浙江省健跳港蛎江滩牡蛎多样性和资源量的时空变化

调查了浙江省三门县健跳港蛎江滩牡蛎礁中牡蛎的种类、资源量和幼体补充量，并分析了牡蛎的遗传多样性及资源量和幼体补充量的时空变化特征。结果显示，蛎江滩牡蛎礁中分布有6种牡蛎，即近江牡蛎(Crassostrea ariakensis)、熊本牡蛎(C.sikamea)、福建牡蛎(C.angulata)、香港牡蛎(C.hongkongensis)、猫爪牡蛎(Talonostrea talonata)和长牡蛎(C.gigas)。在牡蛎群落组成中，熊本牡蛎、香港牡蛎和近江牡蛎的占比分别为92.92%、5.00%和2.08%,其他3种牡蛎仅在定性调查中发现。夏初和秋季牡蛎平均密度分别为(97±40)个·m^-2和(1 770±467)个·m^-2;随着潮间带高程的降低，熊本牡蛎密度逐渐降低，而近江牡蛎和香港牡蛎的密度逐步升高。牡蛎幼体附着与补充开始于6月初、结束于10月初左右，补充量呈现显著的时空变化特征；熊本牡蛎在整个礁区均有较高的补充量，近江牡蛎和香港牡蛎则在中、低礁区补充量较高。结果表明，蛎江滩牡蛎礁中的牡蛎群落具有较高的物种多样性。未来需进一步研究泥沙淤...     

牡蛎礁修复的底物筛选：新、旧牡蛎壳附苗效果比较#br#

通过2019年室内和野外附着实验,检验了牡蛎壳(新壳和旧壳)和生物膜(有生物膜和无生物膜)对牡蛎附着量的影响。室内附着实验表明,在生物膜处理下新壳上牡蛎附着量显著高于旧壳(P<0.05);而在无生物膜对照组中,新、旧壳上牡蛎附着量无显著差异(P>0.05)。野外附着实验发现,生物膜显著提升了旧壳上牡蛎附着量,但对新壳上牡蛎附着量无显著影响。通过2020年野外附着实验,检验了牡蛎壳(新壳和旧壳)和潮区(滩面以上0.6 m和1.1 m)对牡蛎和藤壶附着量的影响。牡蛎附着量在每个潮区中,15 d、45 d和70 d时新壳均显著高于旧壳(P<0.05)。藤壶附着量仅在0.6 m潮区中、15 d时新壳显著高于旧壳,而45 d和70 d时,各潮区中新、旧壳上藤壶附着量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。研究发现,总体来看新壳的附苗效果好于旧壳,这种差异涵盖了整个牡蛎繁殖、附着及补充的高峰期。因此,牡蛎礁修复中应优先选取新壳作为底物。     

黄河三角洲潮间带四角蛤蜊资源调查分析

根据2013年5月、8月、10月以及2014年2月对黄河三角洲潮间带四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis)的资源调查,对该区域四角蛤蜊资源密度、现存资源分布状况进行了分析。结果表明,四角蛤蜊资源主要分布在广利河到永丰河、黄河入海口、河口北部滩涂区域。在黄河三角洲潮间带的各潮区均有分布,其中低潮区数量最多,中潮区和高潮区相对较少。该调查区域四角蛤蜊栖息密度和生物量分别为38.54 ind·m~(-2)和134.85 g·m~(-2)。四角蛤蜊资源数量和生物量的季节变化明显,其中,夏季四角蛤蜊资源数量最多,其次是冬季。冬季和春季四角蛤蜊生物量较大,夏季生物量最小。     

长江上游江津江段鱼类早期资源时空分布特征研究

于2009年5—7月对长江上游江津江段卵苗的时空分布进行了调查。结果显示:在5月14日、6月3日及6月9日前后该江段有卵苗汛发生,卵苗的平均密度为9.36 ind/100 m3,最大密度为37.73 ind/100 m3;经威氏符号秩次检验,卵苗密度的昼夜分布没有显著性差异(P>0.05);卵苗密度垂直分布没有显著性差异(P>0.05);在水平分布上,南岸和北岸之间的卵苗密度没有显著性差异(P>0.05),两岸和江中间的卵苗密度均存在极显著性差异(P<0.01)。     

