不同脂肪水平的饲料对圆斑星鲽生长及表观消化率的影响

以鱼粉和酪蛋白为蛋白源,鱼油和豆油为脂肪源,配制成蛋白水平为50%,脂肪水平分别为8%、12%、16%的三组饲料(分别表示为A、B、C组),每组设3个重复,每个重复15尾鱼,进行10周的圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)饲养试验。结果表明:鱼体的生长和表观消化率受饲料中脂肪水平影响显著,各组成活率均较高,A组的增重率显著高于其他两组,饲料系数则随饲料中脂肪水平的升高而有升高的趋势。干物质表观消化率以C组最高且显著高于A组和B组,随饲料中脂肪水平的升高,脂肪表观消化率显著增加。从生产角度考虑,在本实验条件下,圆斑星鲽的最适脂肪需求为8%。     

微藻粉替代鱼油对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成和生理指标的影响

为探讨微藻粉替代鱼油对星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus,Pallas 1788)幼鱼生长、体组成和生理指标的影响,以鱼油为主要脂肪源配制基础饲料(FO),分别用裂壶藻粉(SO)、微绿球藻粉(NO)及两种藻粉的混合物(MO)替代鱼油中的DHA、EPA,不足部分用玉米油补齐,制成4种等氮等能的实验饲料,投喂星斑川鲽幼鱼(初始体重7.35 g±0.03 g)90 d。结果显示,与FO组相比,SO组的生长性能无显著差异(P0.05),NO组和MO组特定生长率、蛋白质效率和脏体比显著降低(P0.05),饲料系数显著增大(P0.05);MO组的全鱼粗蛋白含量显著高于其他组(P0.05),FO组与MO组的全鱼粗脂肪含量显著高于其他组(P0.05),FO组背肌粗灰分含量显著低于其他组(P0.05);藻粉替代鱼油对肌肉和肝脏脂肪酸组分影响显著,肌肉的C16:0和DHA含量与其在饲料中所占的百分比呈显著正相关(r=0.973,0.967,P0.05),C14:0和C16:1n-7呈极显著正相关(r=1.00,0.996,P0.01),肝的C18:2n-6、n-6 PUFA和DHA/EPA呈显著正相关(r=0.983,0.976,0.977,P0.05),C16:1n-7呈现极显著正相关(r=0.992,P0.01);NO组和MO组血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(CHO)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的含量较FO组显著降低(P0.05),NO组血清谷草转氨酶(AST)和葡萄糖(GLU)含量显著低于其他组(P0.05)。研究表明,本实验条件下裂壶藻粉可以替代星斑川鲽幼鱼饲料中的鱼油而不对其生长和生理指标产生负面影响,并且在一定程度上能提高星斑川鲽的营养价值。     

不同脂肪源饲料对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长、消化酶活力和脂肪酸组成的影响

选用初始体重为(2.15±0.10)g的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)雄性幼蟹,随机分为5组(每组12只幼蟹),饲喂100%鱼油组(简称F1组)、100%豆油组(F2组)、100%亚麻油组(F3组)、50%鱼油+50%豆油组(F4组)、50%鱼油+50%亚麻油组(F5组)不同脂肪源配制的5种等氮等能饲料。实验蟹单个体养殖,实验周期为112 d。结果表明,F5组体重、增重率和特定生长率都显著高于其他饲料组(P0.05),各组的蜕壳间隔和肝胰腺指数没有显著差异(P0.05)。肝胰腺组织消化酶活力测定结果表明,F1组幼蟹肝胰腺的类胰蛋白酶活力显著高于其他各组(P0.05);F3组的胃蛋白酶活力显著高于其他各组(P0.05);F1组、F2组和F4组的脂肪酶活力显著高于其他两组(P0.05);各组的淀粉酶活力差异不显著(P0.05)。脂肪酸测定结果表明,肝胰腺和肌肉中的亚油酸(LOA)(C18:2n-6)、亚麻酸(LNA)(C18:3n-3)、EPA(C20:5n-3)和DHA(C22:6n-3)等主要脂肪酸含量与饲料脂肪酸组成呈正相关关系,F1组的高度不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)含量显著高于其余各组(P0.05),F2组的LOA含量显著高于其余各组(P0.05),F3组的LNA含量显著高于其余各组(P0.05)。本研究结果表明,以50%的豆油或亚麻油替代鱼油能促进中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的生长,但可能使幼蟹的成活率降低。以豆油或亚麻油替代鱼油会影响幼蟹胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和脂肪酶的活力和肝胰腺、肌肉脂肪酸组成。     

