six fish per aquarium were recovered and stored at − 80 °C for moisture and total lipid analyses, fatty acid analysis, and sensory evaluation. Results showed feed consumption and feed conversion did not differ (P > 0.05). Significantly (P < 0.05) greater body weight gains were observed only for fish fed the diets with two combinations of CLA and 1.5% fish oil compared to fish fed the diet containing 0.5% CLA and corn oil. Fillet n − 3 HUFA levels were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated for fish fed diets containing fish oil when compared to n − 3 HUFA of fillets of fish fed diets containing either corn oil or CLA and corn oil. Similarly, fillets from fish fed diets amended with CLA contained substantial amounts of CLA of up to 6.4% of total lipids. Fillets from fish fed corn oil or fish oil diets had no CLA. Taste panel evaluation indicated that fillets containing n − 3 HUFA and CLA were essentially without fishy off-flavor and had excellent sensory qualities. Catfish fillets produced by amending diets with sources of n − 3 HUFA and CLA at the levels used in this study would contain elevated levels of these nutraceuticals and could be an important human food source for these healthful fatty acids.     

Effects of conjugated linoleic acid and curcumin on growth performance and oxidative stress enzymes in juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) feed with aflatoxins

Aflatoxicosis is a growing problem in aquaculture. A 42‐day study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and curcumin (CUR) to protect juvenile Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) from aflatoxins. Growth parameters along with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activities were measured. Shrimps (36) with an average weight of 76 ± 0.9 mg were randomly allocated in eight experimental groups. Non‐contaminated diet (NCD) and aflatoxin‐contaminated diet (ACD) at 200 μg/kg were prepared. ACD was used to prepare six diets supplemented with CLA (4, 5 or 6 g/kg) and CUR (0.15, 0.2 and 0.3 g/kg). ACD reduced feed intake, growth rate and nitrogen retention efficiency, and increased ALP and GST activity. Improved nitrogen retention was observed for all groups feed with CLA. CUR supplementation at 0.2 g/kg increased feed intake and growth rate while at 0.15 g/kg increased nitrogen retention. ALP activity was reduced in all CUR groups and in 5 and 6 g/kg CLA groups. Reduction in GST activity was observed in 0.15 and 0.2 g/kg CUR groups and 4 g/kg CLA group. CLA supplementation and CUR supplementation can be beneficial to protect juvenile shrimp against aflatoxins.