不同脂肪源对施氏鲟幼鱼血清生化指标的影响

在饲料蛋白质水平和能量水平均能满足生长需要的基础上,以不同的油脂(添加水平均为6%)配制成6种试验饲料,投喂施氏鲟幼鱼7周,分析脂肪源对幼鱼血清胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)和高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)的含量和谷丙转氨酶活性(GPT)等生化指标的影响。结果显示:猪油组、葵花籽油组和氧化鱼油组幼鱼的TG和TC都高于鱼油组、混合油组,而其HDL-C、TC含量显著低于鱼油组、混合油组。表明猪油、葵花籽油和氧化鱼油都不利于鲟鱼的脂肪代谢;而鱼油能够调节和平衡鱼体内的脂肪代谢,降低体脂和肝脂的含量,有利于施氏鲟的健康生长。这与不同油脂具有不同的脂肪酸种类和比例有关。     

不同脂肪源饲料对台湾泥鳅生长、肌肉脂肪酸组成和质构的影响

为研究不同脂肪源饲料对台湾泥鳅(Paramisgumus dabryanus ssp)生长、肌肉脂肪酸组成和质构的影响,实验取体重均值为(2.30±0.05)g的台湾泥鳅750尾分5组,每组3个重复,每个水箱50尾,分别投喂含有6%鱼油(FO)、大豆油(SO)、花生油(PO)、玉米油(CO)或棕榈油(PaO)的等氮等能饲料,饲养7周,测定生长性能、体成分、脂肪酸组成及质构。结果显示:不同脂肪源饲料对台湾泥鳅的成活率影响不显著,鱼油组和棕榈油组特定生长率高、饲料系数低,显著优于其他三组,棕榈油组粗脂肪含量显著高于其他四组;饲料中鱼油可以提高台湾泥鳅鱼体中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFA)、二十碳五烯酸(DHA)与二十二碳六烯酸(EPA)的相对含量。不同脂肪源饲料对于台湾泥鳅硬度、胶着性影响不显著,对弹性与咀嚼性有一定的影响,其中棕榈油组中弹性和咀嚼性较高。研究表明,鱼油和棕榈油可以作为台湾泥鳅饲料的脂肪源,鱼油有利于提高鱼体中n-3 PUFA含量,棕榈油有助于提高鱼体肌肉的弹性;大豆油、花生油和玉米油对其生长性能不如前两者。     

黄颡鱼饲料脂肪的最适含量

以鱼油/豆油(1∶1,W/W)为脂肪源,配制脂肪含量为5.21%、7.23%、9.27%、11.31%、13.33%、15.37%的半纯化饲料,投喂体重约8g的黄颡鱼40d,用于探讨饲料脂肪水平对黄颡鱼生长及饲料利用率的影响。试验结果表明当脂肪含量<11.31%时,鱼体的相对增重率、饲料转化率、蛋白质效率与脂肪含量呈正相关,当脂肪含量>11.31%时,鱼体的相对增重率、饲料转化率、蛋白质效率与脂肪含量呈负相关。肝体比和肌肉渗出损失随着脂肪添加量的增加而持续上升。脂肪水平对以上各项指标有显著性影响(P<0.05)。综合各项指标,可以确定黄颡鱼饲料脂肪的最适含量为11.31%。     

不同脂肪源对异育银鲫鱼种生长、消化率及体成分的影响

为了探讨不同脂肪源对异育银鲫生长、消化率和体成分的影响,在基础饲料中分别添加4%的鱼油、豆油、猪油、花生油和混合油(鱼油∶豆油∶猪油=3∶4∶3)制成5种等氮试验饲料,饲喂均重为(6.04±0.05)g的异育银鲫60d。结果表明,混合油组的增重率、特定生长率(SGR)显著高于鱼油组和猪油组(P<0.05),但与其他组无显著差异(P>0.05);蛋白质效率(PER)、饲料系数(FCR)各组间均无显著性差异(P>0.05);豆油组的肠体比显著高于鱼油组和猪油组(P<0.05);猪油组的肝体指数(HSI)显著高于鱼油组(P<0.05),猪油组的内脏指数显著高于混合油组(P<0.05);不同脂肪源对肥满度的影响不显著(P>0.05);鱼体肌肉中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分和磷各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);猪油组肝脏中粗脂肪含量显著高于鱼油组和花生油组(P<0.05);肝脏中粗蛋白鱼油组和豆油组显著高于猪油组和花生油组(P<0.05);猪油组粗蛋白和粗脂肪的表观消化率显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。研究结果显示,当豆油和花生油单独添加时,与添加鱼油组表现出相似的生长性能、表观消化率和体成分,而单独添加猪油,鱼体对...     