亚麻籽油替代鱼油对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、脂肪酸组成及脂肪沉积的影响

为研究亚麻籽油替代不同鱼油水平对大菱鲆幼鱼[初始体质量为(5.89±0.02)g]生长、脂肪酸组成以及肝脏和肌肉脂肪沉积的影响,以亚麻籽油分别替代0、33.3%、66.7%和100%鱼油,配制4种等氮等脂饲料。每组饲料随机投喂3组实验鱼,饱食投喂,养殖周期为92 d。结果发现,饲料亚麻籽油水平并未显著影响大菱鲆幼鱼存活率(SR)和特定生长率(SGR),但显著影响其摄食率(FI)、饲料效率(FE)和表观净蛋白利用率(ANPU)。随饲料亚麻籽油水平升高,FI显著升高,而FE和ANPU显著下降,且其均在100%亚麻籽油组分别达到最大值或最小值。饲料亚麻籽油水平并未显著影响大菱鲆饲料脂肪表观消化率、肝体比和肌肉脂肪含量。当饲料中亚麻籽油替代100%鱼油,鱼体肝脏脂肪含量显著高于全鱼油组。肝脏和肌肉脂肪酸组成与饲料脂肪酸组成相似。相对于全鱼油组,亚麻籽油替代组肌肉和肝脏中亚油酸和亚麻酸显著升高,而EPA和DHA含量显著下降。研究表明,大菱鲆饲料中亚麻籽油替代水平应低于66.7%,且大菱鲆饲料中n-3长链多不饱和脂肪酸含量需大于0.8%。     

脂质对中华花龟不同组织脂肪酸组成的影响

将体质量(1828±468)g的4龄雌性成体中华花龟随机分成4组,常温饲养在150cm×50cm×50cm的水池中,每组6只,分别投喂饲料中鱼油为豆油替代0%、33.3%、66.7%和100%的饲料,每周投喂2次。饲养1年后,从每组中随机取6只中华花龟,检测肝脏、肌肉、卵巢中脂肪酸的组成。试验结果表明,饲料中鱼油比例较高(豆油替代0%和33.3%鱼油组)能促进肝脏和肌肉中二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸的积累,但豆油替代率对卵巢二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸的积累影响不显著。饲料中花生四烯酸在肌肉和卵巢中大量累积,豆油替代33.3%鱼油组肌肉和豆油替代0%鱼油组卵巢中花生四烯酸占总脂肪酸的含量[(5.26±0.94)%、(1.31±0.04%)]最高,肝脏中花生四烯酸积累较少。豆油替代66.7%和100%鱼油组肝脏中亚油酸含量显著高于其他两组(P0.05),豆油替代100%鱼油组卵巢中亚麻酸含量最高(P0.05)。饲料中豆油替代鱼油比例升高促进了中华花龟组织中亚油酸和亚麻酸的积累,抑制了二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸和花生四烯酸等的积累;当豆油替代33.3%鱼油时,中华花龟肝脏、肌肉、卵巢中脂肪酸组成及含量与全鱼油组差异不显著。     

脱脂磷虾粉对圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)幼鱼生长、非特异性免疫力和血清生理代谢指标的影响

