曼氏无针乌贼胚胎发育的初步观察

将曼氏无针乌贼受精卵卵膜剥离,在显微镜或解剖镜下观察胚胎发育的全过程,结合室内人工育苗的孵化技术进行探讨。曼氏无针乌贼卵为粘性卵,呈黑色,类型属端黄卵,卵膜属三级卵膜,卵裂类型为不全卵裂,囊胚呈盘状,发生类型为直接发生型。在水温为23.8～26.2℃、盐度29.3时,最快14d孵出幼体,最慢23天孵出幼体,孵出幼体高峰期为18～21d,高峰期的孵出量占总孵出量的79.4%,孵化率为83.1%。胚胎发育速度与温度高低（20～30℃）成正比,盐度低于22对孵化率有严重影响。     

野生和养殖曼氏无针乌贼亲体形态、生化组分及其胚胎发育的比较

为优化曼氏无针乌贼人工繁育技术,提高人工增殖苗种的产量与质量,采用实验生态学方法,对比分析了野生和养殖曼氏无针乌贼（Sepiella japonica）的表观形态、生化组分及其受精卵的形态差异,探究了光照周期与受精卵胶质外膜对曼氏无针乌贼胚胎发育的影响。结果显示：野生和养殖曼氏无针乌贼的表观形态、生化组分均存在显著差异,野生群体性成熟规格远大于养殖群体,肌肉和肝脏组织中的脂肪含量显著低于养殖群体（P<0.05）,卵巢中的蛋白质含量则显著高于养殖群体（P<0.05）;养殖亲体所产黑卵在12D12L光照周期条件下孵化率最高,所产白卵在24D和24L条件下孵化率最高,野生亲体所产卵在24D和12D12L条件下孵化率最高;随光照时间的延长,受精卵的平均孵化时间具有先增加后减小的趋势,表明光照周期是影响曼氏无针乌贼胚胎发育的重要因素;实验发现,将受精卵胶质外膜剥离处理后,养殖亲体所产黑白卵的平均孵化时间具有减少的趋势,但孵化率显著下降（P<0.05）。综上所述,建议在曼氏无针乌贼人工苗种生产过程中,尽量选用大规格野生乌贼作为繁育亲体。此外,在受精卵孵化期间,应对孵化池进行适当遮光处理,避免受精卵长时间暴露于强光照环境中,以提高孵化率和仔乌成活率。本实验研究结果可为曼氏无针乌贼人工苗种繁育技术优化提供参考。     

曼氏无针乌贼胚胎发育生物学零度和有效积温的研究

通过室内恒温培育试验和数理统计方法，研究了曼氏无针乌贼（Sepiella maindroni）受精卵发育的生物学零点温度、有效积温及胚胎发育的温度系数（Q10）。结果表明，曼氏无针乌贼受精卵发育的生物学零点温度为（6．48±0．44）℃；受精卵发育为初孵幼体的有效积温为（396．91±2．81）℃·d；18．0～24．0℃为曼氏无针乌贼胚胎发育的最适温度范围。     

金乌贼和曼氏无针乌贼池塘混养技术要点

随着伏季休渔期的提前,金乌贼和曼氏无针乌贼的亲本收集起来比较困难,近年来,日照市海洋与渔业研究所利用蓄水池进行金乌贼和曼氏无针乌贼的混养,收获亲本进行越冬,用作来年育苗的亲本,取得了较好的成效。     

曼氏无针乌贼规模化全人工育苗技术初探

为研究曼氏无针乌贼规模化全人工育苗技术,2008～2010年以人工养殖的曼氏无针乌贼成体作亲本进行了育苗试验.试验中采取了下列技术措施:对乌贼亲体进行强化培育和生殖调控,促进性腺发育成熟;确立乌贼幼体的饵料系列并保障供给;做好育苗水体的水质调控和苗种的病害防治.3年共获受精卵4075.8 kg,平均孵化率82.5％;培...     

浙江近海曼氏无针乌贼卵巢周年变化的研究

曼氏无针乌贼Sepiella maindroni de Rochebrune在中国东、黄渤海均有分布。近年来，其产量不断下降。因此开展乌贼生物学的研究，合理地利用、保护乌贼资源已引起人们的注重。关于乌贼繁殖生物学，仅对其繁殖习性作了些研究。曼氏无针乌贼的人工孵化近年来作过初步探讨。在乌贼性腺发育方面，对金乌贼Sepia eseulenta Hoyle作过研究。然而曼氏无针乌贼的性腺发育至今还未见报道。本文拟对曼氏无针乌贼卵巢周年变化作些观察，为乌贼的增养殖提供些基础生物学资料。     

