华南沿海养殖近江牡蛎的分类研究

近江牡蛎是我国贝类养殖的主要对象,在华南沿海养殖已有700多年的历史。根据肉的颜色,近江牡蛎通常被珠江三角洲蚝民称为“赤蚝”和“白蚝”,但它们的贝壳形态极其相似。近江牡蛎分类鉴定研究已被探讨多年,传统的形态学、解剖学等已不能完全解决近江牡蛎的分类问题。近年发展起来的分子生物学技术在近江牡蛎分类方面取得了突破性的进展。文章综述了近江牡蛎分类研究进展,综合有关研究报道认为华南沿海养殖的近江牡蛎可能是3个物种的混合体：“赤蚝”可能是一个新种,而“白蚝”含有香港巨牡蛎和有明巨牡蛎2个物种。     

牡蛎常见病害初诊速查检索表

为快速诊断牡蛎的一些常见病害,从其主要症状入手,通过病害症状特异性比较,采用生物分类检索表的形式,建立了牡蛎养殖病害快速检索表。     

当代鱼类分类学研究采用分子生物学技术

分子生物学技术，近几年来已在鱼类分类学上开始应用，受到国内外鱼类学分类学家的重视。过去鱼类分类学研究一般采用形态学分类法，此方法简单直观，易于掌握。研究个体差异较小时，按照形态结构进行分类，易造成分类学上的错误。随着分子生物学技术的发展，在鱼类分类研究中也逐步得到广泛应用。用分子生物学技术进行鱼类分类，概括为以下几种：     

人工诱导长牡蛎三倍体发生技术

长牡蛎 Ｃｒａｓｓｏｓｔｒｅａ ｇｉｇａｓ（Ｔｈｕｎｂｅｒｇ）又名太平洋牡蛎，是目前牡蛎养殖的优良种类之一。二倍体长牡蛎在成熟期为形成生殖腺消耗体内贮存的糖元，且排放精卵后肉质变劣，大大降低了商品价值。三倍体牡蛎生殖腺不发育，到个体成熟时不进行有性生殖，生长速度和干肉重量明显超过二倍体牡蛎。笔者在长牡蛎三倍体育苗与养殖技术方面进行了初步探索，现将其中较成熟的操作流程整理如下。１ 受精卯的制备 采用本地海区养殖的１．５～２龄亲贝，选择体大、强壮、肥满度好的个体，冲洗干净进行解剖。将已解剖的、　亲贝分类…     

牡蛎养殖合作社治理机制现状及对策建议

牡蛎养殖业在近几年养殖规模得到了前所未有的飞跃式发展,但同时面临着内部治理机制在部分合作社存在相对落后,导致机制落实难以到位,激励政策不到位,缺乏监督等,随着现如今山东胶东半岛牡蛎养殖业规模不断扩大,牡蛎养殖业专业合作组织也得到扩大,如何提高这一类合作社管理效率,是这一类合作社管理机制进一步完善的重要目标.对牡蛎养殖业合作社展开研究,探讨其管理效率和治理机制之间的关系,从而为解决山东胶东半岛牡蛎养殖业合作社治理机制现实管理问题提供一己之见.     

浙江省健跳港蛎江滩牡蛎多样性和资源量的时空变化

调查了浙江省三门县健跳港蛎江滩牡蛎礁中牡蛎的种类、资源量和幼体补充量，并分析了牡蛎的遗传多样性及资源量和幼体补充量的时空变化特征。结果显示，蛎江滩牡蛎礁中分布有6种牡蛎，即近江牡蛎(Crassostrea ariakensis)、熊本牡蛎(C.sikamea)、福建牡蛎(C.angulata)、香港牡蛎(C.hongkongensis)、猫爪牡蛎(Talonostrea talonata)和长牡蛎(C.gigas)。在牡蛎群落组成中，熊本牡蛎、香港牡蛎和近江牡蛎的占比分别为92.92%、5.00%和2.08%,其他3种牡蛎仅在定性调查中发现。夏初和秋季牡蛎平均密度分别为(97±40)个·m^-2和(1 770±467)个·m^-2;随着潮间带高程的降低，熊本牡蛎密度逐渐降低，而近江牡蛎和香港牡蛎的密度逐步升高。牡蛎幼体附着与补充开始于6月初、结束于10月初左右，补充量呈现显著的时空变化特征；熊本牡蛎在整个礁区均有较高的补充量，近江牡蛎和香港牡蛎则在中、低礁区补充量较高。结果表明，蛎江滩牡蛎礁中的牡蛎群落具有较高的物种多样性。未来需进一步研究泥沙淤...     