为研究脱脂磷虾粉替代鱼粉对圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)幼鱼生长性能、非特异性免疫力和血清生理代谢指标的影响,实验以鱼粉和脱脂磷虾粉为蛋白源,鱼油为脂肪源,分别以脱脂磷虾粉蛋白替代基础饲料中0、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%和100%的鱼粉蛋白制成7种等氮、等脂的饲料(分别记为R0、R10、R20、R30、R40、R50、R100),投喂初始体重为(60.11±0.13)g、体长为(14.12±0.25)cm的圆斑星鲽幼鱼8周,每组设3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼。结果显示,R10–R50组的特定生长率(SGR)、存活率(SR)和饲料效率(FER)与R0组(对照组)没有显著性差异(P0.05),但从R30组开始有下降的趋势。R10–R50组的蛋白质效率(PER)和R0组无显著性差异(P0.05),但R100组的PER显著低于R0组(P0.05)。R10–R20组血清中的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)显著高于R0组(P0.05),R30组血清中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和R0组没有显著性差异(P0.05)。R30–R100组血清中的碱性磷酸酶(AKP)显著高于R0组(P0.05)。R10组血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和R0组差异不显著(P0.05)。R10组肝脏中ACP显著高于R0组(P0.05),R40–R50组和R0组没有显著性差异(P0.05)。R30–R40组肝脏中AKP和R0组差异不显著(P0.05)。R10–R40组肝脏中SOD和R0组没有显著性差异(P0.05)。R10–R50组血清的总蛋白(TP)显著高于R0组(P0.05)。各处理组和R0组血清中的谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)没有显著性差异(P0.05)。综合来看,10%–30%的脱脂磷虾粉替代组和对照组R0组对圆斑星鲽幼鱼的生长、饲料利用、免疫力及蛋白利用有相同的效果。     

饲料中大豆油替代鱼油对银鲳(Pampus argenteus)幼鱼血清溶菌酶活性及组织抗氧化能力的影响

银鲳(Pampus argenteus)是沿海重要的经济鱼类,本研究针对养殖银鲳幼鱼进行人工配合饲料研发,降低饲料成本、增强鱼体体质、提高存活率等。通过配制以100%鱼油(FO)、70%鱼油和30%大豆油(FSO)、30%鱼油和70%大豆油(SFO)、100%大豆油(SO)为脂肪源的4组饲料,检测银鲳幼鱼血清溶菌酶(LZM)和组织抗氧化性能的变化情况,以探究饲料大豆油替代鱼油对银鲳幼鱼健康的影响。结果显示,SFO组血清LZM水平最高,SO组最低,但各组间差异不显著(P0.05)。FSO和SFO组的肌肉丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于FO和SO组(P0.05),肝脏MDA含量则是FO和FSO组较高(P0.05)。血清和肌肉超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力最高的均为SFO组,而SO组活力较低。相对地,肝脏SOD和CAT活力均是FO组最高(P0.05)。肌肉和肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均是FO和FSO组较高,而血清T-AOC是SO组较高。研究表明,豆油替代30%和70%鱼油,对银鲳幼鱼免疫和抗氧化能力都略有促进作用,但完全使用豆油会对机体产生负面影响。     

n-3高不饱和脂肪酸对黑鲷幼鱼生长及脂肪代谢的影响

研究了饲料中不同水平n-3 HUFA(0.79%,0.83%,0.85%,0.88%,0.92%,0.94%;DHA/EPA=2.8/1)对黑鲷幼鱼生长及脂肪代谢的影响.结果显示:(1)黑鲷幼鱼肝体指数(HSI)及腹脂率(IPF ratio)随饲料中n-3 HUFA含量的增加而减小,且于0.92%和0.94%组时显著低于其他各组;脂肪细胞直径呈减小趋势,其中0.94%组显著小于0.85%组;肌肉脂肪含量受n-3 HUFA的影响显著,于0.88%组时达到最低.各组全鱼水份和脂肪含量差异不显著(P＞0.05).肝脏、肌肉及腹腔脂肪组织饱和脂肪酸(∑SFA)和C16:0含量均随饲料n-3HUFA水平增加呈下降趋势,而∑n-3 HUFA呈显著上升趋势.各组织中DHA/EPA不受饲料脂肪酸组成的影响.以增重率为参考指标,二次回归分析结果表明,黑鲷幼鱼[(8.08±0.09)g]获得最佳增重时对饲料中n-3 HUFA的需要量为0.87%DM;(2)黑鲷幼鱼肝脏脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)活性及基因表达水平均在n-3 HUFA＞0.92%时有显著下降(P＜0.05);腹腔脂肪激素敏感脂肪酶(HSL)活性及基因表达水平均随饲料中n-3 HUFA的添加呈升高趋势(P＜0.05),且高含量n-3 HUFA(0.94%)可使HSL活性增加近一倍.结果表明,饲料中n-3HUFA通过同步调控脂肪合成与分解两个过程影响黑鲷幼鱼脂肪代谢.     