曼氏无针乌贼的卵子发生及卵巢发育

采用组织学方法对人工养殖曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella maindroni)卵子发生、卵巢发育周期进行组织学、细胞学观察。根据细胞大小、胞核形态及卵母细胞与滤泡细胞的关系,将曼氏无针乌贼卵子发生划分为卵原细胞期、卵母细胞期、成熟期和退化吸收期4个阶段,并阐述了各期卵母细胞的组织学特征。曼氏无针乌贼卵子发生过程具有种的特异性,大约孵化出膜12 d的乌贼可见有卵原细胞,此后进入增殖期。卵母细胞属于典型的滤泡型,发育过程中同时存在同步性与异同步性;卵母细胞无初级卵膜,只有次级卵膜和三级卵膜,次级卵膜由滤泡细胞分泌,三级卵膜由输卵管腺、缠卵腺以及墨囊分泌物共同构成。通过对卵巢的外观形态和组织学观察,将曼氏无针乌贼卵巢发育划分为6个时期。     

海捕野生曼氏无针乌贼繁育技术

正20世纪70年代末,由于过度捕捞和生态环境恶化,乌贼资源遭到了极大破坏,自20世纪90年代,曼氏无针乌贼产量急剧下降,濒临灭绝。为此,国内外,最早日本等国家开展了曼氏无针乌贼的人工繁殖研究,我国浙江省也于20世纪80年代开始了此方面研究,2005年前后突破了曼氏无针乌贼人工育苗和养成技术,随着曼氏无针乌贼养殖业的发展,出现了性早熟、白化卵和孵化率     

曼氏无针乌贼荧光染色标志方法研究

建立一种高效的标志方法,为更加准确地评价曼氏无针乌贼增殖放流的效果提供技术保障.以曼氏无针乌贼为试验对象,利用茜素络合物(ALC)浸泡曼氏无针乌贼幼体,对其内壳进行标志.设置5个浓度梯度组和2个时间段,测量并观察曼氏无针乌贼胴背长、体质量及存活率.将试验组与对照组各50尾饲养于直径2.5m的圆形水泥池内,分别在染色后5、12、19、26 d进行随机取样并对标志曼氏无针乌贼进行高温处理5 min,解剖出内壳观察标志色保留状况.最佳染色剂浓度和浸染时间分别为90 mg/L和24 h;曼氏无针乌贼胴背长和体质量呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),试验组与对照组曼氏无针乌贼的生长发育差异不显著(P＞0.05);26 d后内壳标志色依然清晰保留初染时的椭圆形粉红色,高温处理前、后着色部位的范围和颜色均未发生变化.ALC荧光染色标志法兼具体内标志和外部可见的双重效果,标志曼氏无针乌贼的存活率和标志色保持率均为100％.结果表明本方法简单高效,能进行批量标志处理,是一种理想的曼氏无针乌贼标志方法,具有广阔的应用前景.     

曼氏无针乌贼幼体耗氧率和排氨率及其影响因素

采用室内实验生态学方法研究曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella maindroni)幼体耗氧率和排氨率的昼夜变化规律及其受温度变化的影响.结果表明,在正常海水(温度20 ℃,盐度25)条件下,曼氏无针乌贼幼体的耗氧率昼夜变化范围为0.52～0.67 mg/(g·h),排氨率的昼夜变化范围为0.062～0.071 mg/(g·h).曼氏无针乌贼幼体的耗氧率与排氨率受昼夜变化的影响比较明显,其代谢高峰出现在早8∶ 00.温度对曼氏无针乌贼幼体的耗氧率与排氨率的影响显著(P<0.05),在16～28 ℃,耗氧率和排氨率均随海水温度的升高而增加,在28℃时达到最高值,但在32 ℃时耗氧率和排氨率均明显降低.     

Development of germ cells and reproductive biology in the sipunculid Phascolosoma esculenta

Sipuncula are of increasing interest for fisheries and aquaculture in China. Sustainable harvests will rely on a better knowledge of reproductive characteristics and stock enhancement. Here, we investigated the structural characteristics of and seasonal changes in germ cell development of the sipunculid Phascolosoma esculenta from the south-eastern coast of Zhejiang, China. An annual survey of egg numbers in the coelom (body cavity) fluid by light and electron microscopy of the females indicates that P. esculenta is dioecious. No defined gonad but dissociated germ cells were found in the coelomic cavity during the 1-year observation. The germ cells showed multiplication and development in the coelomic cavity. Reproduction took place from May to September, with a peak in July and August. The oogenesis can be divided into four phases: cell proliferation, pre-vitellogenesis, vitellogenesis and egg envelope formation and maturation. The process of spermatogenesis can also be divided into four phases: cell multiplication, cell growth, cell maturation and metamorphosis. Monthly changes in the relative number of eggs in each stage indicate that P. esculenta lays eggs in batches. The sperm thrives in the coelomic fluid in the form of cell groups with patterns of genesis and release similar to those of the eggs. Eggs of P. esculenta were fertilized only when reaching the nephridium. The sex ratio was about 1:1 throughout the year.     

