饲料中大豆油替代鱼油对银鲳(Pampus argenteus)幼鱼血清溶菌酶活性及组织抗氧化能力的影响

银鲳(Pampus argenteus)是沿海重要的经济鱼类,本研究针对养殖银鲳幼鱼进行人工配合饲料研发,降低饲料成本、增强鱼体体质、提高存活率等.通过配制以100％鱼油(FO)、70％鱼油和30％大豆油(FSO)、30％鱼油和70％大豆油(SFO)、100％大豆油(SO)为脂肪源的4组饲料,检测银鲳幼鱼血清溶菌酶(LZM)和组织抗氧化性能的变化情况,以探究饲料大豆油替代鱼油对银鲳幼鱼健康的影响.结果显示,SFO组血清LZM水平最高,SO组最低,但各组间差异不显著(P＞0.05).FSO和SFO组的肌肉丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于FO和SO组(P＜0.05),肝脏MDA含量则是FO和FSO组较高(P＜0.05).血清和肌肉超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力最高的均为SFO组,而SO组活力较低.相对地,肝脏SOD和CAT活力均是FO组最高(P＜0.05).肌肉和肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均是FO和FSO组较高,而血清T-AOC是SO组较高.研究表明,豆油替代30％和70％鱼油,对银鲳幼鱼免疫和抗氧化能力都略有促进作用,但完全使用豆油会对机体产生负面影响.     

饲料中大豆油替代鱼油对银鲳(Pampus argenteus)幼鱼血清溶菌酶活性及组织抗氧化能力的影响

银鲳(Pampus argenteus)是沿海重要的经济鱼类,本研究针对养殖银鲳幼鱼进行人工配合饲料研发,降低饲料成本、增强鱼体体质、提高存活率等。通过配制以100%鱼油(FO)、70%鱼油和30%大豆油(FSO)、30%鱼油和70%大豆油(SFO)、100%大豆油(SO)为脂肪源的4组饲料,检测银鲳幼鱼血清溶菌酶(LZM)和组织抗氧化性能的变化情况,以探究饲料大豆油替代鱼油对银鲳幼鱼健康的影响。结果显示,SFO组血清LZM水平最高,SO组最低,但各组间差异不显著(P0.05)。FSO和SFO组的肌肉丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于FO和SO组(P0.05),肝脏MDA含量则是FO和FSO组较高(P0.05)。血清和肌肉超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力最高的均为SFO组,而SO组活力较低。相对地,肝脏SOD和CAT活力均是FO组最高(P0.05)。肌肉和肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均是FO和FSO组较高,而血清T-AOC是SO组较高。研究表明,豆油替代30%和70%鱼油,对银鲳幼鱼免疫和抗氧化能力都略有促进作用,但完全使用豆油会对机体产生负面影响。     

银鲳ERα基因片段的克隆及卵黄发生期间饲料n-3LC-PUFA对其组织表达的影响

本研究克隆获得银鲳(Pampus argenteus)雌激素受体α(estrogen receptorα,ERα)基因的部分c DNA序列,长度196 bp,编码65个氨基酸。经BLAST比对,与其它鱼类ERα基因序列的一致性在89%~93%之间,证明实验所得序列为银鲳ERα基因的部分片段。以1年龄雌性银鲳为实验对象,配制了4组等氮、等能及等脂的实验饲料,分别以100%鱼油(FO组)、70%鱼油和30%大豆油(FSO组)、30%鱼油和70%大豆油(SFO组)、100%大豆油(SO组)为脂肪源,研究银鲳在卵黄发生期间组织中ERα基因表达量的变化以及饲料n-3LC-PUFA对其组织表达的影响,实验周期185 d。结果表明,在卵黄发生中期与后期,肝脏与卵巢中ERα基因表达量均显著高于卵黄发生前期(P0.05);卵黄发生后期肝脏组织中ERα基因表达量虽较卵黄发生中期呈升高趋势,但除了SO组之外,两者之间无显著性差异(P0.05);而卵巢组织中ERα基因表达量在整个卵黄发生期间均呈现显著升高趋势(P0.05)。饲料n-3LC-PUFA对肝脏与卵巢ERα基因表达量的影响在卵黄发生前期均未表现出明显的组间差异,但在卵黄发生中期与后期,饲料中较高的n-3LC-PUFA含量显著提高了组织中ERα基因表达量。在卵黄发生中期与后期,FO与FSO组肝脏与卵巢组织中ERα基因表达量均分别显著高于SO组(P0.05)。双因素方差分析结果表明,饲料n-3LC-PUFA与卵黄发生时期对银鲳组织中ERα基因表达量均具有显著性影响,且两者对组织中ERα基因表达量存在显著性的交互作用。     