拟微绿球藻粉对大菱鲆幼鱼生理和脂肪酸组成的影响

为探讨饲料中添加拟微绿球藻粉替代鱼油对大菱鲆幼鱼血清生化指标、体组成和脂肪酸组成的影响,用拟微绿球藻粉替代基础饲料中0(对照组)、8%、16%、24%和32%的鱼油,配制5种等氮等能的饲料。选取初始体质量(82.64±0.32)g的大菱鲆幼鱼375尾,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复25尾,养殖37d。试验结果显示,试验组的全鱼粗蛋白呈逐渐上升的趋势并且显著高于对照组(P0.05),试验组的全鱼粗脂肪呈逐渐下降的趋势并且显著低于对照组(P0.05),试验组的肌肉粗蛋白和粗脂肪与全鱼具有相同的趋势;肌肉和肝脏的花生四烯酸含量随着饲料中拟微绿球藻粉含量的增加而上升,而n-3/n-6高不饱和脂肪酸呈下降的趋势;血清总超氧化物歧化酶和总抗氧化能力呈先升后降的趋势,在替代16%试验组达到最大值并且显著高于对照组(P0.05),血清溶菌酶也呈先升后降的趋势,替代16%试验组和替代24%试验组显著高于对照组(P0.05),血清丙二醛呈先降后升的趋势,在替代16%试验组达到最低值并且显著低于对照组(P0.05),血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈下降趋势,试验组显著低于对照组(P0.05)。研究表明,在16%～24%替代水平上,可提高试验组的非特异性免疫力和抗氧化能力,降低其血脂水平,而大菱鲆幼鱼高不饱和脂肪酸的含量不变,保持了其营养价值。     

脱脂磷虾粉对圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)幼鱼生长、非特异性免疫力和血清生理代谢指标的影响

为研究脱脂磷虾粉替代鱼粉对圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)幼鱼生长性能、非特异性免疫力和血清生理代谢指标的影响,实验以鱼粉和脱脂磷虾粉为蛋白源,鱼油为脂肪源,分别以脱脂磷虾粉蛋白替代基础饲料中0、10％、20％、30％、40％、50％和100％的鱼粉蛋白制成7种等氮、等脂的饲料(分别记为R0、R10、R20、R30、R40、R50、R100),投喂初始体重为(60.11±0.13)g、体长为(14.12±0.25) cm的圆斑星鲽幼鱼8周,每组设3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼.结果显示,R10-R50组的特定生长率(SGR)、存活率(SR)和饲料效率(FER)与R0组(对照组)没有显著性差异(P＞0.05),但从R30组开始有下降的趋势.R10-R50组的蛋白质效率(PER)和R0组无显著性差异(P＞0.05),但R100组的PER显著低于R0组(P＜0.05).R10-R20组血清中的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)显著高于R0组(P＜0.05),R30组血清中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和R0组没有显著性差异(P＞0.05).R30-R100组血清中的碱性磷酸酶(AKP)显著高于R0组(P＜0.05).R10组血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和R0组差异不显著(P＞0.05).R10组肝脏中ACP显著高于R0组(P＜0.05),R40-R50组和R0组没有显著性差异(P＞0.05).R30-R40组肝脏中AKP和R0组差异不显著(P＞0.05).R10-R40组肝脏中SOD和R0组没有显著性差异(P＞0.05).R10-R50组血清的总蛋白(TP)显著高于R0组(P＜0.05).各处理组和R0组血清中的谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)没有显著性差异(P＞0.05).综合来看,10％-30％的脱脂磷虾粉替代组和对照组R0组对圆斑星鲽幼鱼的生长、饲料利用、免疫力及蛋白利用有相同的效果.     