不同脂肪源对克氏原螯虾生长性能与肠道菌群的影响

为研究饲料中不同脂肪源对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)生长、营养代谢及其肠道菌群组成的影响,本实验通过在人工配合饲料中分别添加5%的豆油(SO)、鱼油(FO)、猪油(LO)和混合油(豆油∶鱼油=1∶1,MO)作为主要脂肪源,对克氏原螯虾进行60 d饲喂实验后检测其生理生化指标与肠道菌群组成。结果显示：不同脂肪源对克氏原螯虾存活率与特定生长率影响显著,MO组存活率与特定生长率均为最高,LO组均显著低于其他组;营养代谢指标检测结果显示,LO组肝胰脏的脂肪酶、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和血清的总胆固醇均显著高于其他实验组;运用16S rDNA高通量测序技术对肠道微生物组成进行测定,结果显示四个组共有优势菌属只有拟杆菌属(Bacteroides),可见脂肪源是克氏原螯虾肠道菌群的较大影响因素;未知的RsaHf231菌属和Anaerorhabdus＿furcosa＿group属是除了SO组外其他三组的共有优势菌群;柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter)是SO组和FO组的优势菌群;Candidatus＿Bacilloplasma是MO组特有优势菌群。综上所述,混合油更能满足克氏原...     

饲料中大豆油替代鱼油对银鲳(Pampus argenteus)幼鱼血清溶菌酶活性及组织抗氧化能力的影响

银鲳(Pampus argenteus)是沿海重要的经济鱼类,本研究针对养殖银鲳幼鱼进行人工配合饲料研发,降低饲料成本、增强鱼体体质、提高存活率等.通过配制以100％鱼油(FO)、70％鱼油和30％大豆油(FSO)、30％鱼油和70％大豆油(SFO)、100％大豆油(SO)为脂肪源的4组饲料,检测银鲳幼鱼血清溶菌酶(LZM)和组织抗氧化性能的变化情况,以探究饲料大豆油替代鱼油对银鲳幼鱼健康的影响.结果显示,SFO组血清LZM水平最高,SO组最低,但各组间差异不显著(P＞0.05).FSO和SFO组的肌肉丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于FO和SO组(P＜0.05),肝脏MDA含量则是FO和FSO组较高(P＜0.05).血清和肌肉超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力最高的均为SFO组,而SO组活力较低.相对地,肝脏SOD和CAT活力均是FO组最高(P＜0.05).肌肉和肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均是FO和FSO组较高,而血清T-AOC是SO组较高.研究表明,豆油替代30％和70％鱼油,对银鲳幼鱼免疫和抗氧化能力都略有促进作用,但完全使用豆油会对机体产生负面影响.     

饲料中大豆油替代鱼油对银鲳(Pampus argenteus)幼鱼血清溶菌酶活性及组织抗氧化能力的影响

银鲳(Pampus argenteus)是沿海重要的经济鱼类,本研究针对养殖银鲳幼鱼进行人工配合饲料研发,降低饲料成本、增强鱼体体质、提高存活率等。通过配制以100%鱼油(FO)、70%鱼油和30%大豆油(FSO)、30%鱼油和70%大豆油(SFO)、100%大豆油(SO)为脂肪源的4组饲料,检测银鲳幼鱼血清溶菌酶(LZM)和组织抗氧化性能的变化情况,以探究饲料大豆油替代鱼油对银鲳幼鱼健康的影响。结果显示,SFO组血清LZM水平最高,SO组最低,但各组间差异不显著(P0.05)。FSO和SFO组的肌肉丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于FO和SO组(P0.05),肝脏MDA含量则是FO和FSO组较高(P0.05)。血清和肌肉超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力最高的均为SFO组,而SO组活力较低。相对地,肝脏SOD和CAT活力均是FO组最高(P0.05)。肌肉和肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均是FO和FSO组较高,而血清T-AOC是SO组较高。研究表明,豆油替代30%和70%鱼油,对银鲳幼鱼免疫和抗氧化能力都略有促进作用,但完全使用豆油会对机体产生负面影响。     

