饲料中大豆油替代鱼油对银鲳(Pampus argenteus)幼鱼血清溶菌酶活性及组织抗氧化能力的影响

银鲳(Pampus argenteus)是沿海重要的经济鱼类,本研究针对养殖银鲳幼鱼进行人工配合饲料研发,降低饲料成本、增强鱼体体质、提高存活率等。通过配制以100%鱼油(FO)、70%鱼油和30%大豆油(FSO)、30%鱼油和70%大豆油(SFO)、100%大豆油(SO)为脂肪源的4组饲料,检测银鲳幼鱼血清溶菌酶(LZM)和组织抗氧化性能的变化情况,以探究饲料大豆油替代鱼油对银鲳幼鱼健康的影响。结果显示,SFO组血清LZM水平最高,SO组最低,但各组间差异不显著(P0.05)。FSO和SFO组的肌肉丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于FO和SO组(P0.05),肝脏MDA含量则是FO和FSO组较高(P0.05)。血清和肌肉超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力最高的均为SFO组,而SO组活力较低。相对地,肝脏SOD和CAT活力均是FO组最高(P0.05)。肌肉和肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均是FO和FSO组较高,而血清T-AOC是SO组较高。研究表明,豆油替代30%和70%鱼油,对银鲳幼鱼免疫和抗氧化能力都略有促进作用,但完全使用豆油会对机体产生负面影响。     

银鲳卵黄发生期间组织中抗氧化水平的变化及饲料n-3 LC-PUFA对其的影响

研究了银鲳(Papus argenteus)肝及卵巢组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及丙二醛(MDA)含量在整个卵黄发生过程中的变化情况,并分析了饲料n-3 LC-PUFA对卵黄发生期间组织中抗氧化水平的影响。分别以100%鱼油(FO组)、70%鱼油和30%大豆油(FSO组)、30%鱼油和70%大豆油(SFO组)、100%大豆油(SO组)为脂肪源,配制了4组等氮、等能及等脂的试验饲料。以1年龄雌性银鲳为试验对象,每组饲料设3重复,试验周期185 d。研究结果表明,肝与卵巢组织SOD、CAT活性、T-AOC水平及MDA含量在卵黄发生过程中均呈现逐渐升高的趋势,且卵黄发生后期各指标水平均显著高于卵黄发生前期(P0.05)。肝SOD(除SO饲料组外)、CAT活性、T-AOC水平及MDA含量在卵黄发生中期与前期之间未表现出显著性差异(P0.05),而卵黄发生中期FO与FSO饲料组卵巢SOD、CAT活性及T-AOC水平则均显著高于卵黄发生前期(P0.05)。FSO饲料组肝与卵巢SOD、CAT活性在卵黄发生过程中均为最高值,且在卵黄发生中、后期均显著高于SO饲料组(P0.05),但与FO饲料组无显著性差异(P0.05)。各饲料组间肝与卵巢T-AOC水平在卵黄发生前期均未表现出显著性差异(P0.05),而在卵黄发生后期,FO与FSO饲料组肝与卵巢T-AOC水平均显著高于SO饲料组(P0.05),但FO与FSO饲料组间无显著性差异(P0.05)。肝与卵巢中MDA含量随着饲料n-3 LC-PUFA含量的升高而呈现出升高趋势,且这种升高趋势在肝组织中表现更为明显,卵巢组织MDA含量在卵黄发生中、后期仅FO饲料组表现出显著性升高趋势(P0.05),其他各饲料组在卵黄发生各期均未表现出显著性差异(P0.05)。统计分析表明,银鲳卵黄发生过程中组织中抗氧化水平逐渐升高,适宜的饲料n-3 LC-PUFA含量(4.01%,FSO饲料组)可明显改善银鲳卵黄发生中期与后期组织中的抗氧化水平。双因素方差分析结果表明,试验饲料与卵黄发生时期对银鲳组织抗氧化水平均具有极显著性影响(P0.01),且两者对肝T-AOC水平与MDA含量存在显著性的交互作用(P0.05)。     