Effects of Different Dietary Lipid Sources on Growth Performance,Fatty Acid Composition,and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity of Juvenile Rockfish,Sebastes schlegeli

This study was carried out to investigate and compare the effects of various dietary lipid sources on growth performance, body composition, fatty acid profiles, and hepatic and plasma antioxidant enzyme activities of juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Three replicate groups of fish (initial mean weight, 1.7 ± 0.04 g) were fed four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing either fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SO), linseed oil (LO), or a mixture of SO and LO (SO + LO) for 8 wk. There were no significant differences in survival, weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratios of fish fed the diets containing different lipid sources (P > 0.05). The fatty acids compositions of the liver and muscle tissues reflected the dietary fatty acid compositions. Liver and muscle of fish fed the SO diet had high concentration of linoleic acid, whereas those of fish fed the LO diet were rich in linolenic acid. Liver and muscle of fish fed the FO diet had significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid than those of fish fed the SO and LO diets. Dietary lipid source had no significant effect on the hepatic and plasma enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. The results of this study suggest that SO and LO can be used as a replacement for FO in the diets of juvenile rockfish without incurring any negative effects on growth, feed utilization, and antioxidant enzyme activity, when the dietary essential fatty acid requirements are satisfied for rockfish.     

饲料中大豆油替代鱼油对银鲳(Pampus argenteus)幼鱼血清溶菌酶活性及组织抗氧化能力的影响

银鲳(Pampus argenteus)是沿海重要的经济鱼类,本研究针对养殖银鲳幼鱼进行人工配合饲料研发,降低饲料成本、增强鱼体体质、提高存活率等.通过配制以100％鱼油(FO)、70％鱼油和30％大豆油(FSO)、30％鱼油和70％大豆油(SFO)、100％大豆油(SO)为脂肪源的4组饲料,检测银鲳幼鱼血清溶菌酶(LZM)和组织抗氧化性能的变化情况,以探究饲料大豆油替代鱼油对银鲳幼鱼健康的影响.结果显示,SFO组血清LZM水平最高,SO组最低,但各组间差异不显著(P＞0.05).FSO和SFO组的肌肉丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于FO和SO组(P＜0.05),肝脏MDA含量则是FO和FSO组较高(P＜0.05).血清和肌肉超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力最高的均为SFO组,而SO组活力较低.相对地,肝脏SOD和CAT活力均是FO组最高(P＜0.05).肌肉和肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均是FO和FSO组较高,而血清T-AOC是SO组较高.研究表明,豆油替代30％和70％鱼油,对银鲳幼鱼免疫和抗氧化能力都略有促进作用,但完全使用豆油会对机体产生负面影响.     

Influence of different dietary lipid sources on the growth,tissue fatty acid composition,histological changes and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ gene expression in large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea R.)

A 9‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the impact of dietary lipid sources on the lipid mechanisms of large yellow croaker by feeding three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SO) and beef tallow (BT) respectively. The effects of the diets on the growth performance, somatic indices, tissue fatty acid composition, histological changes and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)γ expression were evaluated. Experimental diets were all well accepted by fish and no significant (P>0.05) differences were found in the weight gain, growth rate and feed conversion rate. The fatty acid profile of the fish fillet and liver reflected the fatty acid composition of the diets. Specific‐fatty acids were selectively retained, however, in the flesh of the fish; in particular, docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid concentrations were higher than the dietary concentrations. When FO was replaced by SO or BT diets, the reduction in eicosapontaenoic acid in fish tissue was more pronounced, suggesting a preferred utilization of this fatty acid. The consumption of SO displayed intense lipid accumulation in the liver of the fish. The expression of PPARγ increased significantly in the SO group compared with the FO and BT groups (P<0.05).     