蚕蛹油等7种油脂对吉富罗非鱼生长、体组成及脂质代谢影响的比较

为研究蚕蛹油在吉富罗非鱼饲料中应用的可行性,在饲料中分别添加5.0%的蚕蛹油(SPO)、海水鱼油(MFO)、罗非鱼油(TO)、猪油(PL)、鸡油(CO)、亚麻籽油(LO)和大豆油(SO),配制成7种等氮等脂实验饲料,饲喂初始均重为(47.51±0.52)g的实验鱼。每个处理设置3个重复,每个重复放鱼20尾,进行56 d的养殖实验。结果显示,罗非鱼终末均重、增重率和特定生长率均为LO和SO组显著高于SPO和MFO组,与TO、PL和CO组差异不显著。饲料系数SPO组显著高于除MFO组外的其余各组,而蛋白质效率与之相反。摄食量SPO组最低,SO组最高。TO组罗非鱼脏体比、体长/体高和腹脂率均为最低,而肥满度最高。肝体比PL组显著高于除LO组外的其他各组。腹脂率MFO组显著高于除CO组外的其余各组。同其他组相比,SPO可降低罗非鱼全鱼、组织粗脂肪及血清甘油三酯(TG)、葡萄糖和丙二醛的含量;MFO可降低全鱼粗脂肪的含量和提高肝脏乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)的活性;PL组罗非鱼血清TG和总胆固醇(TC)含量均较低,而肝脏肉碱脂酰转移酶-I和ACC活性均较高;CO组血清TG、TC、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量和谷草转氨酶活性均为最高;LO和SO可显著提高罗非鱼对饲料脂肪的沉积率和全鱼、肌肉粗脂肪的含量,SO还可显著提高血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和降低LDL-C、TC的含量;SPO、LO和SO可分别显著提高罗非鱼肌肉中高不饱和脂肪酸、α-亚麻酸和亚油酸的含量。研究表明,SPO作为吉富罗非鱼饲料的单一脂肪源,虽会影响其生长性能,但具有降体脂、血脂和血糖,保护鱼体健康和优化肌肉脂肪酸组成等优点。     

黄斑蓝子鱼LC-PUFA 合成代谢与渗透压调节的关系研究

为探讨黄斑蓝子鱼(Siganus canaliculatus)长链多不饱和脂肪酸(long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids,LC-PUFA)合成代谢与渗透压调节的关系,本研究以鱼油(FO)和混合植物油(苏子油与双低菜籽油,VO)为脂肪源配制两种等氮等脂饲料,投喂饲养在3种盐度(10、20和32)下的黄斑蓝子鱼幼鱼8周后,分析了各处理组幼鱼的生长性能和鳃的磷脂脂肪酸组成、Na+/K+-ATPase(NKA)活力及其基因表达。结果显示,相同盐度下,VO组和FO组鱼的生长性能差异不显著(P0.05);FO组鱼鳃磷脂中的n-3 LC-PUFA含量显著高于VO组(P0.05),但VO组鱼的n-6 LC-PUFA水平显著高于FO组(P0.05);VO组鱼鳃的NKA酶活力及其m RNA表达量都显著高于FO组(P0.05)。不同盐度下,无论VO组还是FO组的鱼,盐度10组鱼的生长性能显著低于盐度20和32组(P0.05),而其鳃的LC-PUFA含量、NKA酶活力及其m RNA表达量都显著高于盐度20和32组(P0.05),各指标在后两个盐度组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。由此可见,盐度10对黄斑蓝子鱼具有一定的胁迫性,导致其生长性能较差。摄食鱼油脂肪源饲料,可以提高鱼鳃磷脂的n-3 LC-PUFA水平;而摄食植物脂肪源饲料时,鱼体可能通过自身合成的n-6LC-PUFA调控鳃的NKA基因表达及其酶活力以调节渗透压。     

