八大海珍品之首——鲍鱼

鲍鱼是世界公认的美味佳肴和珍贵食品,我国主要经济鲍鱼的种类有皱纹盘鲍、杂色鲍、羊鲍、耳鲍、平鲍和多边鲍。综述了鲍的生物学特性、生活习性、繁殖与培育、常见疾病及防治等。应结合海区特点,改进养殖方式和提高养殖技术,实施鲍与海带、裙带菜、紫菜的套养和与海胆的混养,减少筏式养鲍的代谢物对养殖海区的水质和底质的污染;严格选种;做好病害防治工作。     

鲍鱼海上养殖技术探讨

鲍鱼是爬附在浅海低潮线以下岩石上的一种单壳类软体动物。我国南方以养殖盘鲍与皱纹盘鲍的杂交品种黑鲍为主,也有九孔鲍等其他鲍鱼。1鲍鱼养殖的海区选择鲍鱼海上养殖应选择在无工业＂三废污染＂的海区放养,其水质应符合NY5052技术标准的要求。并在潮流畅通,流速1～3m/s,流向平直稳定的海区放养     

九孔鲍工厂化养殖应警惕缺氧暴死

九孔鲍（Haliotisdiversicolorsupertex…陆上工厂化养殖，由于养殖密度高，在生产过程中尤其是在夏季常发生鲍鱼繁地暴死，死亡无明显病征，死亡非常突然，常给业者带来巨大的经济损失。为此笔者根据多年来的养殖实践就鲍鱼缺氧暴死的死亡原因、死亡特征以及预防方法提出以下的一些看法，供从业同行交流参考。一、缺氧死亡的原因分析九孔鲍工厂化养殖是一种高密度集约化的养殖方法，单位水体的载鲍量大，但水体中的溶解氧是有限的，因此极易造成鲍鱼缺氧。归结起来鲍鱼在养殖过程中出现缺氧死亡有如下几方面的原因。l、养殖密度过大水体中…     

鲍海区与陆上轮养技术

目前,在福建、广东等南方地区的鲍鱼养殖主要有陆上水池养殖与海区筏式养殖两种方式,养殖的主要品种为盘鲍和九孔鲍。海区筏式养鲍常常受到台风、赤潮、附着生物等诸多因素的影响,增加了养殖风险,成活率仅50％～60％。陆上养殖虽然养殖成活率可达70％-80％,但是养殖成本太高,而且养殖周期要比海区长。因此我们提出了鲍鱼海区与陆上轮养的养殖模式。经过几年的实践,取得很好的效果。     

抗风浪塑胶渔排养鲍技术

目前,广东珠海市皱纹盘鲍增养殖业正在进人一个快速增长的时期,鲍鱼养殖模式已从传统筏式笼养、浮绳吊养模式逐步转变为抗风浪塑胶渔排为主．陔养殖模式具有管理方便、节省人工、水流畅通、水质较好、鲍鱼生长速度快、进一步提高养殖成活率、养殖密度大、产量高、节省海域面积等优点,并已在珠海得到标准化推广应用。目前,珠海万山海区吊养鲍的规模已达500万只以上,年产值超过3500万元。     

人工养殖杂色鲍流行病防治技术

近几年，南方杂色鲍工产化养殖受病害困扰，养殖海区水质出现富营养化，共栖生物种群增加，病因较为复杂。工厂化养殖杂色鲍鱼采用2m以下海区砂层水，配合陆上过滤系统，或采用循环水生态系统工厂化养殖，能大幅度减少有害生物和污着生物，科学交替使用消毒丹和有益菌，能提高工厂化杂色鲍养殖成活率15～20％，减轻越冬时杂色鲍大量死亡的威胁。     

“北鲍南养”的技术要点

“北鲍南养”是指把冷水性的北方养殖的鲍鱼放到亚热带气候的南方来养殖，即是把皱纹盘鲍搬迁到南方海区进行养殖。     

皱纹盘鲍海上挂笼养殖试验

鲍鱼被称作海洋生物中的“软黄金”,其味鲜美,细嫩可口,营养丰富,具有重要的经济价值。目前鲍鱼的养殖方式有底播养殖,筏式养殖,工厂化养殖和坑道养殖等。2004年,我们在宁德霞浦海区进行皱纹盘鲍（图见彩中插2）海上吊笼养殖技术的探索,取得了较好的经济效益,现将养殖情况介绍如下：     