银鲳ERα基因片段的克隆及卵黄发生期间饲料n-3LC-PUFA对其组织表达的影响

本研究克隆获得银鲳(Pampus argenteus)雌激素受体α(estrogen receptorα,ERα)基因的部分c DNA序列,长度196 bp,编码65个氨基酸。经BLAST比对,与其它鱼类ERα基因序列的一致性在89%~93%之间,证明实验所得序列为银鲳ERα基因的部分片段。以1年龄雌性银鲳为实验对象,配制了4组等氮、等能及等脂的实验饲料,分别以100%鱼油(FO组)、70%鱼油和30%大豆油(FSO组)、30%鱼油和70%大豆油(SFO组)、100%大豆油(SO组)为脂肪源,研究银鲳在卵黄发生期间组织中ERα基因表达量的变化以及饲料n-3LC-PUFA对其组织表达的影响,实验周期185 d。结果表明,在卵黄发生中期与后期,肝脏与卵巢中ERα基因表达量均显著高于卵黄发生前期(P0.05);卵黄发生后期肝脏组织中ERα基因表达量虽较卵黄发生中期呈升高趋势,但除了SO组之外,两者之间无显著性差异(P0.05);而卵巢组织中ERα基因表达量在整个卵黄发生期间均呈现显著升高趋势(P0.05)。饲料n-3LC-PUFA对肝脏与卵巢ERα基因表达量的影响在卵黄发生前期均未表现出明显的组间差异,但在卵黄发生中期与后期,饲料中较高的n-3LC-PUFA含量显著提高了组织中ERα基因表达量。在卵黄发生中期与后期,FO与FSO组肝脏与卵巢组织中ERα基因表达量均分别显著高于SO组(P0.05)。双因素方差分析结果表明,饲料n-3LC-PUFA与卵黄发生时期对银鲳组织中ERα基因表达量均具有显著性影响,且两者对组织中ERα基因表达量存在显著性的交互作用。     

饲料中添加南极磷虾粉对银鲳幼鱼生长、非特异性免疫及抗氧化功能的影响

以银鲳(Pampus argenteus)幼鱼为研究对象,设置4组不同南极磷虾粉替代鱼粉水平(0%、10%、20%、40%,其中0%为对照组)的饲料,进行60 d的饲养实验,探讨饲料中添加南极磷虾粉对银鲳幼鱼生长、非特异性免疫及抗氧化功能的影响。结果显示:饲料中添加南极磷虾粉的处理组银鲳增重率与特定生长率(SGR)较对照组均有显著性提高(P <0.05),但在添加不同比例南极磷虾粉的饲料组间(10%、20%、40%),银鲳的增重率与特定生长率无显著性差异(P> 0.05)。血清中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)及溶菌酶(LZM) 20%饲料组活性均为最高,但与对照组无显著差异;肝脏AKP活性、肾脏LZM活性10%饲料组均分别显著高于其它各组(P <0.05);肌肉中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性40%处理组显著高于对照组(P <0.05),20%饲料组也高于对照组,但差异不显著(P> 0.05);添加南极磷虾粉的饲料组血清和肌肉中过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性均高于对照组,其中40%饲料组血清和肌肉CAT的活性均显著高于对照组(P <0.05)。结果表明,本实验条件下,结合银鲳幼鱼生长性能、非特异性免疫及抗氧化能力的分析,南极磷虾粉替代饲料中鱼粉的适宜比例建议控制在10%～20%。     