微藻粉替代鱼油对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成和生理指标的影响

为探讨微藻粉替代鱼油对星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus,Pallas 1788)幼鱼生长、体组成和生理指标的影响,以鱼油为主要脂肪源配制基础饲料(FO),分别用裂壶藻粉(SO)、微绿球藻粉(NO)及两种藻粉的混合物(MO)替代鱼油中的DHA、EPA,不足部分用玉米油补齐,制成4种等氮等能的实验饲料,投喂星斑川鲽幼鱼(初始体重7.35 g±0.03 g)90 d。结果显示,与FO组相比,SO组的生长性能无显著差异(P0.05),NO组和MO组特定生长率、蛋白质效率和脏体比显著降低(P0.05),饲料系数显著增大(P0.05);MO组的全鱼粗蛋白含量显著高于其他组(P0.05),FO组与MO组的全鱼粗脂肪含量显著高于其他组(P0.05),FO组背肌粗灰分含量显著低于其他组(P0.05);藻粉替代鱼油对肌肉和肝脏脂肪酸组分影响显著,肌肉的C16:0和DHA含量与其在饲料中所占的百分比呈显著正相关(r=0.973,0.967,P0.05),C14:0和C16:1n-7呈极显著正相关(r=1.00,0.996,P0.01),肝的C18:2n-6、n-6 PUFA和DHA/EPA呈显著正相关(r=0.983,0.976,0.977,P0.05),C16:1n-7呈现极显著正相关(r=0.992,P0.01);NO组和MO组血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(CHO)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的含量较FO组显著降低(P0.05),NO组血清谷草转氨酶(AST)和葡萄糖(GLU)含量显著低于其他组(P0.05)。研究表明,本实验条件下裂壶藻粉可以替代星斑川鲽幼鱼饲料中的鱼油而不对其生长和生理指标产生负面影响,并且在一定程度上能提高星斑川鲽的营养价值。     

不同脂肪源对异育银鲫生长性能、机体成分、血清生化指标、体组织脂肪酸组成及脂质代谢的影响

试验以异育银鲫为研究对象,分别以日粮中添加5.4%鱼油、5.4%豆油、5.4%菜籽油、5.4%亚麻油为脂肪源,选择健康、规格、体质量基本一致的异育银鲫336尾,随机分为4组,每组3个重复、在可控温循环流水圆形蓄养槽内进行为期64 d的投喂试验,探讨不同脂肪源对异育银鲫生长、体成分及血清生化指标的影响。试验结果表明:豆油组及菜籽油组增重率、特定生长率显著高于鱼油组,豆油组肥满度显著低于鱼油组及亚麻油组,各试验组末均体质量、饲料系数、肝体比及脏体比均没有显著差异(P>0.05);各组间肌肉水分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白及粗灰分均无显著差异(P>0.05);不同饲料脂肪源对鱼体肌肉脂肪酸组成有显著影响,并且鱼体脂肪酸的组成与饲料脂肪酸的组成有很大相关性,其中鱼油组与菜籽油组有极显著相关性(P<0.01),豆油组显著相关(P<0.05);鱼油组的血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶及碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于其它组(P<0.05);各试验组间胰岛素、皮质醇、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、白球比、血糖、胆固醇及甘油三酯均无显著差异(P>0.05);各组肉碱软脂酰基转移酶-Ⅰ(CPT-Ⅰ)、肉碱软脂酰基转移酶-Ⅱ(CPT-Ⅱ)、脂肪酶、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)及脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)均无显著差异(P>0.05)。因此,日粮中添加一定量的豆油、菜籽油或亚麻油同样能取得良好的生长效果,为以后生产中以菜籽油或亚麻油替代豆油或鱼油提供了理论依据,节约了生产成本。     