对虾养殖池塘混养牡蛎对底质有机负荷的作用

以18个海水池塘陆基围隔进行对虾池塘不同密度混养牡蛎试验,利用N、S、P综合相对污染指数对不同密度混养牡蛎对虾池塘底质养殖负荷进行评估,结果表明,混养牡蛎虾池底质中N、S、P营养指标随养殖进程呈上升趋势,到实验结束时,不同密度梯度牡蛎混养围隔底质污染程度不同,根据N、S、P综合相对污染指数评估养殖负荷,各围隔呈低谷状排列:Ⅱ组(98.14)>Ⅲ组(60.64)>Ⅳ组(33.05)>Ⅴ组(29.68)<Ⅵ组(126.85);不同密度处理中,位于谷底的Ⅴ组为最佳放养密度点,对于养殖密度为4.5×106尾/hm2的对虾池塘,混养牡蛎最佳生物量为1003.2g/m3,转换为生产规模,则混养牡蛎最佳生物量为1.01×104kg/hm2。     

利用高通量测序开发的熊本牡蛎微卫星标记评价野生和养殖群体的遗传多样性及通用性

利用高通量测序的方法,从熊本牡蛎基因组中开发了20对具有多态性的微卫星标记,通过微卫星标记位点比较了野生群体和养殖群体的遗传多样性。野生群体中,所有位点共扩增出330个等位基因,等位基因数(N_a)范围为6～39,平均等位基因数为16.500 0;有效等位基因数(N_e)范围为1.352 9～33.361 7,平均值9.517 2;观测杂合度(H_o)范围为0.200 0～1.000 0,平均值0.671 5;期望杂合度(H_e)范围为0.265 6～0.987 7,平均值0.832 1;ShannonWeiner指数(Ⅰ)范围为0.648 3～3.585 8,平均值2.276 9;多态信息含量(PIC)范围为0.254 5～0.969 2,平均值0.803 5,共有16个位点符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。养殖群体中,N_a平均值为10.250 0,N_e平均值为5.843 4,H_o平均值为0.639 1,H_e平均值为0.763 6,I平均值为1.791 4,PIC平均值为0.720 7。结果显示,熊本牡蛎养殖群体的遗传多样性低于野生群体,但仍然维持在高度多态水平。研究表明,在熊本牡蛎人工繁育过程中,使用大数量的亲本进行繁育,可有效防止选育群体的遗传多样性降低,但人工选育对选育群体的遗传多样性也产生了一定的影响。另外,分析了这些引物在近缘种葡萄牙牡蛎、长牡蛎、香港牡蛎、有明牡蛎、僧帽牡蛎、咬齿牡蛎以及舌骨牡蛎中的通用性情况,发现XB1-6、XB1-39和XB1-45 3个位点在8个物种中均能扩增出目的条带,XB1-41仅能在熊本牡蛎中扩增出目的条带。     

熊本牡蛎三倍体与二倍体性腺发育特征比较

为了评估三倍体熊本牡蛎(Crassostrea sikamea)的繁殖潜力, 采用细胞松弛素 B 诱导了熊本牡蛎三倍体, 比较了 60 日龄(2016 年 8 月)~450 日龄(2017 年 9 月)三倍体与二倍体性腺发育特点, 分析了性腺发育与繁殖周期的相关性。研究结果表明, 熊本牡蛎三倍体与二倍体性腺发育均可分为形成期、增殖期、成熟期、排放期和耗尽期 5 个时期; 在一个繁殖周期内 22%的三倍体性腺可发育至成熟期, 但与二倍体相比, 三倍体成熟性腺的滤泡小、结缔组织丰富; 三倍体与二倍体性腺发育周期同步, 繁殖季节均位于 3—9 月, 繁殖期较长; 150 日龄(2016 年 10 月)三倍体与二倍体中发育的性腺(包括增殖期、成熟期、排放期、耗尽期)分别占 70%与 90%, 210 日龄(2017 年 1 月)减小至 3%与 18%, 之后性腺再次发育, 分别在 360 日龄(2017 年 6 月)和 450 日龄(2017 年 9 月)成熟期性腺比例达到最大值(40%和 90%)。三倍体与二倍体雌雄比分别为 1.35 : 1 和 0.95 : 1, 三倍体性比显著偏离 1 : 1 (P<0.01)。性腺成熟期三倍体与二倍体平均卵径分别为(44.30±6.88) μm 与(37.76±5.76) μm, 三倍体卵径比二倍体大 17.33% (P< 0.05)。本研究可为熊本牡蛎三倍体和二倍体繁育提供参考依据。     