急性温度胁迫对银鲳幼鱼抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

将银鲳(Pampus argenteus)幼鱼分别放置在22℃、27℃(对照组)和32℃的不同水温梯度下胁迫48h,研究不同温度、不同时间(0、12、24、48 h)下银鲳幼鱼肝脏和血清中的抗氧化酶指标和免疫指标活力的变化。结果表明:肝脏中,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力22℃试验组变化基本一致,均呈现先升后降的趋势;谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)仅在22℃试验组出现显著波动(P0.05),其余组变化不显著(P0.05);总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)22℃试验组在24 h和48 h差异显著(P0.05),32℃试验组0 h和48 h差异显著(P0.05);丙二醛(MDA)22℃试验组随着时间的延长含量显著下降,24 h下降到最低值,随后维持最低值,32℃试验组MDA含量则随时间的延长呈现先下降后上升的趋势,对照组也出现了显著性变化(P0.05)。血清中,SOD 22℃试验组的活力呈现先升高后降低的趋势,32℃试验组则随着时间的延长含量直线上升,对照组也出现了波动;CAT和T-AOC 22℃试验组均变化不显著(P0.05),CAT 32℃试验组呈现先降低后升高的趋势,T-AOC 32℃试验组显著下降,对照组CAT和T-AOC都出现波动;GSH-PX和MDA32℃试验组出现下降趋势,且差异显著(P0.05),GSH-PX 22℃试验组含量随时间延长呈现先降低后升高的趋势,MDA 22℃试验组和对照组都出现波动现象。免疫指标中,溶菌酶(LZM)活力的变化不显著(P0.05);免疫球蛋白M(Ig M)各试验组活力均呈现显著性变化(P0.05)。不同温度组之间在同一时间也会出现显著性差异(P0.05)。在肝脏中,T-AOC 32℃试验组在48 h与其余两组差异显著(P0.05);MDA除起始时间0 h外,其余时间段不同温度组间均出现显著性差异。而SOD、CAT、GSH-PX则不同温度组在同一时间内没有显著性差异(P0.05);血清中,除了免疫指标中的LZM不同温度组在同一时间内没有显著性差异之外,其余各项指标均在同一时间段不同温度组之间出现显著性差异(P0.05)。实验结果表明,急性温度胁迫对银鲳幼鱼的肝脏造成了一定的损伤,并对其抗氧化能力和免疫应答反应产生了一定的影响,因此,在实际苗种生产和工厂化养殖过程中,应尽量避免急性温度变化对银鲳幼鱼产生的应激反应。     

饲料脂肪水平对血鹦鹉幼鱼肝脏免疫及抗氧化酶的影响

为研究饲料脂肪水平对血鹦鹉幼鱼(Cichlasoma synspilum♀×Cichlasoma citrinellum♂)肝脏免疫及抗氧化酶的影响,以豆油为脂肪源,配制5组粗脂肪含量分别为4.77%(CL1)、8.75%(CL2)、11.68%(CL3)、16.25%(CL4)、23.70%(CL5)的实验饲料饲喂血鹦鹉幼鱼。实验采用初始体重为(1.20±0.30)g的血鹦鹉幼鱼分5个不同脂肪饲料来饲养42 d,每组30尾。饲养6周后,无菌取其肝脏,制备组织匀桨液,测定其肝脏中免疫及抗氧化相关酶含量,包括碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、溶菌酶(LMZ)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、总抗氧化酶(T-AOC)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和丙二醛(MDA)。实验结果表明,饲喂不同饲料脂肪水平的血鹦鹉幼鱼肝脏免疫及抗氧化相关酶活力均呈现先升高后下降的趋势;在饲料脂肪水平为11.68%时,LMZ、SOD、T-AOC、GSHPx活力最高且显著高于其他脂肪水平组(P0.05);当脂肪水平为16.25%时,AKP、ACP、CAT活力、MDA达到最大值并显著高于其他饲料组(P0.05)。通过绘制二次曲线回归方程得知血鹦鹉幼鱼最适饲料脂肪水平为15.80%~16.75%。本研究将为血鹦鹉幼鱼实用饲料营养的精准供给提供理论基础。     