配合饲料替代杂鱼对中华绒螯蟹生长发育、体成分及脂肪酸组成的影响

通过分别投喂配合饲料和天然杂鱼,研究配合饲料替代杂鱼对中华绒螯蟹生长发育、体成分及脂肪酸组成的影响。试验池塘设在上海市崇明县水产技术推广站特色水产养殖基地,每种饵料设3个平行。试验时间为2010年4月至11月,养殖结束后统计各试验组的存活率、体质量、产量,并随机取样测定各试验组雌雄蟹的肝胰腺指数、性腺指数、出肉率,同时测定肝胰腺、性腺和肌肉中水分、总脂、粗蛋白含量及脂肪酸组成。结果显示,杂鱼组和配合饲料组蟹的存活率、体质量、肝胰腺指数、性腺指数、出肉率等指标均无显著差异(P>0.05);杂鱼组雌雄蟹肝胰腺及雄蟹肌肉中水分含量极显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.01);杂鱼组雌雄蟹肝胰腺、性腺及雌蟹肌肉中总脂含量均显著低于配合饲料组(P<0.05);杂鱼组雌雄蟹肝胰腺中粗蛋白含量均显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.05),但杂鱼组雌蟹卵巢中粗蛋白含量极显著低于配合饲料组(P<0.01)。配合饲料组雌蟹肝胰腺游离脂肪酸含量显著高于杂鱼组(P<0.05),磷脂含量杂鱼组显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.05);配合饲料组雌蟹卵巢和肌肉甘油三酯含量均显著高于杂鱼组(P<0.05或P<0.01),游离脂肪酸和磷脂含量则杂鱼组显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.05或P<0.01);雌蟹肌肉中胆固醇含量配合饲料组极显著高于杂鱼组(P<0.01)。两组饵料雄蟹肝胰腺各脂类组成无显著差异;精巢中甘油三酯及游离脂肪酸含量为杂鱼组显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.01),磷脂含量为杂鱼组显著低于配合饲料组(P<0.05);雄蟹肌肉胆固醇含量配合饲料组显著低于杂鱼组(P<0.05)。杂鱼组雄蟹肝胰腺和肌肉中LOA含量极显著或显著低于配合饲料组(P<0.01或P<0.05),而杂鱼组雄蟹肌肉中ARA含量显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.05);杂鱼组雌蟹卵巢中LNA、ARA和DHA的含量极显著或显著低于配合饲料组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。研究结果表明,适宜的配合饲料替代杂鱼全程养殖中华绒螯蟹成蟹对其生长发育无显著负面影响,而对其体成分组成及脂肪酸组成有一定影响。     

Effects of dietary medicinal herbs and Bacillus on survival, growth, body composition, and digestive enzyme activity of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

The basal diet (C), with 0.20% medicinal herbs (M) and 0.30% Bacillus (BM1), with 0.10% medicinal herbs and 0.15% Bacillus (BM2), and with 0.30% Bacillus (B), was used to feed white shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) (1.91 ± 0.03 g) in order to assess survival, growth, body composition, and digestive enzyme activity. At the end of the feeding trial, survival ranged from 95.83 to 98.33% with no significant difference (P > 0.05) among all groups. Growth measured as weight gain was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in shrimp fed with BM2, BM1, and M compared to that of C. However, no significant differences were found among B, BM1, and M. In the case of specific growth rate, the shrimp fed with BM1 and BM2 exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher values than that of C. The contents of body moisture, crude protein, and ash seemed to be unaffected by the feed supplements, though lipid content was found to be significantly (P < 0.05) different among the treatments. The shrimp fed with BM1 and BM2 had the lowest and highest lipid contents, respectively. The digestive enzyme activity assessed using shrimp hepatopancreas revealed that the activities of amylase and protease in shrimp fed with BM2 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of C at the end of the 2nd and 6th weeks. However, better performance of the specific amylase activity was shown by the shrimp fed with B at the end of the 8th week.     

Ionic composition and osmolality of paddlefish (Polyodon spathula, Acipenseriformes) seminal fluid

Changes in ionic composition as Na⁺,K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, osmolality inseminal fluid, percentage of motile spermatozoaand velocity were investigated in response toCPP and different dosage of LHRHa. The lowestvelocity of sperm was observed after use CPPtreatment. The velocity of spermatozoa,significant main effect of the treatment(P < 0.0001) and the time of sperm collection(P < 0.0104) were evaluated. The osmolality ofseminal fluid was different betweenexperimental groups of LHRHa (48.0–62.7mOsmol.kg^–1) and CPP (33.0–46.3mOsmol.kg^–1) treatments. The osmolalitywas significantly higher on the first day andone-half, then declined on day three, rangingfrom 33.0 to 62.7 mOsmol.kg^–1. Analysisof variance showed significant main effects ofthe treatment (P < 0.0001) and the time ofsperm collection (P < 0.0002) on the osmolalityof seminal fluid. The level of Na⁺ andK⁺ ion was different between experimentalgroups of LHRHa and CPP treatment. The highestconcentration of 11.11 mmol.l^–1 wasobserved at Na⁺ ion. Then theconcentrations declined on the level 1.56, 0.52and 0.36 mmol.l^–1 for K⁺, Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺ ions, respectively. There werehighly positive correlations between osmolalityof seminal fluid and dosage of LHRHa treatment(r = 0.84), velocity of spermatozoa andosmolality of seminal fluid (r = 0.57) andosmolality of seminal fluid and Na⁺concentration at seminal fluid (r = 0.70).Injection with LHRHa increased quality of spermas velocity of sperm, level of Na⁺,K⁺ and osmolality at seminal fluidcompared to CPP treatments.     