急性温度胁迫对银鲳幼鱼抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

将银鲳(Pampus argenteus)幼鱼分别放置在22℃、27℃(对照组)和32℃的不同水温梯度下胁迫48h,研究不同温度、不同时间(0、12、24、48 h)下银鲳幼鱼肝脏和血清中的抗氧化酶指标和免疫指标活力的变化。结果表明:肝脏中,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力22℃试验组变化基本一致,均呈现先升后降的趋势;谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)仅在22℃试验组出现显著波动(P0.05),其余组变化不显著(P0.05);总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)22℃试验组在24 h和48 h差异显著(P0.05),32℃试验组0 h和48 h差异显著(P0.05);丙二醛(MDA)22℃试验组随着时间的延长含量显著下降,24 h下降到最低值,随后维持最低值,32℃试验组MDA含量则随时间的延长呈现先下降后上升的趋势,对照组也出现了显著性变化(P0.05)。血清中,SOD 22℃试验组的活力呈现先升高后降低的趋势,32℃试验组则随着时间的延长含量直线上升,对照组也出现了波动;CAT和T-AOC 22℃试验组均变化不显著(P0.05),CAT 32℃试验组呈现先降低后升高的趋势,T-AOC 32℃试验组显著下降,对照组CAT和T-AOC都出现波动;GSH-PX和MDA32℃试验组出现下降趋势,且差异显著(P0.05),GSH-PX 22℃试验组含量随时间延长呈现先降低后升高的趋势,MDA 22℃试验组和对照组都出现波动现象。免疫指标中,溶菌酶(LZM)活力的变化不显著(P0.05);免疫球蛋白M(Ig M)各试验组活力均呈现显著性变化(P0.05)。不同温度组之间在同一时间也会出现显著性差异(P0.05)。在肝脏中,T-AOC 32℃试验组在48 h与其余两组差异显著(P0.05);MDA除起始时间0 h外,其余时间段不同温度组间均出现显著性差异。而SOD、CAT、GSH-PX则不同温度组在同一时间内没有显著性差异(P0.05);血清中,除了免疫指标中的LZM不同温度组在同一时间内没有显著性差异之外,其余各项指标均在同一时间段不同温度组之间出现显著性差异(P0.05)。实验结果表明,急性温度胁迫对银鲳幼鱼的肝脏造成了一定的损伤,并对其抗氧化能力和免疫应答反应产生了一定的影响,因此,在实际苗种生产和工厂化养殖过程中,应尽量避免急性温度变化对银鲳幼鱼产生的应激反应。     

豆油替代鱼油对圆斑星鲽幼鱼生长和肌肉脂肪酸的影响

本实验旨在研究饲料中豆油替代鱼油对圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)幼鱼生长和肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响。用豆油分别替代0、25%、50%和75%的鱼油,配制4组等氮、等脂肪的饲料。选择初始体重为(65.47±1.57)g的圆斑星鲽幼鱼360尾,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,养殖56 d。结果显示,(1)随着豆油替代水平的升高,增重率(WGR)呈现降低的趋势(P0.05),饲料系数(FCR)呈现升高的趋势(P0.05),25%替代组的WGR高于鱼油组(P0.05)。(2)豆油替代鱼油对圆斑星鲽肌肉的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分和水分含量无显著性影响(P0.05),对肝体比(HSI)、脏体比(VSI)和肥满度(CF)无显著性影响(P0.05),豆油替代组肝脏的脂肪含量显著高于鱼油组(P0.05)。(3)随着饲料中豆油水平的增加,圆斑星鲽幼鱼肌肉亚油酸(C18:2n-6)和亚麻酸(C18:3n-3)显著升高(P0.05),而二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)则显著降低(P0.05)。研究结果表明,在该实验条件下,饲料中高比例的豆油替代鱼油会降低鱼体的生长性能和肌肉脂肪酸营养品质。     

