多浪羊DQB1基因第二外显子序列分析

实验采集了23只多浪羊的血样,利用PCR扩增技术,对其扩增产物进行测序,对测序结果进行比对分析。根据Blast比对分析发现,克隆到的该基因核酸序列的16个测序结果相似度较高,但只找到所给的反向引物的互补序列,确定为单向引物测得的结果。经过多次比对确定A04和B04两条序列的相似度达到96.8%。结果表明成功克隆到该基因片段核酸序列,长度为280 bp。经过DNAMAN的序列分析,发现有55个突变位点。     

CODEHOP设计简并引物克隆花羔红点鲑肌钙蛋白及其生物信息分析

本实验通过无性生殖的方法得到了花羔红点鲑肌钙蛋白(Tnc)基因,并在使用生物信息学资源和生物软件的条件下,通过CODEHOP的方法对特定的氨基酸序列设计简并引物,并对得出的结果进行同源性分析同时构建其相对系统进化树.结果表明:通过CODEHOP的方法所设计出的引物简并度较其他方法得到的引物简并度低,DNA熔解温度(Tm值)修改较方便,产物具有较强的特异性;肌钙蛋白具有高度的保守性,将肌钙蛋白基因片断做结果比对,其编码的氨基酸序列与斑马鱼同源性可达96％,与大西洋鲑Salmo salar同源性为92％,白斑狗鱼Esoxlucius同源性为92％,虹鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss同源性为91％,斜带石斑鱼Epinepheluscoioides同源性为91％,斑点叉尾鮰Ictalurus punctatus同源性为85％.     

鲹科鱼类DNA条形码分类系统

为了验证 DNA 条形码在鲹科(Carangidae)鱼类物种鉴定和系统分类中的适用性, 本研究自测 6 属 7 种 17 条序列, 同时筛选了 BOLD 数据库中的有效序列, 共获得 25 属 95 种 273 条鲹科鱼类 DNA 条形码序列, 通过 BLAST 比对、遗传距离和系统关系树, 构建了鲹科鱼类的 DNA 条形码分类系统。结果表明: (1)鲹科鱼类属间、种间、属内种间和种内三级分类单元遗传距离的平均水平分别为 0.186、0.169、0.090 和 0.008, 种间平均遗传距离是种内平均遗传距离的 21 倍, 可见 DNA 条形码适用于鲹科鱼类分类鉴定; (2)运用 DNA 条形码技术可以识别出形态鉴定有误的物种, 表明 DNA 条形码可以弥补传统形态学鉴定的局限性, 可对鲹科鱼类形态学分类结果进行精准修正; (3)鲹科鱼类 DNA 条形码分析表明, BOLD 数据库中仍存在一定的“同种异名”和“异种同名”现象, 建议使用该数据库信息时应严格评估信息的准确性; (4)鲹科鱼类系统发生关系研究对物种的分类地位提出了新的见解, 即拟鲳鲹 (Parona signata)和镰鳍波线鲹(Lichia amia)亲缘关系较近, 支持将二者均归为鲳鲹亚科(Trachinotinae)。本研究旨在为丰富鲹科鱼类 DNA 条形码数据, 完善鲹科 DNA 条形码分类系统, 并为鲹科鱼类物种鉴定和系统分类提供分子证据。     

大菱鲆β-actin基因的初步研究

脊椎动物中不同物种的β-actin基因氨基酸之间的序列同源性超过98%。根据GenBank中登录的大菱鲆β-actin基因mRNA部分序列,与川鲽该基因全编码区DNA序列比对,依据比对结果分别在大菱鲆β-actin基因相邻外显子上设计1对引物,分别以RNA反转录产物和DNA为模板通过PCR方法进行克隆分析。对不同退火温度和循环数条件下的该基因RT-PCR产物进行了对比。针对RNA提取过程中的经过DNase处理但很难除净的痕量DNA污染,在琼脂糖凝胶电泳中很难被检测到的问题,初步探讨了利用上述2种模板对该基因扩增片断大小的不同来检出痕量DNA污染的可行性。     

浙江省桃花水母18S rRNA基因序列分析及物种鉴定

采用PCR和DNA测序技术扩增和测序了2003~2008年间采自浙江省宁波、杭州、温州和金华4个地区7个地点桃花水母(Craspedacusta)核糖体小亚基rRNA(18S rRNA)基因,并与已知索氏桃花水母(Craspedacusta sow-erbyi)和中华桃花水母(Craspedacusta sinensis)18S rRNA基因序列进行了比对。结果显示:这7个地点的桃花水母与索氏桃花水母序列极为相似,相似度达99.67%~100%,遗传距离为0~0.002,而与同属中华桃花水母的遗传距离为0.013~0.015。分子系统学分析显示这7个地点桃花水母与索氏桃花水母分支的置信度高达100%。结果确定分析样品均为索氏桃花水母。     

我国近海浒苔漂浮种类ITS与18S rDNA序列相似性分析

2008年6-7月在青岛近海海域再次发生大量浒苔漂浮现象,并且江苏连云港、如东近海海域也发生了浒苔漂浮现象.实验分别对青岛、连云港、如东海域采集样本进行了nrDNA的ITS全长序列和18S rDNA序列分析及相似性比对.结果表明,青岛、连云港、如东海域主要漂浮种类QD-01(青岛)、QD-02(青岛)、QD-03(青岛)、LY-01(连云港)、RD-02(如东)5个样品的ITS全长序列相似性为100%,表明青岛、连云港、如东三地沿海浒苔漂浮主要种类为同一种浒苔.18S rDNA序列分析结果也支持这个判断.根据相似性比对和BLAST分析结果,如东海域浒苔漂浮种类还发现少量另外2种绿藻(RD-01和RD-03),其中RD-01为浒苔属.浒苔主要漂浮种类与目前采集到的三地定生浒苔样本ITS全长序列比对存在一定差异,歧化度小于0.3%.     