不同投饵频率对黑鲍幼苗生长的影响

鲍鱼在分类学上属于软体动物门,腹足纲,原始腹足目,鲍科,俗称石决明,是一种大型海洋藻食性贝类,生活于岩礁海岸,常栖于水深、流大、海藻丛生的浅海区域,它对海水的盐度、水质等条件要求较高.在我国,主要的养殖品种是皱纹盘鲍和杂色鲍,以及由皱纹盘鲍和杂色鲍杂交产生的黑鲍.陆地水池养鲍是我国养鲍的主要养殖方式,而用塑料笼摞叠多层养殖鲍鱼又是陆地养鲍的最重要方式,它广泛应用于福建、广东与台湾等南方数省.相对于水泥鲍礁养殖,塑料笼沉箱养殖有很多优点:附着面积较大,扩大了鲍鱼活动空间;笼中水流通畅,有利于鲍鱼生长;笼具遮光,适应鲍鱼喜暗索食的生物特性;增设防护网,预防敌害生物损伤;塑料笼易移动,操作方便,利于科学管理.鲍鱼的人工养殖虽然解决了鲍鱼的大规模生产问题,但也存在着诸多弊端:首先,在人工养殖环境条件下,水流条件不如自然环境中的水流条件,易引起鲍鱼的各种疾病;其次,人工养殖鲍鱼密度大,水中溶氧不足,会引起鲍鱼的缺氧死亡;第三,养殖中饵料的供给不如自然环境中的多样,可能会引起鲍鱼的某种营养缺乏,导致其生长缓慢或出现疾病;最后,集中的养殖使得水体条件极易恶化,要经常换水,以免出现鲍鱼的大规模染病死亡.     

角蝾螺浅海筏式吊笼养殖试验

<正>蝾螺是热带、亚热带海洋品种,是一种较大型的经济螺类。前几年,鲍鱼养殖不景气,许多养殖户转行,导致原有养鲍的设施闲置。为了利用养鲍海区和设施,开发新的养殖品种,位于海岛的福建省莆田市秀屿区兴南鲍鱼养殖专业合作社利用本地拥有野生角蝾螺资源优势,在福建省第一大离岸岛——南日岛浮屿海区开展角蝾螺养殖试验,取得了不错的效果,现将角蝾螺浅海筏式吊笼养殖方法总结如下,供同行们参考。1养殖条件     

一种生态化鲍育苗和养成模式的构建

该研究目的是建立一套鲍育苗和养殖的生态化模式,包括鲍苗种生态培育模式、鲍陆基生态养成模式和海上鲍藻套养生态养成模式,以克服目前鲍养殖业存在的病害频发、成活率低下等问题,提高鲍养殖的经济效益,降低养殖风险。鲍苗种生态培育模式通过＂光照-微藻-微生态制剂-滤食性动物-鲍苗＂构建复合生物体系;鲍陆基生态养成模式通过池内建立＂复合生物区系＂,并在池外设立生态塘和生态渠进行养殖废水处理的方式构建;海上生态养成模式通过＂鲍藻套养＂构建。共培育鲍苗5批次,培育周期210～240d,共产出鲍苗17.764×104个,平均壳长1.5cm以上,育成率0.78%～1.23%。陆基生态化模式养成商品鲍43.774×104个,平均壳长6.53cm,平均体质量34.6g,成活率87.5%,周期18～20个月。海上鲍生态养成150口网箱,养成商品鲍3×108个,平均壳长6.50cm以上,成活率85%以上,养成时间18～20个月。     

我国鲍养殖研究现状及展望

本文对我国鲍养殖的主要种类、常见的养殖模式、人工育苗以及育种技术的研究现状进行了概述,就当前鲍增养殖面临的病害和种质等问题进行了探讨,并对今后我国鲍增养殖研究工作进行了展望.     