微藻粉替代鱼油对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成和生理指标的影响

为探讨微藻粉替代鱼油对星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus,Pallas 1788)幼鱼生长、体组成和生理指标的影响,以鱼油为主要脂肪源配制基础饲料(FO),分别用裂壶藻粉(SO)、微绿球藻粉(NO)及两种藻粉的混合物(MO)替代鱼油中的DHA、EPA,不足部分用玉米油补齐,制成4种等氮等能的实验饲料,投喂星斑川鲽幼鱼(初始体重7.35 g±0.03 g)90 d。结果显示,与FO组相比,SO组的生长性能无显著差异(P0.05),NO组和MO组特定生长率、蛋白质效率和脏体比显著降低(P0.05),饲料系数显著增大(P0.05);MO组的全鱼粗蛋白含量显著高于其他组(P0.05),FO组与MO组的全鱼粗脂肪含量显著高于其他组(P0.05),FO组背肌粗灰分含量显著低于其他组(P0.05);藻粉替代鱼油对肌肉和肝脏脂肪酸组分影响显著,肌肉的C16:0和DHA含量与其在饲料中所占的百分比呈显著正相关(r=0.973,0.967,P0.05),C14:0和C16:1n-7呈极显著正相关(r=1.00,0.996,P0.01),肝的C18:2n-6、n-6 PUFA和DHA/EPA呈显著正相关(r=0.983,0.976,0.977,P0.05),C16:1n-7呈现极显著正相关(r=0.992,P0.01);NO组和MO组血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(CHO)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的含量较FO组显著降低(P0.05),NO组血清谷草转氨酶(AST)和葡萄糖(GLU)含量显著低于其他组(P0.05)。研究表明,本实验条件下裂壶藻粉可以替代星斑川鲽幼鱼饲料中的鱼油而不对其生长和生理指标产生负面影响,并且在一定程度上能提高星斑川鲽的营养价值。     

饲料中添加谷胱甘肽对草鱼组织中谷胱甘肽沉积和抗氧化能力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)至0 mg/kg、100 mg/kg、200 mg/kg、300 mg/kg、400 mg/kg和500 mg/kg,分别投喂草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)幼鱼8周,草鱼幼鱼体质量(4.09±0.01)g,观察GSH在草鱼组织中沉积以及对草鱼抗氧化功能的影响.结果表明,饲料中添加外源GSH对草鱼生长影响不显著(P＞0.05),实验组肌肉中GSH含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),肝脏中GSH含量在GSH添加水平为200 mg/kg时显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),肝脏和肌肉中丙二醛(MDA)在GSH添加水平为300 mg/kg组达到最低,显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).添加GSH对血清中GSH和MDA影响不显著(P＞0.05).草鱼肝脏中谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活力在400 mg/kg组显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),肌肉中GR活力有增高趋势但差异不显著(P＞0.05);肝脏和肌肉中γ-谷氨酰转移酶(γ-GT)均高于对照组,分别在300 mg/kg组和200 mg/kg组达到显著水平(P＜0.05);肝脏中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活力、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)能力不同程度升高,均在200 mg/kg组达到最高,显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);血清GSH-PX活力和T-AOC有增高趋势但与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05);血清和肝脏中活性氧(ROS)含量分别在400 mg/kg和300 mg/kg组达到最低,显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).结果提示,饲料中添加GSH能够促进草鱼肝脏和肌肉中GSH的沉积,提高肝脏及肌肉中GR和γ-GT活力,以及肝脏中GSH-PX和SOD活力与总抗氧化能力,减少肝脏中MDA含量,降低肝脏及血清中ROS含量,因此GSH在水产饲料中具有广泛的应用前景.     

氧化鱼油与棕榈油对花鲈肝脏抗氧化酶及组织结构的影响

在21个200 L圆形流水水槽中各放养花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)幼鱼,初始体质量为(1.73±0.01)g.在相同的环境条件下投喂以棕榈油(P)与新鲜鱼油(F)或氧化鱼油(OF)不同比例混合的7组饲料(10P,10F,6F4P,4F6P,100F,60F4P和40F6P),每个实验组设3个重复.60d饲养实验结束后,通过测定花鲈肝脏部分抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶SOD,过氧化氢酶CAT和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px)活力和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),并对肝脏,肠以及肌肉进行组织学观察,研究在配合饲料中添加棕榈油替代氧化鱼油对花鲈肝脏抗氧化酶活力及其对组织结构的影响.结果表明,在含有氧化鱼油的实验组中,添加40%的棕榈油对花鲈肝脏的CAT活力以及GSH-Px活力有显著提高作用(P<0.05),对SOD活力有一定的提高效果(P>0.05),各组间总抗氧化能力差异不显著(P>0.05).新鲜鱼油组(10F,6F4P,4F6P)间抗氧化酶活力差异不显著(P>0.05).非氧化组花鲈肝脏和肌肉组织结构完整,100F组花鲈肝脏和肌肉组织呈现氧化脂肪中毒症状,添加棕榈油后(60F4P和40F6P)症状减轻,各组花鲈肠结构无明显差异.由此认为,棕榈油在花鲈饲料中部分替代鱼油是可行的,另外,在贮存不当的饲料中,后喷涂一定比例的棕榈油能对其毒性产生缓解作用.     