香港牡蛎人工苗种池塘生态中期培育效果

同一批初始壳高(3.90±0.96)mm的香港牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)分成四份,每份10串,分别放在四个不同的养殖地点,采用浮筏养殖进行中培。每周测量一次稚贝的生长、养殖海水的温度、盐度和饵料密度,分析不同中期培育模式下香港牡蛎稚贝的中间培育效果及其影响因素。结果显示：四个中培地点的水温相近且均呈下降趋势,无显著差异(P>0.05);四个地点盐度由高到低依次为青菜头、亚公山、沙井港和海边池塘,青菜头和亚公山盐度显著高于沙井港和海边池塘(P<0.05),实验期间四个地点盐度均呈上升趋势。池塘饵料密度较高且含量稳定,沙井港饵料密度也较高但波动较大,青菜头和亚公山饵料密度较低。池塘生态中培的牡蛎稚贝生长速度最快,平均壳高增长(16.34±2.56)mm,存活率为93.60%;其次为沙井港、亚公山,青菜头稚贝生长最慢,平均壳高增长(6.23±1.44)mm,存活率为80.68%。池塘生态中培的牡蛎稚贝的生长率显著高于海上间的稚贝(P<0.05),效果最好,盐度和饵料密度显著影响中间培育效果。本研究结果可为香港牡蛎养殖提供理论指导及新的思路。     

兴化湾潮间带大型底栖生物群落生态研究

分别于2005年11月(秋季)和2006年5月(春季)两个季节,在兴化湾潮间带4条断面取样,共鉴定大型底栖生物189种.其中,多毛类、甲壳类和软体动物占总种数的90.5％,是该海域的主要优势类群.优势种主要有寡鳃卷吻沙蚕(Nephtys oligobranchia)、中蚓虫(Mediomastus sp.)、异蚓虫(Heteromastus sp.)、珠带拟蟹守螺(Cerithideopsilla cingulata)和侧理蛤(Theora lata)等.平均栖息密度和生物量分别为326 ind/m2和32.35 g/m2.空间分布上,栖息密度和生物量的垂直分布次序为:中潮区＞低潮区＞高潮区,水平分布具有湾内向湾口递减的趋势;对比两个季节,春季的平均栖息密度和生物量均大于秋季.群落结构分析显示,兴化湾潮间带大型底栖生物群落结构不稳定,群落发生扰动.     

胶州湾西北部潮间带冬季大型底栖动物丰度和生物量

为了解潮间带底栖动物的空间分布情况,根据2009年2月份在胶州湾西北部潮间带进行的7断面35个站位的底栖生物采样调查资料,分析了潮间带冬季大型底栖动物的数量分布。结果表明,调查共获得大型底栖动物49种,平均丰度88.1ind/m2,平均生物量77.8g/m2;主要优势种为菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)、凸壳肌蛤(Musculus senhousei)和日本大眼蟹(Macrophthalmus japonicus)。总体丰度在中潮区较高,生物量在低潮区较大;断面5丰度、生物量均最高,断面1丰度、生物量均最低。多毛类丰度和生物量在潮区间差异显著(P0.05),在中下潮区分布最多;甲壳类丰度和生物量在潮区和断面间差异均不显著(P0.05);软体类生物量在断面间的分布差异显著(P0.05),断面5最高,断面1最低。研究表明,大型底栖动物的种类组成、丰度与生物量的分布很不均匀,环境的复杂性和人为扰动可能是胶州湾西北部潮间带底栖动物分布不均匀的主要原因。     

The Effects of Tidal and Bottom Placement on the Growth, Survival and Fouling of the Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica

Oysters Crassostrea virginica in Georgia are naturally small and grow in clusters; however, it is more profitable to harvest large, single oysters. This study attempts to identify favorable tidal and bottom placements for the grow-out of large, single oysters in Georgia. Three bags, each containing 50 single oysters, were placed in four different tidal positions (subtidal on-bottom, subtidal off-bottom, intertidal on-bottom and intertidal off-bottom) at five sites in House Creek, Georgia. Measurements of oyster growth, survival and degree of oyster spat fouling were taken seasonally (every 3 mo). Oysters from on-bottom treatments exhibited significantly lower growth ( P = 0.0364 intertidal only), survival ( P = 0.0044) and degree of fouling ( P = 0.0154) than oysters from the intertidal off-bottom treatment. However, the oysters placed intertidally off-bottom were heavily fouled during the recruitment period. It may be necessary to sacrifice some growth and survival by culturing oysters intertidally on-bottom during the recruitment period in order to reduce the degree of fouling. During the non-recruitment period, placing oyster culture bags intertidally off-bottom maximizes growth and survival.     