增加饲料中V_C质量分数对银鲳血清溶菌酶活性及组织抗氧化能力的影响

研究了增加饲料中维生素C(VC)质量分数对银鲳(Pampus argenteus)血清溶菌酶活性及组织抗氧化能力的影响。以鱼粉、虾粉为蛋白源,鱼油为脂肪源配制VC质量分数分别为104.21 mg.kg-1、455.33 mg.kg-1和800.54 mg.kg-1的3组饲料,依次编号为C1(对照组)、C2、C3。每组饲料设3个重复,投喂平均体质量为(6.18±0.15)g的银鲳幼鱼9周。结果显示,随着饲料中VC质量分数的增加,血清溶菌酶活性逐渐升高,C3组较C1、C2组溶菌酶活性显著性升高(P<0.05)。增加VC质量分数可显著提高组织中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(P<0.05),但VC对不同组织中SOD活性的影响程度并不相同。随着饲料中VC质量分数的增加,肝脏与肌肉中VC水平显著性升高(P<0.05)。同时,高水平VC也显著降低了组织中丙二醛(MDA)的质量摩尔浓度。分析表明,增加饲料中VC质量分数(大于455.33 mg.kg-1)可提高银鲳血清溶菌酶活性与组织抗氧化能力,降低组织中的脂质过氧化反应。     

增加饲料中Vc质量分数对银鲳血清溶菌酶活性及组织抗氧化能力的影响

研究了增加饲料中维生素C（VC）质量分数对银鲳（Pampus argenteus）血清溶菌酶活性及组织抗氧化能力的影响.以鱼粉、虾粉为蛋白源,鱼油为脂肪源配制VC质量分数分别为104.21 mg·kg^-1、455.33 mg·kg^-1和800.54 mg·kg^-1的3组饲料,依次编号为C1（对照组）、C2、C3.每组饲料设3个重复,投喂平均体质量为（6.18±0.15）g的银鲳幼鱼9周.结果显示,随着饲料中VC质量分数的增加,血清溶菌酶活性逐渐升高,C3组较C1、C2组溶菌酶活性显著性升高（P＜0.05）.增加VC质量分数可显著提高组织中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）（P ＜0.05）,但VC对不同组织中SOD活性的影响程度并不相同.随着饲料中VC质量分数的增加,肝脏与肌肉中VC水平显著性升高（P＜0.05）.同时,高水平VC也显著降低了组织中丙二醛（MDA）的质量摩尔浓度.分析表明,增加饲料中VC质量分数（大于455.33 mg·kg^-1）可提高银鲳血清溶菌酶活性与组织抗氧化能力,降低组织中的脂质过氧化反应.     

饲料中添加南极磷虾粉对银鲳幼鱼生长、非特异性免疫及抗氧化功能的影响

以银鲳(Pampus argenteus)幼鱼为研究对象,设置4组不同南极磷虾粉替代鱼粉水平(0%、10%、20%、40%,其中0%为对照组)的饲料,进行60 d的饲养实验,探讨饲料中添加南极磷虾粉对银鲳幼鱼生长、非特异性免疫及抗氧化功能的影响。结果显示:饲料中添加南极磷虾粉的处理组银鲳增重率与特定生长率(SGR)较对照组均有显著性提高(P <0.05),但在添加不同比例南极磷虾粉的饲料组间(10%、20%、40%),银鲳的增重率与特定生长率无显著性差异(P> 0.05)。血清中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)及溶菌酶(LZM) 20%饲料组活性均为最高,但与对照组无显著差异;肝脏AKP活性、肾脏LZM活性10%饲料组均分别显著高于其它各组(P <0.05);肌肉中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性40%处理组显著高于对照组(P <0.05),20%饲料组也高于对照组,但差异不显著(P> 0.05);添加南极磷虾粉的饲料组血清和肌肉中过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性均高于对照组,其中40%饲料组血清和肌肉CAT的活性均显著高于对照组(P <0.05)。结果表明,本实验条件下,结合银鲳幼鱼生长性能、非特异性免疫及抗氧化能力的分析,南极磷虾粉替代饲料中鱼粉的适宜比例建议控制在10%～20%。     