莆田市鲍增养殖现状、问题与发展对策

莆田市1993年开展鲍工厂化育苗与养殖工作，养殖规模达到50万粒，年育苗种100万粒，由于工厂化养殖投资高，养殖周期长，生产单位出现亏损，鲍养殖生产随后滑坡。1998年在南日岛开展皱纹盘鲍海区筏式吊养技术，取得了83．53％高的成活率，从而又推动鲍养殖的发展。但从2000年至今，鲍养殖过程中出现大量死亡现象，有的成活率仅为25％，给养殖者带来严重的损失。作者对死亡的原因进行分析，并对今后的发展提出了一些设想。     

鲍高温胁迫响应机制的研究进展

鲍是重要的海水养殖经济贝类之一。近年来,受夏季高温胁迫,养殖鲍时常发生大规模死亡,给养殖业者带来了巨大的经济损失。本文回顾了近年来发生的养殖鲍大规模死亡事件,并从鲍的生长、繁育、存活、代谢和酶的活性等生理生化指标,细胞免疫、抗氧化系统、热休克蛋白、调控细胞凋亡、NF-κB信号通路、PI3K-AKT信号通路等相关基因的表达,及DNA甲基化和遗传多样性等方面总结了鲍高温胁迫响应机制的研究进展。现有研究表明,高温胁迫会引起鲍的摄食、新陈代谢等生理生化的异常,破坏其机体内环境的稳态,降低其抵抗病原入侵的能力和应对外部环境刺激的能力,从而对其生长、免疫等产生不良的影响,最终降低其生长速率、繁殖效率,甚至导致鲍的死亡。在此基础上,本文提出了鲍养殖生产中高温胁迫的预防调控措施,以期为了解鲍对高温胁迫的响应机制、开展鲍的耐高温品种选育研究、预防鲍夏季高温大规模死亡的发生等提供参考。     

鲍遗传育种研究进展

Abalones are important farming species with a high economic value. They have already been farmed for more than 50 years. As problems and new requirements rose continuously in culture industry of abalone, studies on genetic and breeding techniques are needed to improve characteristics and to gain new traits. This review concentrates on advances in genetics and breeding techniques in abalone. As for genetic studies, karyological analyses, allozyme, DNA markers and genetic diversity were reviewed. So far, karyological analyses in abalone have been performed in 12 species that can be divided into three groups according to the chromosome number. In some economically important species, loci of allozymes and. microsatellites have been isolated and applied to investigate the genetic structure of natural and hatchery populations and to identify the result of chromosome set manipulation, but the related reports are only a few yet. The resultsof investigation with DNA markers and allozymes showed that the genetic structure of natural populations presents two characteristics: excessive homozygosity and subdivision. Advances of various breeding techniques, including introduction, selection,hybridization, polyploidy, gynogenesis and gene manipulation, were reviewed in the other part. Although Haliotis discus discus, introduced from Japan, has become one of the most important culture species in China, the economic, social and environmental effects of introduction have been rarely studied. Selection is one of the most important and basic breeding techniques, but the studies on selection are only a few and preliminary, referring to the relations between genetic characteristics and the traits of growth and resistance, genetic diversity and heritability of quantitative traits, and the effect of selection. Interspecific hybridization was the first breeding program carded out in abalone. Experimental hybridization have been carded out for about 20 crosses. Heterosis,such as faster growth and high survival rate, has been observed in some crosses. Triploids have been successfully induced in many species of abalone with physical or chemical shock, e.g.H, discus hannai, H. rufescens, H.diversicolor diversicolor and H. rnidae. Field experiments were conducted in some species of triploid abalone. In comparison with triploid, the research on tetraploid is still in quest stage. The progress of induction of gynogenesis in abalone is quite slow. Conditions of sperm inactivation, diploid restoration and nuclear behavior of gynogenetically activated eggs have been researched on in H. discus han nai. Notwithstanding the gene transfer technology in abalone is in the quest stage, the research have already involved preparation of exogenic DNA,means of gene transfer, identification integration and expression of target gene, etc. Three research directions in these topics were proposed : to investigate the germplasm resources of abalone deeply and widely, to make use of traditional breeding methods and modem biotechnique synthetically, and to combine the science research with production practice.     