美国熊本牡蛎基础群体构建及生产性能评估

为了获得优良熊本牡蛎(Crassosrea sikamea)种质资源,于2015年从美国Taylor贝类养殖公司引入熊本牡蛎,采用2种配对方式构建了核心基础群体;以中国熊本牡蛎选育群体为对照,评估了美国熊本牡蛎引种的生产性能及可行性。结果表明,美国熊本牡蛎相对于中国群体而言,表现出生长较快,商品规格比率较高,但存活力较低的特点。经过1周年养成,美国熊本牡蛎较中国群体子代壳高提高了11.48%,总重提高了48.12%。评估表明,群体来源对子代生产性能造成了显著的影响,而配对策略尚未产生显著影响。本研究发现美国熊本牡蛎在中国华南沿海具有较好的生产性能,这为熊本牡蛎种质改良提供了宝贵的繁育材料,也为华南牡蛎产业提供了一个可选择的优良品种。     

广西茅尾海的香港巨牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)在不同养殖区的性腺发育变化

为探究香港巨牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)的繁殖特性以及春季死亡原因,采用肉眼观察、活体镜检和组织切片方法研究了茅尾海沙井的香港巨牡蛎苗种吊养于大风江黄场的1龄牡蛎的性腺发育周年变化,并建立了快速判断香港巨牡蛎性腺发育程度的方法.对比分析了吊养在茅尾海沙井、大风江入海口内的黄场和入海口外的鑫丰场的2龄牡蛎性腺发育的启动和发展过程.结果显示,广西茅尾海的香港巨牡蛎每年只有1个繁殖周期,性腺发育过程可划分为未分化期(1-3月)、分化期(4月)、成熟排放期(5-10月)及休止期(11-12月)4个阶段;1龄和2龄牡蛎的性腺发育基本同步;大风江入海口外的牡蛎的性腺发育较入海口内的牡蛎提前约15d,而比茅尾海内海的牡蛎提前约30 d,入海口外的牡蛎的性腺4月即发育到成熟排放期,冬季饵料的丰富程度和温度、盐度等因素可能是造成这种差异的原因.研究还发现,高温少雨天气下,海水盐度高,抑制了牡蛎性细胞的排放,导致入海口外侧吊养牡蛎的大规模死亡,濒临死亡的牡蛎性腺处于退化和崩解状态.鉴于此,认为4月初即需密切监测吊养于入海口外的牡蛎性腺的发育状况和天气状况,及时收获性腺饱满的牡蛎,或将吊养牡蛎的蚝排放置在河流入海口内区域过冬.     

The Effects of Stocking Density,Bag Mesh Size,and Bottom Sediment on the Growth and Survival of the Eastern Oyster,Crassostrea virginica,with Emphasis on Controlling Oyster Spat Fouling

This study was designed to determine if oyster spat fouling upon adult oysters, Crassostrea virginica, cultured in coastal Georgia could be controlled by stocking density, bag mesh size, substrate type, and tidal level (intertidally or subtidally). Oyster gowth and survival was also monitored for each treatment. Sediment type had no effect on the number of spat per oyster either in intertidal or subtidal areas. Greater growth occurred in subtidal bags placed on sandmud and sandclay substrates. Intertidal mud and sandhnud bottom treatments showed the least growth. Survival of oysters grown intertidally (64%) was better the those cultured subtidally (27%). Mesh size of the oyster growing bags -had no effect upon oysler fouling or growth (shell length) and survival of the oysters they contained. Stocking density did affect oyster fouling, with lower fouling per oyster in higher density treatments. Density had no effect on oyster growth (shell length) or survival at the levels tested. Heavy fouling occurred on all oysters in the mesh and stocking density experiments while they were suspended off-bottom, but an I l -fold decrease in fouling occurred after bags were placed on the sublidal river bottom.     

Early growth and reproduction of hatchery-produced Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas in Gamakman Bay off the southern coast of Korea

We investigated the early growth and reproduction of hatchery-produced Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas raised in a suspended long-line facility in Gamakman Bay, off the south coast of Korea. In October 2009, 4?months after transplanting, shell length had increased from 27.4 (July) to 82.5?mm (October), and tissue weight had increased from 0.2 to 5.2?g, indicating that the oyster had reached a marketable size in this month. Histological studies indicated rapid gonad maturation, and the oysters spawned during August and October, with a peak in September. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay used to quantify egg biomass revealed that the oysters produced a relatively small quantity of eggs, ranging from 5.1?% (August) to 8.8?% (September) of their body weight. The low total carbohydrate reserve in the tissue recorded in August and September coincided with intense energy utilization due to spawning, while the protein maximum in September matched peak egg mass. Our results suggest that hatchery-produced seed could supply a portion of the spat required in Gamakman Bay as well as in other oyster culture grounds of Korea, where the oyster industry is facing a shortage in the supply of natural spat.     