Replacement of fish oil with soybean oil in diets for juvenile Chinese sucker (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Myxocyprinus asiaticus</Emphasis>): effects on liver lipid peroxidation and biochemical composition

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of the replacement of fish oil (FO) by soybean oil (SO) on growth performance, liver lipid peroxidation, and biochemical composition in juvenile Chinese sucker, Myxocyprinus asiaticus. Fish (13.7 ± 0.2 g) in triplicate were fed five experimental diets in which 0% (FO as control), 40% (SO40), 60% (SO60), 80% (SO40), and 100% (SO100) FO were replaced by SO. The body weight gain of fish fed SO40, SO60, or SO80 diet was similar to FO group, but diets that have 100% soybean oil as dietary lipid significantly reduced fish growth (P < 0.05). Although the level of SO resulted in increasing crude lipid content of the liver, the level of SO did not significantly alter the hepatosomatic index (HSI). Indicators of peroxidation, such as vitamin E (V_E) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) contents, were changed as increasing dietary SO. It was shown that the inclusion of SO in the diets increased V_E concentrations, but reduced TBARS in the liver and total cholesterol (T-CHO) in the plasma. Linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA) significantly increased in fish liver fed diets that contained SO, but eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and the ratio n-3/n-6 were significantly reduced by the inclusion of dietary SO (P < 0.05). Our results indicated that the inclusion of SO increased the hepatic V_E content and reduced lipid peroxidation in fish. However, diet containing 100% SO as dietary lipid could reduce growth performance. Thus, we recommended that 40–80% SO can be used as dietary lipid to replace FO for juvenile Chinese sucker.     

Influence of Dietary Oil Sources on Muscle Composition and Plasma Lipoprotein Concentrations in Nile Tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus

To investigate the impact of different dietary lipid sources on fillet composition and lipid transport, we conducted a feeding trial and evaluated the proximate composition of muscle tissue, fatty acid profiles, total cholesterol (in muscle and plasma), triglycerides, and lipoprotein concentrations in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Five semi‐purified diets, containing different oils (soybean – SO, corn – CO, linseed – LO, fish – FO, and olive – OO), were supplied to tilapia for 160 d. Fish fed with LO and FO diets had a lower percentage of total lipids in muscle compared with the others (P < 0.05). The highest percentage of protein was found in fish fed with FO diet (P < 0.05). The muscle fatty acid profile was influenced differently by diets (P < 0.05). The group supplemented with SO and CO had a higher concentration of 18:2n‐6, whereas the fish fed with LO diet had a higher level of 18:3n‐3 and those that received the FO diet had more 22:6n‐3 in comparison with those supplemented with vegetable oils. Plasma lipid transport was also affected by the diets: the fish fed with FO diet had higher total cholesterol and high‐density lipoprotein and lower very‐low‐density lipoprotein concentrations (P < 0.05).     

Effect of replacing dietary fish oil with soybean oil on production performance and fillet lipid and fatty acid composition of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum

As a marine carnivore exhibiting exceptionally high growth rates, cobia are considered a species for which fish oil (FO) replacement may be difficult. However, partial, if not complete, FO replacement is necessary to ensure sustainability. We evaluated the effects of graded substitution of dietary FO with soybean oil (SO) in cobia culture. Feeds contained FO (100% FO), SO (0% FO) or blends of the two (67% FO, 33% FO) as the supplemental lipid source. Production performance was largely unaffected by partial replacement of FO with SO: feed intake and final weight were reduced only in the 0% FO dietary treatment. Fillet total lipid fatty acid (FA) composition differed among the dietary treatments, closely approximating dietary FA profile. As increasing amounts of FO were replaced, SO‐associated FA became enriched within the fillet lipid at the expense of FO‐associated FA. Fillet lipid classes were associated with a particular FA signature, regardless of dietary FA profile. SO can replace a substantial amount of dietary FO; however, juvenile cobia appear to exhibit a nominal requirement for intact long‐chain polyunsaturated FA. Therefore, aggressive FO replacement may result in essential fatty acid deficiencies unless the feeds can be amended with alternative sources of these essential nutrients.     