利用mtDNA控制区序列分析斑点叉尾(鮰)的遗传多样性

利用m tDNA控制区序列对1984、1997年引进的斑点叉尾鮰群体遗传多态性进行了分析。通过PCR产物测序法,测定了40尾斑点叉尾鮰线粒体DNA的一段包括部分Cytb基因、tRNAThr、tRNAPro、D-loop控制区和部分tRNAThe长度为1256 bp的核苷酸序列,经过比对分析得到7个序列单元型。7个单元型中共有13个碱基转换位点,全部发生在控制区,其序列相似度平均为99.58%。群体总的序列单元型多态性比例为17.5%,其中1997年群体的单元型多态性比例为35%,是1984年群体单元型多态性比例(15.0%)的2倍多。初步表明1984年引进的群体遗传多样性较低。     

草鱼胞质苹果酸脱氢酶(cMDH)的序列克隆及分析

以实验室构建的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肠道cDNA文库苹果酸脱氢酶(cMDH)EST序列为基础,采用末端快速扩增法(RACE),从健康雌性草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肠道细胞RNA中获得1391 bp的草鱼肠道cMDH的cDNA序列(NCBI登录号:EU569765)。结果显示:该序列包含62 bp的5′非编码区(5′-UTR),330 bp的3′非编码区(3′-UTR),典型加尾信号AATAA位于polyA起点上游16 bp。开放阅读框ORF长999 bp,共编码333个氨基酸,预测蛋白等电点为6.67,大小为36 kDa。多序列比对显示草鱼胞质苹果酸脱氢酶具有典型的苹果酸脱氢酶功能区保守序列,该酶与斑马鱼cMDH相似度最高达到95.5%,与模式植物拟兰介的相似度为57.8%,其预测三级结构具有典型cMDH功能区。Southern杂交结果表明草鱼cMDH属于多拷贝基因家族。     

中国对虾甘氨酸脱羧酶的基因克隆、表达及其与抗WSSV的关联分析

本研究采用RACE技术克隆获得中国对虾(Fenneropenaeuschinensis)甘氨酸脱羧酶基因(Fc GLDC)的全长cDNA及DNA序列,并对其进行生物信息学分析。结果显示,FcGLDC基因的cDNA全长为3481 bp,其中,ORF为2829 bp,5￠UTR长17 bp,3￠UTR长86 bp。完整的阅读框编码942个氨基酸,分子量为104.66 kDa,预测的理论等电点为6.51。FcGLDC基因DNA序列全长共4964bp,包含12个外显子和11个内含子。同源性及系统进化分析显示,FcGLDC基因与节肢动物的GLDC基因聚为一类;氨基酸序列比对发现,Fc GLDC基因的蛋白序列与节肢动物的相似度最高,与内华达白蚁(Zootermopsis nevadensis)、体虱(Pediculus humanus corporis)和白纹伊蚊(Aedes albopictus)的相似度分别为71%、68%和68%。在鳃、肝胰腺和肌肉中的荧光定量PCR结果显示,FcGLDC在肌肉中的相对表达量最高,鳃中最低。WSSV感染后,该基因在鳃、肝胰腺和肌肉中呈现出了不同的时空表达特点。使用直接测序法结合质谱法,在该基因内部发现4个SNP位点,但是各位点与抗WSSV性状均不相关(P0.05)。本研究表明,FcGLDC基因在对虾感染WSSV后的应答反应中或起一定作用。     

大黄鱼mtDNA ND5和Cytb基因的克隆与序列分析

2004年4月，将采自浙江省象山港海区网箱养殖的大黄鱼样本，提取总DNA，通过设计特异性引物对大黄鱼线粒体DNA（mtDNA）的辅酶5（ND5）和细胞色素b（Cytb）基因进行PCR扩增。扩增产物经琼脂糖电泳检测、纯化后直接测序。得到ND5的序列1839 bp和Cytb基因序列382 bp。应用primer premier5和MEGA3软件包所作的系统发育分析表明：依据大黄鱼ND5序列所作的进化树总体支持传统的分类地位，大黄鱼更接近塘鳢鱼科。而基于Cytb基因所作的分析表明，黑鳃梅童鱼是大黄鱼在石首鱼科中是遗传距离最小的。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Production of diatom–bacteria biofilm isolated from Seriola lalandi cultures for aquaculture application

Controlled incorporation of selected microalgae and bacteria in aquaculture systems can be beneficial because they can act as microbiological control. That is why the characteristics of biofilm generated naturally in Seriola lalandi culture cages were analysed, their potential benefit to the growth of larvae was studied, and their controlled use for improving the larval viability and as a vector to improve incorporation of previously studied probiotic bacteria was tested. According to biodiversity results, these biofilms are composed of a diatom–bacteria mix showing a decrease in biodiversity in laboratory culture conditions being dominated by Navicula phyllepta and bacteria of the family Rhodobacteraceae. This can be produced on mesh substrates incorporated in bioreactors with rapid growth rate and adhesiveness. Preliminary results from the addition of substrates with this specific biofilm in larvae culture systems showed that it is consumed by the larvae without negative effects, while positive effects on the viability of larvae in combination with probiotics were observed. Considering preliminary results, the addition of these specific substrates with diatom–bacteria biofilms could be a good improvement for aquaculture systems and together with the use of probiotics can contribute to maintaining a stable and controlled system improving the viability of the larval fish culture in its early stages.