Tetraploid induction in tropical oysters,Crassostrea belcheri (Sowerby) and Crassostrea iredalei (Faustino)

Tetraploid induction has been conducted on temperate oysters but not on tropical oysters. In this study, different heat shocks (32, 35 and 38°C) and cold shocks (1, 4 and 7°C) were used to induce tetraploidy in two tropical oyster species, Crassostrea belcheri and Crassostrea iredalei, through meiosis I inhibition. Temperature shocks were applied on the newly fertilized eggs at 8–10 min post fertilization and terminated when second polar bodies began to form in the control eggs. The ploidy of the larvae and spat was determined via direct chromosome count. The percentage of larval survival until Day 20 was low (between 0.4% and 42.9%) for both temperature shocks and oyster species. No surviving larva was recorded for induction at 1, 4 and 38°C. Tetraploid spat was only recorded in C. iredalei but the percentage is low through heat shock induction of 32 and 35°C. This study shows that the tetraploid induction success rate was slightly higher in C. iredalei compared to C. belcheri. No surviving tetraploid spat were recorded for both oyster species through the cold shock method. This study shows that heat shock can be used to inhibit meiosis for the production of tetraploids but more experiments need to be conducted to determine the optimum temperature when dealing with tropical oysters.     

Molecular species diagnosis confirmed the occurrence of Kumamoto oyster <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crassostrea sikamea</Emphasis> in Korean waters

In order to develop an appropriate natural resource management policy, it is important to elucidate the cryptic habitats of species. Oyster species are likely to have such unrecognized habitats owing to the difficulty involved in morphological species identification. In this study, we discovered a novel cryptic habitat of the Kumamoto oyster Crassostrea sikamea, a sibling species of the Pacific oyster C. gigas, in Korean waters. We collected 50 oyster samples from Suncheon Bay, located in the southern Korean Peninsula, among which 20 individuals of C. sikamea, 29 of C. gigas, and one C. sikamea/C. gigas hybrid were identified based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers. There were no significant differences in shell morphology between the two species, which is consistent with how difficult it is to delineate them based on their shell features. Our identification of this novel C. sikamea habitat should help to improve the resource management of East Asian oysters.     

Spatfalls of the non-native Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas,in British waters

Light spatfalls of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, have occurred in the estuaries of the Rivers Exe, Teign and Dart (Devon) and in the Menai Strait (Gwynedd), near to sites of commercial cultivation of this species. Comparisons of the sizes of the naturally settled oysters with hatchery oysters suggests that the spat from the River Teign and Menai Strait settled in 1989 and 1990. The springs and summers of these years were exceptionally warm with mean monthly air temperatures 0.8°-1.3°C above the 1951–1980 average for the period April to August. Although sitings of Pacific oyster spat were made in Loch Sween and Emsworth Harbour over 20 years ago, there is no evidence that self-sustaining populations have developed. The spatfalls which occurred in some coastal waters of Devon and Gwynedd in 1989 and 1990 are unlikely to sustain natural fisheries and are likely to die out as did the Portuguese oysters which occasionally settled in the River Blackwater, Essex.     

盐度骤降对近江牡蛎和长牡蛎能量收支的影响

采用实验生态学方法，研究了盐度骤降(盐度分别为10、20，自然海水为对照组)对近江牡蛎(Crassostrea ariakensis)和长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)生理代谢的影响。结果显示，盐度骤降对长牡蛎和近江牡蛎的耗氧率(OR)、排氨率(NR)、排粪率(FER)均有显著影响(P<0.05)，且2种牡蛎对盐度骤降的响应存在差异。长牡蛎的耗氧率、排氨率、摄食率(IR)和排粪率均在自然海水中最高，低盐对长牡蛎产生不同程度的胁迫。而近江牡蛎在盐度为20时的上述指标显著高于其他盐度处理组。通过测定不同规格牡蛎的代谢率，建立2种牡蛎在不同盐度下的代谢率与规格(湿重)的回归方程，该方程符合幂指数：Y=aWb。通过归一化处理，比较湿重在20 g时，2种牡蛎的能量分配差异。盐度为20时，近江牡蛎的呼吸代谢较强(呼吸能占16.1%)，而长牡蛎在自然海水中呼吸代谢较强(呼吸能占7.8%)，2种牡蛎的呼吸代谢均在盐度为10时较低，其中，长牡蛎呼吸能仅占0.7%。研究表明，盐度骤降对长牡蛎的影响大于近江牡蛎，小幅度的盐度骤降对近江牡蛎的能量代谢有一定的促进作用。本研究从能量代谢角度，探讨了近江牡蛎和长牡蛎对盐度骤变的响应，可为牡蛎礁修复工作和养殖生产过程中的品种选择提供参考。