广西茅尾海的香港巨牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)在不同养殖区的性腺发育变化

为探究香港巨牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)的繁殖特性以及春季死亡原因,采用肉眼观察、活体镜检和组织切片方法研究了茅尾海沙井的香港巨牡蛎苗种吊养于大风江黄场的1龄牡蛎的性腺发育周年变化,并建立了快速判断香港巨牡蛎性腺发育程度的方法.对比分析了吊养在茅尾海沙井、大风江入海口内的黄场和入海口外的鑫丰场的2龄牡蛎性腺发育的启动和发展过程.结果显示,广西茅尾海的香港巨牡蛎每年只有1个繁殖周期,性腺发育过程可划分为未分化期(1-3月)、分化期(4月)、成熟排放期(5-10月)及休止期(11-12月)4个阶段;1龄和2龄牡蛎的性腺发育基本同步;大风江入海口外的牡蛎的性腺发育较入海口内的牡蛎提前约15d,而比茅尾海内海的牡蛎提前约30 d,入海口外的牡蛎的性腺4月即发育到成熟排放期,冬季饵料的丰富程度和温度、盐度等因素可能是造成这种差异的原因.研究还发现,高温少雨天气下,海水盐度高,抑制了牡蛎性细胞的排放,导致入海口外侧吊养牡蛎的大规模死亡,濒临死亡的牡蛎性腺处于退化和崩解状态.鉴于此,认为4月初即需密切监测吊养于入海口外的牡蛎性腺的发育状况和天气状况,及时收获性腺饱满的牡蛎,或将吊养牡蛎的蚝排放置在河流入海口内区域过冬.     

分子生物学技术在水产上的应用

随着人们利用分子生物学技术对各种生物基础性研究的深入,对各种生物的相关分子生物特性不断了解与掌握,现在已把该技术广泛应用于各相关学科和应用领域,解决了我们以前一些无法解决的疑难问题。例如,利用分子生物学技术对鱼类种群、种属的分类鉴别,鱼的种群大小的确定,鱼类个体识别,新鱼种的培育,鱼类种属的进化关系等等。让我们对鱼类的进化关系有更进一步的了解,特别是新鱼种的培育,为我们提供更多物美价廉的水产品提供了强有力的技术保证。     

中国牡蛎帕金虫的检测与鉴定

对中国沿海23个地点的太平洋牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）、近江牡蛎（Crassostrea ariakensis）、褶牡蛎（Ostrea plicatula）进行样品采集。利用液体巯基醋酸盐培养基培养法、组织切片法、聚合酶链反应法,对样品进行帕金虫含量检测。结果表明在三种牡蛎体内春、夏、冬季都有帕金虫寄生,夏季帕金虫感染率最高可达100%,其他季节感染率较低。利用分子生物学方法鉴定帕金虫种类,结果表明,在中国沿海的三种牡蛎体内主要寄生两种帕金虫：Perkinsus.sp.n（EU068107）与Perkinsus olseni,这两种帕金虫在中国沿海分布具有一定地域性,Perkinsus.sp.n（EU068107）主要分布在中国南海的海南省、广西壮族自治区、广东省沿岸,而Perkinsus olseni分布在中国东海的浙江省沿岸。     

赤潮微藻的分类鉴定方法

赤潮微藻的准确分类鉴定是研究赤潮生物学、生理学和生态学的基础.本文介绍了赤潮微藻分类鉴定的常用方法,主要包括形态分类法、化学分类法和分子生物学方法,形态分类法是最传统和直接的赤潮微藻的分类鉴定方法,化学分类法和分子生物学方法可单独使用或作为形态分类法的辅助方法.     

健跳港上游湾区牡蛎潮间带分带格局和资源补充研究#br#

为了解牡蛎在潮间带的生态特性及资源分布情况,调查了浙江三门健跳港上游湾区牡蛎潮间带分带格局,并检验附苗器类型和地点对牡蛎资源补充的影响。结果显示:潮间带定量调查共记录到3种牡蛎,即熊本牡蛎(Crassostrea sikamea)、近江牡蛎(C.ariakensis)和香港牡蛎(C.hongkongensis),首次在浙江海域记录到香港牡蛎的自然分布。熊本牡蛎在调查的5个潮区(1.4 m、2.2 m、3.0 m、3.8m、4.6 m)均有分布,其平均密度沿增加的高程梯度呈现上升趋势,其中4.6 m潮区熊本牡蛎密度显著高于1.4 m和2.2 m潮区(P<0.05)。近江牡蛎和香港牡蛎仅分布于最底层的1.4 m和2.2 m潮区。牡蛎资源补充实验结果表明,该湾区具有很高的熊本牡蛎资源补充量,采苗地点(P<0.05)和附苗器类型(P<0.05)均显著影响牡蛎苗的密度和壳高,总体上水泥片的附苗效果要好于塑胶轮胎,上游S1点附苗效果优于下游S2点,推荐上游S1点作为熊本牡蛎附苗场。     