增加饲料中V_C质量分数对银鲳血清溶菌酶活性及组织抗氧化能力的影响

研究了增加饲料中维生素C(VC)质量分数对银鲳(Pampus argenteus)血清溶菌酶活性及组织抗氧化能力的影响。以鱼粉、虾粉为蛋白源,鱼油为脂肪源配制VC质量分数分别为104.21 mg.kg-1、455.33 mg.kg-1和800.54 mg.kg-1的3组饲料,依次编号为C1(对照组)、C2、C3。每组饲料设3个重复,投喂平均体质量为(6.18±0.15)g的银鲳幼鱼9周。结果显示,随着饲料中VC质量分数的增加,血清溶菌酶活性逐渐升高,C3组较C1、C2组溶菌酶活性显著性升高(P<0.05)。增加VC质量分数可显著提高组织中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(P<0.05),但VC对不同组织中SOD活性的影响程度并不相同。随着饲料中VC质量分数的增加,肝脏与肌肉中VC水平显著性升高(P<0.05)。同时,高水平VC也显著降低了组织中丙二醛(MDA)的质量摩尔浓度。分析表明,增加饲料中VC质量分数(大于455.33 mg.kg-1)可提高银鲳血清溶菌酶活性与组织抗氧化能力,降低组织中的脂质过氧化反应。     

Dietary n‐3 LC‐PUFAs affect lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) activities and mRNA expression during vitellogenesis and ovarian fatty acid composition of female silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus) broodstock

We studied the effects of dietary n‐3 LC‐PUFAs on the activities and mRNA expression levels of tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) during vitellogenesis and ovarian fatty acid composition in female silver pomfret broodstock. Broodstock were fed one of four experimental diets for 185 days: FO (100% fish oil), FSO (70% fish oil + 30% soybean oil), SFO (30% fish oil + 70% soybean oil) or SO (100% soybean oil). The results revealed that hepatic LPL and FAS and ovarian FAS activities and mRNA expression levels significantly increased at vitellogenesis and postvitellogenesis relative to previtellogenesis, with no significant differences between these two stages, except for hepatic LPL mRNA expression. Dietary n‐3 LC‐PUFAs decreased tissue FAS and increased LPL activities and mRNA expression levels. The ovarian concentrations of 20:4n‐6 (ARA), 20:5n‐3 (EPA), 22:6n‐3 (DHA) and n‐3 LC‐PUFAs were directly influenced by n‐3 LC‐PUFA levels. Total n‐3 LC‐PUFA concentrations in SO were 57% lower than those in FO, while 18:2n‐6 concentrations in SO were 4.7 ×  higher than those in FO. These results revealed that high dietary n‐3 LC‐PUFAs levels significantly affected tissue lipid metabolism in female silver pomfret broodstock during vitellogenesis by upregulating LPL and downregulating FAS.     

Effects of different dietary lipid sources on growth performance,antioxidant enzyme activities and biochemical composition of juvenile swimming crab,Portunus trituberculatus

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lipid sources on growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activities and biochemical composition of juvenile swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus of initial weight 2.34 ± 0.08 g. Four different diets were formulated to contain fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SO), linseed oil (LO) or palm oil (PO). The highest final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and molting frequency were observed in crabs fed the FO diet. Crabs fed the SO diet showed higher glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in both serum and hepatopancreas than those fed the FO diet. The lowest malondialdehyde concentration in hepatopancreas and serum were occurred at crabs fed the SO diet. Crabs fed the LO diet had significantly higher SOD and CAT activities in hepatopancreas compared with those fed the FO diet. Crabs fed the PO diet had the highest activities of fatty acid synthase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 activities in hepatopancreas among all treatments. Fatty acid compositions both in hepatopancreas and muscle reflected those of diets. Overall, these findings demonstrated that physiological–biochemical characteristics and lipid metabolism were significantly regulated by different dietary lipid sources. Moreover, dietary SO and LO supplementation could improve antioxidant ability.     