中国沿海九种头足类齿舌的形态学

采用扫描电镜技术对9种头足类的齿舌进行了显微观察和比较研究。结果显示所研究的物种的齿舌均有7列纵向的齿组成,齿式为3·1·3。乌贼目的7个种(罗氏乌贼Sepiarobsoni、金乌贼S.esculenta、虎斑乌贼S..pharaonis、白斑乌贼S.latimanus、目乌贼S.aculeata、曼氏无针乌贼Sepiellamaindroni、柏氏四盘耳乌贼Euprymnaberryi)中央齿一列,具有一个齿尖;侧齿位于中央齿两侧各3列,分别称为第一、第二和第三侧齿,也称为侧齿,内缘齿和外缘齿;无缘板结构。长蛸Octopusvariabilis和短蛸O.ocellatus中央齿一列,分别有5个、3和5个齿尖,侧齿各3列,具有缘板。文中对九个种的齿舌结构以及彼此的异同进行了详细的描述和比较,并对乌贼类、蛸类和枪乌贼类彼此之间的齿舌关系以及功能差异进行了讨论。     

饥饿对曼氏无针乌贼肝脏与卵巢脂肪酸组成的影响

在曼氏无针乌贼（Sepiella maindroni）性腺成熟阶段（4～5月）对其进行饥饿处理，以空腹处理组饥饿0d（禁食1d）、饥饿12d（禁食13d）和饥饿24d（禁食25d）为取样时间取其肝脏和卵巢组织进行脂肪酸组成及质量分数测定。结果表明，随着饥饿时问的延长，乌贼体质量下降，肝脏和卵巢萎缩，肝脏中的饱和脂肪酸（SFA）和单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）较空腹处理组有显著下降（P〈0．05），而多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）和高不饱和脂肪酸（HUFA）均有显著提高（P〈0．05）。与肝脏相比，乌贼卵巢中的各脂肪酸组成在饥饿12d变化较小，饥饿24d时∑SFA较空腹处理组有极显著下降（P〈0．01），而∑MUFA、∑PUFA＋∑HUFA和∑n-6 PU—FA显著高于空腹处理组（P〈0．05）。     

光、温对鼠尾藻卵子排放和幼孢子体生长的影响

以成熟的鼠尾藻生殖托为材料,研究了不同温度(13～23℃)、光照度(3000～12000lx)和光照周期(15L∶9D,12L∶12D,9L∶16D)对鼠尾藻排卵及幼孢子体生长的影响。结果显示,温度在20～23℃范围,有利于鼠尾藻卵子的排放;在3000～12000lx范围内,光照度越高,越有利于鼠尾藻卵子的排放;光周期不是影响卵子排放的主要因素,光照度是鼠尾藻幼孢子体生长的重要因子;温度是制约鼠尾藻幼孢子体生长的关键因子,水温低于16℃时不利于幼孢子体的快速生长。     

曼氏无针乌贼Sepiella maindroni de Rochebrune繁殖习性的初步观察

曼氏无针鸟贼在我国沿海分布很广,是我国产量最高的一种头足类,在浙江舟山一带,形成了一种重要渔业,关于它的生物学习性,特别是关于它的繁殖习性,过去国内还报道不多,了解这种习性,在制定繁殖保护措施时,甚为必要,因此我们在参加浙江省水产资源调查工作期间,曾在鸟贼的主要产卵渔场,舟山中街山列岛的青滨,迸行了这种鸟贼的饲养及繁殖习性的观察,1963年和1964年复赴青滨,对于这种鸟贼的交配产卵及受精等方面作了进一步的试验观察,现将初步观察结果,作此报道,可以在生产上提供一些参考资料,同时在生物学理论上也似乎有一定意义。     

Carbohydrate Metabolism of Vitellogenic Follicles and Eggs of Serranus cabrilla (Serranidae) and Mullus barbatus (Mullidae) and of Embryos of Sparus aurata (Sparidae)