马氏珠母贝蛋白的分离及分子量分布研究

试验结果表明,马氏珠母贝全脏器各分离蛋白组分占总蛋白含量分别为:非蛋白氮1.48%,肌浆蛋白33.20%,肌原纤维蛋白13.14%,碱溶性蛋白21.54%,基质蛋白30.65%;贝肌肉各分离蛋白组分占总蛋白含量分别为:非蛋白氮0.83%,肌浆蛋白26.56%,肌原纤维蛋白18.48%,碱溶性蛋白30.34%,基质蛋白23.79%;马氏珠母贝蛋白氨基酸组成均衡,呈味氨基酸及支链氨基酸含量高,但在各蛋白组分中的含量存在一定差异性.利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)测定的分子量分布结果显示,2种原料蛋白的肌浆蛋白分子量分布范围较宽,集中在200～19 kDa,肌原纤维蛋白分子量分布集中在200～45 kDa,碱溶性蛋白集中分布在41～3 kDa.     

熊本牡蛎多嵴和无嵴品系F1生长性状的群体选育

为了改良熊本牡蛎(Crassostrea sikamea)生长性能,以多嵴品系和无嵴品系熊本牡蛎为材料,以壳高为指标,按照10%留种率,采用截头法进行了两个品系的群体选育研究,结果表明:选择反应及现实遗传力随着个体增大而增加,且多嵴品系选择反应略高于无嵴品系。对于多嵴品系而言,幼虫期、稚贝期、养成的选择反应及现实遗传分别为0.33±0.04、0.19±0.02,0.46±0.03、0.26±0.02,0.63±0.11、0.36±0.07;无嵴品系的分别为0.30±0.04、0.17±0.02,0.43±0.03、0.25±0.02,0.58±0.10、0.33±0.06。经过1周年的养成,多嵴品系和无嵴品系的壳高遗传改进量分别为8.41%、7.71%。由此可见,两个品系的现实遗传力相对较高,说明存在着一定程度的遗传变异。研究为熊本牡蛎遗传改良及新品系培育提供了理论与实践基础。     

养殖牡蛎的选择育种研究与实践

在人类利用自然和改造自然的同时,与人类生活密切相关的动植物也经历着自然进化、人工驯化和人工选育的过程,后者使得这些动植物在生长速度、产量和抗病、抗逆性等方面获得明显的改良.     

Mitochondrial DNA barcoding for Okinawan oysters: a cryptic population of the Portuguese oyster Crassostrea angulata in Japanese waters

We used mitochondrial (mt) DNA barcoding to evaluate the species diversity of oysters sampled from the coast of Okinawa Island, Japan. Our analysis revealed the presence of a hitherto-unrecognized population of the Portuguese oyster Crassostrea angulata, a putative species closely related to the Pacific oyster C. gigas. Forty-eight Okinawan oyster specimens were collected and subjected to species diagnosis trials based on mtDNA barcodes. Of the 30 Crassostrea specimens, 17 were identified as C. angulata, seven as C. gigas and six as C. bilineata (syn. C. iredalei). The remaining 18 Saccostrea specimens formed several divergent clades in phylogenetic trees, although they could not be identified to species level because of the confounding taxonomy of the Saccostrea species complex. Our results stress the necessity for reviewing the species diversity of Okinawan oysters.     