Physical characteristics,and proximate composition of oocytes,liver and muscle of wild caught and tank-reared Macquarie perch

Macquarie perch (Macquaria australasica) is a freshwater percichthyid endemic to south-eastern Australia. In view of its conservation status (indeterminate), and its importance as a sport fish, natural stocks are replenished through a breeding programme using mature stock taken from the wild each year.This paper is the first of a series of investigations instigated to understand the underlying causes of the lack of response of Macquarie perch, caught from the wild and spawned and then tankreared for a year, to hypophysation techniques. In this paper, results of physical characteristics, proximate composition and ovarian histology of wild-caught and tank-reared fish (injected with salmon GnRHa and non-injected) are presented. Oocyte diameter distribution patterns indicate that Macquarie perch spawn once each year, and that in tank-reared fish oocyte maturation is incomplete with only a small proportion of oocytes reaching maturation. The mean (sd) gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indices of wild fish were 11.25 (2.38) and 0.59 (0.10) and that of tank-reared fish were 4.84 (0.70) and 1.44 (0.09) respectively. These two parameters differed significantly (p<0.05) in the two groups of fish.Major differences also existed in the proximate composition of the liver and the way the liver components responded to GnRHa injection. The percent (sd) protein, lipid and ash by dry weight in the liver of wild injected fish were 57.02 (0.66), 30.63 (1.22) and 8.24 (0.05) respectively while in the liver of tank-reared uninjected fish these values were 30.87 (1.36), 24.59 (1.18) and 6.43 (0.13) respectively. When expressed as an absolute amount or an amount kg^–1 body weight, all of moisture, protein, lipid, ash and nitrogen free extract were greater in tank-reared than wild fish. No significant differences were observed between wild and tank-reared fish in the composition of the body musculature or the oocytes.     

核黄素对齐口裂腹鱼生长性能、体组成、免疫及抗氧化能力的影响

实验旨在探究不同核黄素水平对齐口裂腹鱼生长性能、体组成及免疫指标的影响;以540尾健康的齐口裂腹鱼[体质量(10.54±0.01)g]为实验对象,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾。分别投喂核黄素水平为0.67、2.96、5.83、9.05、11.58和23.42mg/kg的6种等氮等能的实验饲料,养殖时间56 d。结果显示,齐口裂腹鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)以及蛋白质效率(PER)均随核黄素添加水平升高呈先升后降趋势,并均在5.83 mg/kg组达到最大且显著高于其余组;饲料系数(FCR)呈先降后升趋势,5.83 mg/kg组达到最低且显著低于其余组;核黄素可显著影响实验鱼的成活率(SR)、肝体指数(HSI)和脏体指数(VSI);核黄素可显著影响实验鱼全鱼粗脂肪含量,但对其粗蛋白质、水分和粗灰分含量无明显影响。肝胰脏核黄素沉积量随着饲料核黄素水平的增加而升高;肝胰脏D-α-氨基氧化酶(DAAO)活性在5.83 mg/kg组时达到最高。血清溶菌酶(LYZ)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均随核黄素添加水平的提高而呈先升高后稳定的变化趋势。丙二醛(MDA)含量则随核黄素添加水平的提高而呈先降低后稳定的变化趋势。说明核黄素可有效地提高齐口裂腹鱼随饲料的消化利用率,提高免疫及抗氧化能力,促进其生长。综合考虑,齐口裂腹鱼核黄素添加水平为5.32~5.89 mg/kg。     

Effects of feeding rate on growth, feed utilizationand body composition of a tropical bagrid catfish