The present study compared the carbohydrate metabolism of pelagic eggs of three marine species, Serranus cabrilla (Serranidae), Mullus barbatus (Mullidae) and Sparus aurata (Sparidae). In particular, in Serranus cabrilla and Mullus barbatus the changes in carbohydrate metabolism from the vitellogenic follicle stage to the ovulated egg stage (final maturation of the egg) were investigated, and in Sparus aurata the changes from the unfertilized egg stage to the late-embryo stage just before hatching were observed. In mature, unfertilized eggs of these three species the qualitative and quantitative composition of carbohydrates, enzymes and metabolites were similar, indicating no differences in carbohydrate metabolism. Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway occurred in the follicles and eggs. From the vitellogenic follicle stage to the mature egg stage glycolytic activity was constant in S. cabrilla and M. barbatus, while the activity of the pentose phosphate pathway and of gluconeogenesis decreased. Quantitative carbohydrate composition changed as the levels of hexose, ketose, 6-deoxyhexose, uronic acid and fructose-6-phosphate increased from the vitellogenic follicle stage to the mature egg stage, while the levels of D-glycerate-2-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate decreased. In S. aurata, the investigated parameters of carbohydrate metabolism were similar between unfertilized eggs and eggs in the first cleavage stage. From the first cleavage stage to the late embryo stage the levels of hexose, 2-deoxyhexose, ketose, ribose, uronic acid and phosphoenolpyruvate increased, while the levels of D-glycerate-2-phosphate decreased.     

Egg quality in rainbow trout: The relation between egg viability,selected aspects of egg composition,and time of stripping

Batches of eggs (1 batch/female) from 17 rainbow trout in their first spawning season were stripped and reared separately, and the percentage which hatched and the percentage which reached the stage of first feeding were determined. The fertilised egg batches were analysed for egg wet weight, egg dry weight, chorion weight and levels in the eggs of free, bound and total lipid, precipitable protein, protein phosphorus, lipid phosphorus, calcium and iron. All determinations were made on single eggs, and six eggs from each batch were analysed for each variable. Results were expressed in absolute terms (as weight of component per egg) and as percentage of egg dry weight. Highly significant variations in all these aspects of egg composition were shown to occur between parent females. However, there was no significant correlation between the percentage of the original number of eggs which hatched and any one aspect of egg composition, except for a weak positive correlation (P<0.05) with the percentage of protein phosphorus in the eggs. Similarly, there was no significant correlation between the percentage of the original number of eggs which reached first feeding and any one aspect of egg composition except for weak positive correlations (P<0.05) with egg wet weight and with both the absolute level and the percentage of protein phosphorus in the egg. There was significant positive correlation (P<0.05) between the percentage of hatched eggs (alevins) surviving to first feeding and each of the following: egg wet weight, egg dry weight and absolute levels in the egg of bound lipid, precipitable protein and protein phosphorus. Egg batches with higher hatching percentage (>50%) differed significantly from those with zero hatching percentage in having (in absolute terms) higher egg weight, chorion weight, protein phosphorus (all P<0.001), egg dry weight, bound lipid and precipitable protein (all P<0.01) and (percentages) higher chorion weight (P<0.05) and protein phosphorus (P<0.001), and lower free and total lipid (both P<0.01) and iron (P<0.05). In a separate experiment to investigate the effects of allowing the eggs to be retained by the female within the abdominal cavity for increasing periods of time after ovulation, eggs were obtained from three females on three or four successive occasions 2–11 days apart. Although the above aspects of egg composition remained almost constant when the eggs were held in the female for up to 18 days after ovulation, the hatching percentage declined sharply within this period, in two females falling from over 90% to near zero. These results together indicate that the time of stripping of the eggs in relation to the date of ovulation is a much more significant determinant of egg quality than any of the chemical and physical aspects of egg composition which were investigated.     

2种乌贼肌肉的营养成分及品质评价

为了探究2种乌贼肌肉营养成分及品质差异,评价其营养价值,本研究对浙江舟山地区捕获量较大的日本无针乌贼(Sepiella japonica)和金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)的常规营养成分、质构特性、蒸煮损失率、甲醛含量、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成及矿物元素进行了分析。结果显示,日本无针乌贼肌肉的粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量与金乌贼相比无显著差异(P>0.05),水分含量显著低于金乌贼(P<0.05),粗灰分含量显著高于金乌贼(P<0.05)。金乌贼肌肉的硬度、弹性、胶粘性、咀嚼性和内聚性均显著高于日本无针乌贼(P<0.05)。2种乌贼肌肉的甲醛含量分别为0.56和1.18 mg/kg,均符合国家卫生标准。氨基酸测定结果显示,2种乌贼的肌肉中均检测出17种水解氨基酸,第一限制性氨基酸均为色氨酸;其中,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例均高于31%,金乌贼与FAO/WHO推荐的理想蛋白模式更接近,其必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)高达82.99。脂肪酸测定结果显示,2种乌贼的肌肉中均检测出20种脂肪酸;其中,C20:5n-3 (EPA)和C22:6n-3 (DHA)的总含量均高于40%,且日本无针乌贼显著高于金乌贼(P<0.05)。2种乌贼肌肉富含人体所需的多种无机元素,常量元素中K和P含量最高,微量元素中Zn和I含量最高。研究表明,2种乌贼肌肉的营养成分及品质存在一定的差异,但均属于优质的低脂蛋白,具有较好的开发利用价值。本研究为开发利用东海头足类海洋资源提供了一定的依据和参考。