三倍体九孔鲍的育种和养成技术研究

当 5 0 %九孔鲍受精卵出现第一极体后 ,以 6 -DMAP为诱导剂 ,用不同的浓度和不同的持续时间抑制第二极体的释放诱导三倍体 ;并进行了生产性苗种培育和养成试验。结果表明 ,6 -DMAP的诱导浓度为30 0μmol·dm-3 、诱导持续时间为 10min时 ,其胚胎的三倍体率为 90 %以上 ,并且胚胎的孵化率高达 85 % ,幼体的畸形率较低 ,为 5 0 %～ 5 5 % ;经过 7个月培育 ,试验组养成鲍的三倍体率为 6 5 %以上 ;试验组养成鲍的平均壳长比对照组增长 10 % ,平均体重比对照组增重 30 %。与二倍体鲍相比较 ,三倍体鲍在壳长增长和体重增重等方面 ,显示了显著的优势 [t>t0 .0 1( 58) ]。     

Feasibility of Offshore Co‐culture of Abalone,Haliotis discus hannai Ino,and Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus,in a Temperate Zone

Feasibility of offshore co‐culture of abalone and sea cucumber was investigated in Northern China. Survival and growth of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino, and sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, co‐cultured in abalone cages from suspended longlines, in the offshore area, were examined. Abalone and sea cucumbers were co‐cultured at density ratios of both 3:1 and 6:1 for 1 yr. Abalone were fed with fresh kelp and no additional feed was given to sea cucumbers. Survival of abalone and sea cucumber was 100% for all treatments. Abalone and sea cucumber grew well; the body weight (BW) of abalone and sea cucumber was nearly doubled and had reached a commercial size. There were no significant differences in the growth rates for both abalone and sea cucumber between the two density treatments. The specific growth rate of BW of abalone (SGRbw) was highest in June, with a value of 0.536%/d. Growth rate of sea cucumber (SGRsc) was highest in December, reached 1.84%/d, with an annual average SGRsc of 0.182%/d. Results suggested that the offshore co‐culture of abalone and sea cucumber was feasible offshore. The co‐culture of abalone with sea cucumbers may provide an additional valuable crop without additional financial input.     

鲍养殖生物学研究进展

鲍养殖业的深入发展，使鲍养殖生物学的研究日显突出。结合国内外最新研究动态，对鲍的摄食习性、能量收支、遗传育种、病害等养殖生物学研究成果进行了系统的阐述和总结，并展望了有关课题的研究前景。     

筏式养鲍对沉积环境压力的评价——MOM-B监测系统模型在桑沟湾的应用

于2010年5月、7月、8月和10月对桑沟湾筏式养鲍区的沉积环境进行现场调查,采用娜威海洋研究所建立的鱼类养殖环境监测系统模型(Modelling-Ongrowing fish farms-Monitoring,MOM system),应用MOM-B着重对鲍养殖区的沉积环境状况进行监测和评价,由生物、化学和感官指标组组成.生物指标组的结果显示,各站位都有大型底栖动物,鲍养殖区处于1,2或者3等级.根据化学指标组(pH值和氧化还原电位Eh)和感官指标组(颜色、气味、气泡、粘稠度等)的监测结果进行了进一步的评价,结果显示,各站位的pH>7.0,为弱碱性,沉积物都无气泡产生,无臭味或硫化氢气味.鲍养殖区的沉积环境状况整体良好,5月和7月为1级,8月和10月为2级.虽然鲍养殖区目前的沉积环境状况较好,但需要注意的是8月和10月Eh<0,沉积环境已经处于还原状态,可能与鲍养殖压力有关.     

Discrimination and abundance estimation of wild and released abalone Haliotis diversicolor using stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis in north-eastern Taiwan

The discrimination between wild and released Taiwan abalone Haliotis diversicolor was performed by stable carbon isotope analysis. Abalone samples were collected from Mao Aw Gulf in north-eastern Taiwan. Live abalone and dead shells were collected by divers with an 80 × 80 cm frame. The densities and amounts of wild and released abalone, as well as the survival rates of released abalone, in 1997 and 1998 were estimated. The age of the specimens was also determined from the specific temperature of each month and the inverse relationship between oxygen isotope values and temperatures. Results show that examining stable isotopic profiles proves to be a practical and feasible method for stock discrimination as well as density and abundance estimation. These data would be helpful in assessing the success of abalone culture and release programs, which aim to enhance this valuable marine resource.