不同脂肪源日粮补充维生素E对罗氏沼虾生长、免疫及肉品质的影响

本研究旨在完善罗氏沼虾（）饲料配方，降低罗氏沼虾饲料成本。研究采用3×2双因素设计，配制6组饲料，分别包含鱼油（fish oil，FO）、豆油（soybean oil，SO）、菜籽油（rapeseed oil，RO）三种脂肪源；200 mg/kg（200VE）和600 mg/kg（600VE）两个维生素E（VE）水平。养殖实验在温室水泥池中进行，每个处理3个重复，养殖期8周，每天定点定量投喂3次。结果显示，相对于FO组，SO和RO组增重率、特定生长率显著升高，饵料系数显著下降（>0.05）。对于血淋巴抗氧化指标，在相同VE水平下，FO组血淋巴总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性均显著低于SO和RO组，谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPX）活性均显著高于SO和RO组（<0.05）。在相同脂肪源下，600VE可显著提高FO组T-AOC活性，RO组GPX活性以及SO和RO组SOD活性（>0.05）。对于血淋巴生理生化指标，谷草转氨酶（AST）、总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）和甘油三酯（TC）受日粮影响显著（<0.05）。此外，日粮脂肪源和VE水平对肉质也有显著影响。其中，SO组肌肉鲜度和滋味强度较高；RO组鱼腥味较低；FO组肌肉亮度较高，气味强度较低。在200 mg/kg VE水平下，FO组肌肉硬度、胶黏性、耐咀性、黏性和回复性显著高于植物油组（<0.05），而对肌肉蒸煮损失和滴水损失无显著影响（>0.05）。上述结果表明，相对于鱼油，豆油和菜籽油等植物油是罗氏沼虾更优质的脂肪源，VE在以鱼油为单一脂肪源的饲料中有一定的促生长和缓解应激的作用，且脂肪源和VE均显著影响肌肉品质。本研究结果将为降低鱼油在罗氏沼虾饲料中的使用提供数据支持。     

Dietary fish oil replacement by soybean oil: Effect on plasma vitellogenin,sex steroids and ovarian steroidogenesis in Chinese strip‐necked turtles (Mauremys sinensis)

In order to investigate the effects of dietary fish oil replacement, the turtles (Mauremys sinensis) were fed four experimental diets for 10 months: FO (100% fish oil), FSO (70% fish oil and 30% soybean oil), SFO (30% fish oil and 70% soybean oil) and SO (100% soybean oil), sampled at pre‐vitellogenesis, vitellogenesis and post‐vitellogenesis. The results showed that plasma gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) levels were the highest at pre‐vitellogenesis, which promoted the secretion of gonadotropin and sex steroids. Therefore, plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and estrogen (E₂) levels were significantly increased at post‐vitellogenesis (p < 0.05), while follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) levels increased at vitellogenesis (p < 0.05). The FO and FSO groups had significantly higher GnRH and E₂ levels than the other two groups (p < 0.05). In addition, plasma vitellogenin (Vtg) levels significantly increased at vitellogenesis and post‐vitellogenesis (p < 0.05), which were significantly higher in the groups of FO and FSO than SO (p < 0.05). Moreover, the expression levels of hepatic estrogen receptor α (Erα) mRNA were significantly increased at vitellogenesis and post‐vitellogenesis while ovarian Cyp19α1α mRNA were significantly increased at post‐vitellogenesis (p < 0.05), and both were the lowest in SO. Taken together, the replacement of fish oil with 66.7% soybean oil is feasible.     