美国熊本牡蛎基础群体构建及生产性能评估

为了获得优良熊本牡蛎(Crassosrea sikamea)种质资源,于2015年从美国Taylor贝类养殖公司引入熊本牡蛎,采用2种配对方式构建了核心基础群体;以中国熊本牡蛎选育群体为对照,评估了美国熊本牡蛎引种的生产性能及可行性。结果表明,美国熊本牡蛎相对于中国群体而言,表现出生长较快,商品规格比率较高,但存活力较低的特点。经过1周年养成,美国熊本牡蛎较中国群体子代壳高提高了11.48%,总重提高了48.12%。评估表明,群体来源对子代生产性能造成了显著的影响,而配对策略尚未产生显著影响。本研究发现美国熊本牡蛎在中国华南沿海具有较好的生产性能,这为熊本牡蛎种质改良提供了宝贵的繁育材料,也为华南牡蛎产业提供了一个可选择的优良品种。     

A comparative study of the survival,growth and gonad development of the diploid and triploid Hong Kong oyster,Crassostrea hongkongensis (Lam & Morton 2003)

The Hong Kong oyster, Crassostrea hongkongensis is an economically important and widely cultivated oyster species in southern China. Aiming to improve the aquaculture potentials of C. hongkongensis, a triploid organism was generated by inhibiting the second polar body formation in the fertilized eggs, using 0.5 mg L^?1 cytochalasin B. Triploids exhibited significantly higher growth and were larger than the diploids throughout the life cycle. Much of the triploid growth advantage can be attributed to resource reallocation to structural development due to gonadal sterility. Most of the triploid oysters exhibited polymorphic sterility with atrophic gonads and abnormal gametogenesis. Only few ‘dysfunctional’ sperms were produced by the triploid males, thus ruling out reproductive and genetic contamination of natural oyster populations from triploid cultivations. This advantage in addition to the superior growth of triploids makes it a potent alternative in Hong Kong oyster aquaculture industry. Triploid survival was mostly found to be similar to that of diploids except for day 360, when a significant triploid advantage in terms of survival was noted. Furthermore, we found that growth and survival of Hong Kong oyster is significantly higher at the Zhuhai site in comparison to the Beihai site. Our results indicate a strong environmental effect in Hong Kong oyster cultivation and points to the fact that Zhuhai site was more suitable for oyster farming than the Beihai site. Overall, this study provides valuable information to the aquaculture industry of southern China.     

Multiplex species-specific PCR identification of native and non-native oysters (Crassostrea) in Brazil: a useful tool for application in oyster culture and stock management

In an effort to develop molecular tools for oyster identification, this study reveals the usefulness of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the reliable, rapid and low-cost identification of the four oyster species found along the Brazilian coast: Crassostrea gasar, Crassostrea rhizophorae, Crassostrea gigas and Crassostrea sp. Canela originally found at Pará, Brazil. In order to perform a simultaneous identification of these species, we used a set of five primers developed and adapted from the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) fragments, respectively. Amplification was successful in all four species and PCR products were visualized in agarose gel. A single reaction was capable of distinguishing between the species: C. gigas, with two fragments (236 bp for COI and 718 bp for ITS1); C. gasar, with one fragment (718 bp for ITS1); Crassostrea sp., with one fragment (621 bp for ITS1) and C. rhizophorae with two fragments (377 bp for COI and 718 bp for ITS1). This molecular approach provides a simple and rapid identification of the oyster species from the Brazilian coast, thus increasing the efficient and quality of oyster culture programs by reducing the risk of wrong species identification.     

Fishery of the mangrove oyster, Crassostrea gasar, Adanson (1757), in the Lagos area,Nigeria

The mangrove oyster, Crassostrea gasar, constitutes an important source of animal protein among some communities in the Lagos area. This paper summarises present knowledge of the fishery of the mangrove oyster in the Lagos area, highlights its prospects, and suggests how oyster production for consumption can be improved.     

Identification and counting of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas larvae by object detection using deep learning

Natural seedling collection is widely used in the culture of various bivalve species. For successful natural seedling collection, collectors must be installed when larvae appear in the water column at a stage immediately before attachment. Aquaculture farmers generally identify target larvae by morphological features through microscopic examination in a time- and labor-expensive exercise, which also requires a level of expertise to ensure accurate larval identification. We develop a deep-learning-based object-detection technique that ultimately might reduce the time and effort required to accurately identify and count Pacific oyster larvae, render their identification more consistent, and negate the need for expertise. Images of plankton net samples collected in Matsushima and Sendai bays, Japan, were taken using a new photographic device with a CMOS image sensor. Images of oyster larvae identified by an expert were used to create a library of labeled images to train a deep-learning model, which proved to be 82.4% accurate in precision, 90.8% in recall, and 86.4% in F-measure. A further method for estimating larval shell height from the rectangular shape of oyster larval images is also developed. The standardized mean difference in shell height between measurements and estimates is 3.3%. This deep-learning model has the potential to significantly reduce the time and effort required to identify oyster larvae in plankton samples, and thereby costs of this exercise.