Effects of replacement of dietary fish oil with soybean oil on growth performance and tissue fatty acid composition in marine herbivorous teleost Siganus canaliculatus

Fish oil (FO) substitution has been studied in many marine carnivorous fish, but seldom in marine herbivorous or omnivorous species. To evaluate the feasibility of using soybean oil (SO) as a dietary lipid and confirm its capability of converting C₁₈ polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) into long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC‐PUFA) in the marine herbivorous teleost Siganus canaliculatus, juvenile fish were fed with four formulated diets differing in lipid composition, with SO accounting for 0.76% (SO0), 23% (SO23), 45% (SO45) and 67% (SO67) of total dietary lipid respectively. After feeding for 8 weeks, growth performance including weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency rate were better in the SO23 and, especially, SO45 groups than in the SO0 and SO67 groups (P < 0.05). Tissue fatty acid compositions were affected by diet, with the liver contents of eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DPA), docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids and total n‐3 PUFA displaying parallel changes with the corresponding dietary fatty acids. While the muscle contents of EPA, DPA and total n‐3 PUFA between SO0 and SO23 groups, and the liver contents of arachidonic acid (ARA) and 20:4n‐3, as well as the muscle content of 20:3n‐6 between SO0 and SO45 groups showed no difference, confirming the biosynthesis of LC‐PUFA from C₁₈ precursors in vivo as the contents of corresponding fatty acids in diets SO23/SO45 were much lower than those in diet SO0 (P < 0.05). The results indicate that SO may be a suitable dietary lipid source for S. canaliculatus, and can replace up to 67% or 45% of total dietary FO without negatively compromising growth performance or nutritional quality of fish respectively. Moreover, the study increases our knowledge of FO substitution in marine herbivorous fish.     

Effects of different dietary lipid sources on growth performance,body composition and lipid metabolism‐related enzymes and genes of juvenile golden pompano,Trachinotus ovatus

Three groups of juvenile golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus (54.75 ± 0.25 g), were each fed one of three diets containing different lipid sources: fish oil (FO), soybean oil (SO) and lard oil (LO). Fish were reared in sea cages for 8 weeks, and the fish fed the FO diet had significantly higher specific growth rate (SGR) but lower condition factor (CF) than the other treatments. The fatty acid (FA) composition of whole‐body lipids was closely correlated with those in the diets. Although no differences can be found in hepatic fatty acid synthase (fasn) activity, the carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (cpt1) activity in fish fed the FO diet was significantly higher compared with other treatments. In addition, the relative gene expression of lipid metabolism‐related enzymes, such as cpt1, fas, apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100), delta‐6 fatty acyl desaturase (fadsd6) and fatty acid‐binding protein 1 (fabp1), was also influenced by the different dietary lipid sources. Serum triglyceride (TG) and glucose content in fish fed the LO and FO diets were significantly higher than those in the SO group. Accordingly, it can be concluded that FO could not be completely replaced by SO or LO in golden pompano diets. The lipid sources of a diet could impose significant influence on body condition factor and hepatic lipid metabolism of golden pompano.     

Partial replacement of fish oil by flaxseed oil in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) diets: effects on growth,nutritional and sensory quality

Three isonitrogenous (520 g protein kg^?1 DM) and isoenergetic (25 MJ kg^?1 DM) diets containing increasing levels of flaxseed oil (FxO; 0%, 40% and 70% of total added oil) at the expense of fish oil (FO) were tested for 33 weeks in groups of 61 individually PIT‐tagged halibut (initial weight, 849 ± 99 g). Effects on fish growth performance, fillet nutritional and sensory quality were determined. Specific growth rate (0.2% day^?1), feed conversion ratio (1.2–1.3) and nitrogen and energy retention were not affected by dietary treatments. Dietary fatty acid composition was reflected in fatty acid profiles of halibut muscle, liver and heart. Muscle of fish fed FxO diets contained higher 18:2n‐6 and 18:3n‐3 concentrations whereas 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 levels were significantly reduced. However, increasing FO replacement induced preferential retention of 22:6n‐3 especially in heart, and a trend for 20:5n‐3 conservation in heart and muscle was observed. FO replacement did not affect colour, texture and the characteristic fish odour and flavour of cooked fillets. By selectively retaining long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids halibut can adapt to a lower dietary supply without adverse effects on growth, feed conversion ratio, survival, and fillet nutritional and sensory quality.