Effects of Different Dietary Lipid Sources on Growth Performance,Salinity Tolerance,Haematological and Biochemical Parameters of Caspian Roach (Rutilus rutilus caspicus) Juvenile

This study investigates the effects of replacing fish oil with two vegetable oils (Sunflower oil and Soybean oil) on growth performance, salinity tolerance, hematological and serum biochemical profile of Rutilus rutilus over 56 days. Five diets were supplemented with 8% of either fish oil (FO) (control), sunflower oil (SFO), and soybean oil (SO) or a combination of 4% FO with 4% SFO and 4% FO with 4% SO, respectively. Triplicate groups of fish (24 fish per tank with an average body weight, of 5.52 g) were assigned to each diet. Blood samples were taken from the caudal vein of 75 apparently healthy fish at the end of trial. Hematological values of the blood samples were determined using standard techniques. At the end of the experiment fish were exposed to salinity stress. The results showed that the best growth performance was in fish fed the control diet, but the differences were minor among treatments containing vegetable oils (P > 0.05). Serum cholesterol and glucose concentrations were significantly higher in fish fed dieta containing vegetable oils (P < 0.05). Red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (Ht) and hemoglobin (Hb) in groups fed diets containing SFO and SO were higher than other groups (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in survival after 48 h salinity stress (P > 0.05). These results indicate that in cases where fish oil is scarce or expensive, vegetable lipids can be used as replacements without any serious negative growth performance and health impacts.     

增加饲料中Vc质量分数对银鲳血清溶菌酶活性及组织抗氧化能力的影响

研究了增加饲料中维生素C（VC）质量分数对银鲳（Pampus argenteus）血清溶菌酶活性及组织抗氧化能力的影响.以鱼粉、虾粉为蛋白源,鱼油为脂肪源配制VC质量分数分别为104.21 mg·kg^-1、455.33 mg·kg^-1和800.54 mg·kg^-1的3组饲料,依次编号为C1（对照组）、C2、C3.每组饲料设3个重复,投喂平均体质量为（6.18±0.15）g的银鲳幼鱼9周.结果显示,随着饲料中VC质量分数的增加,血清溶菌酶活性逐渐升高,C3组较C1、C2组溶菌酶活性显著性升高（P＜0.05）.增加VC质量分数可显著提高组织中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）（P ＜0.05）,但VC对不同组织中SOD活性的影响程度并不相同.随着饲料中VC质量分数的增加,肝脏与肌肉中VC水平显著性升高（P＜0.05）.同时,高水平VC也显著降低了组织中丙二醛（MDA）的质量摩尔浓度.分析表明,增加饲料中VC质量分数（大于455.33 mg·kg^-1）可提高银鲳血清溶菌酶活性与组织抗氧化能力,降低组织中的脂质过氧化反应.     

Replacement of fish oil in plant‐based diets for Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,by stearine fish oil and palm oil

Stearine fish oil (SFO) and palm oil (PO) have emerged as promising alternatives for the replacement of fish oil (FO) in aquafeeds. This study evaluated the replacement of FO with alternative oils in practical diets for Litopenaeus vannamei. In a clear brackish water study (14.1 g/L) utilizing shrimp (0.29 ± 0.02 g, initial weight), FO was replaced by SFO at inclusion ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 (FO:SFO) and PO as 90% of FO. After 55 days, no significant differences (p < 0.05) in final weight, growth, or survival of shrimp were observed. A second trial (8 weeks) in low‐salinity water (2.1 g/L) with shrimp (0.92 ± 0.02 g, initial weight) evaluated diets with 100% FO, 100% SFO, 90% PO, 90% soybean oil (SO), or 90% flaxseed oil (FXO) as a replacement for FO and four commercially produced diets with 2% of FO, SO, PO, or FXO. One treatment received half rations of the commercial FO diet, and one treatment was based entirely on natural productivity. Results show that the fatty acid profiles of the tail muscle conformed to the lipids of the feed, and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) were preserved. Following 8 weeks of culture, there were no significant differences in production performance.