A 10 week experiment was conducted to determine theeffects of feeding rate on growth, feed utilizationand body composition of the tropical bagrid catfish,Mystus nemurus. Catfish fingerlings with anaverage initial body weight of 12 g were fed apractical diet (36.2% protein, 16.5 kJ/g diet) atrates of 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4 or 5% of their bodyweight (BW) per day in two equal meals. Watertemperature was approximately 29 °C throughoutthe experiment. Percent weight gain increased almostlinearly with increasing feeding rates up to 2.5%BW/day beyond which no significant (P > 0.05)improvement in weight gain was observed. The specificgrowth rate of catfish fed rations of 1% BW/day was0.72%/day and this increased significantly to anaverage of 1.39%/day for catfish fed 2.5% BW/day andbeyond. Feed utilization did not differ significantly(P > 0.05) between fish fed 1.0 to 2.5%BW/day but decreased when rations were increased to3.0% BW/day and above. Feed efficiency ratio was0.79 for catfish fed 1.0% BW/day compared to a ratioof 0.27 for fish fed at 5% BW/day. Catfish fed 1.0%BW/day had the lowest condition factor, hepato- andviscerosomatic indices, but the highest carcass tobody weight ratio. These fish also had lowerproportions of whole body dry matter, lipid andprotein, carcass dry matter and lipid, and visceraldry matter and lipid than fish in other groups. Therewere no significant differences in either conditionindices or relative body composition of fish fedrations of 2.0 to 5.0% BW/day. Based on the growth,feed efficiency and body composition data obtained, afeeding rate of 2.5% BW per day is recommended forM. nemurus fingerlings raised at 29 °C.     

Effects of diet transition regimen on survival, growth and lipid composition of intensively reared Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, larvae

Replicated groups of Atlantic cod were rearedfor up to 40 days in 100 l tanks stocked at adensity of 75 eggs l^–1. Larvae weretransferred from rotifers, Brachionusplicatilis, to either fresh-hatched orenriched Artemia nauplii on each of days5, 15 and 25 post-hatch (ph). Rotifers wereprogressively withdrawn over a 5 day period.The type of Artemia offered(fresh-hatched, enriched) did not affectsurvival or growth rates at any of the 3transfer ages. Larvae transferred toArtemia from day 5 ph suffered a highincidence of swimbladder over-inflation andhigh mortality during metamorphosis (< 1%survival to day 36 ph). Cod in the day 15 and day25 transfer groups did not differ significantlyin weight-specific growth rate or size on day40 ph (mean standard length 13.8 mm, dry weight3.8 mg). Highest mean survival rates to day 40ph (18.1%) and lowest mortality followingtransfer to nursery tanks were also observed inthe day 25 transfer groups. Fish that receivedArtemia from day 5 ph containedcirca twice as much total lipid per unit bodyweight and had a 30% higher triacylglycerol(TAG) content compared to all other groups.Ratios of the essential fatty acidsdocosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoicacid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) alsodiffered according to age-at-transition.DHA:EPA ratio exceeded 1 only in codtransferred to Artemia on day 25 ph.Based on these findings, it is recommended thatintensively reared Atlantic cod should continueto receive rotifers until completion ofmetamorphosis.     

Effects of feeding time,water temperature,feeding frequency and dietary composition on apparent nutrient digestibility in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and common carp Cyprinus carpio

A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding time (daytime vs nighttime feeding), dietary fat content (8 and 20%), feeding frequency (trout 1–3 times/day, carp 2–7 times/day), water temperature (trout 18 and 11°C, carp 25 and 17°C), on the apparent nutrient digestibility in rainbow trout and common carp. The feeding time had little effect on the macronutrient digestibility in both species. In trout, starch digestibility decreased with the decrease of water temperature and with increase of feeding frequency, but in carp, increase of the feeding frequency markedly decreased the macronutrient digestibility and phosphrrus absorption of the high fat diet. Fat digestibility of the beef tallow diet decreased relative to the pollock oil diet in carp, without affecting the phosphorus absorption. Inclusion of raw starch, the digestibility of which was lower than that of gelatinized starch, increased the phosphorus absorption in carp. These results suggest that reduction of water temperature and increase of feeding frequency notably decreased starch digestibility in trout while in carp, the effects of feeding frequency and water temperature on macronutrient digestibility and phosphorus absorption are notable for a high fat diet.