黄斑蓝子鱼LC-PUFA 合成代谢与渗透压调节的关系研究

为探讨黄斑蓝子鱼(Siganus canaliculatus)长链多不饱和脂肪酸(long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids,LC-PUFA)合成代谢与渗透压调节的关系,本研究以鱼油(FO)和混合植物油(苏子油与双低菜籽油,VO)为脂肪源配制两种等氮等脂饲料,投喂饲养在3种盐度(10、20和32)下的黄斑蓝子鱼幼鱼8周后,分析了各处理组幼鱼的生长性能和鳃的磷脂脂肪酸组成、Na+/K+-ATPase(NKA)活力及其基因表达。结果显示,相同盐度下,VO组和FO组鱼的生长性能差异不显著(P0.05);FO组鱼鳃磷脂中的n-3 LC-PUFA含量显著高于VO组(P0.05),但VO组鱼的n-6 LC-PUFA水平显著高于FO组(P0.05);VO组鱼鳃的NKA酶活力及其m RNA表达量都显著高于FO组(P0.05)。不同盐度下,无论VO组还是FO组的鱼,盐度10组鱼的生长性能显著低于盐度20和32组(P0.05),而其鳃的LC-PUFA含量、NKA酶活力及其m RNA表达量都显著高于盐度20和32组(P0.05),各指标在后两个盐度组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。由此可见,盐度10对黄斑蓝子鱼具有一定的胁迫性,导致其生长性能较差。摄食鱼油脂肪源饲料,可以提高鱼鳃磷脂的n-3 LC-PUFA水平;而摄食植物脂肪源饲料时,鱼体可能通过自身合成的n-6LC-PUFA调控鳃的NKA基因表达及其酶活力以调节渗透压。     

插核手术损伤对合浦珠母贝抗氧化免疫水平的影响

分析了插核手术(未插入珠核及小片)之后合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)闭壳肌、鳃以及外套膜中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、总抗氧化能力(TAC)以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化,以探明合浦珠母贝抗氧化免疫系统对插核手术胁迫的响应特点。结果表明,各组织SOD、CAT活性和TAC基本上均呈现出下降-升高-再下降的波动变化。即大部分在第3小时达到最低水平而于第12小时达到或恢复到最高水平;相比之下,MDA含量整体上呈不断增高的趋势。相关性分析表明,MDA含量与TAC和CAT活性存在极显著的负相关性(P0.01);组织差异对SOD、CAT活性和TAC影响显著(P0.05),不同取样时间对SOD、CAT活性、TAC和MDA含量影响显著(P0.05)。研究结果显示插核手术损伤会造成合浦珠母贝抗氧化和免疫水平的波动,此过程中组织的氧化损伤程度与其抗氧化状态密切相关。     

Dietary fish oil replacement by soybean oil: Effect on plasma vitellogenin,sex steroids and ovarian steroidogenesis in Chinese strip‐necked turtles (Mauremys sinensis)

In order to investigate the effects of dietary fish oil replacement, the turtles (Mauremys sinensis) were fed four experimental diets for 10 months: FO (100% fish oil), FSO (70% fish oil and 30% soybean oil), SFO (30% fish oil and 70% soybean oil) and SO (100% soybean oil), sampled at pre‐vitellogenesis, vitellogenesis and post‐vitellogenesis. The results showed that plasma gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) levels were the highest at pre‐vitellogenesis, which promoted the secretion of gonadotropin and sex steroids. Therefore, plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and estrogen (E₂) levels were significantly increased at post‐vitellogenesis (p < 0.05), while follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) levels increased at vitellogenesis (p < 0.05). The FO and FSO groups had significantly higher GnRH and E₂ levels than the other two groups (p < 0.05). In addition, plasma vitellogenin (Vtg) levels significantly increased at vitellogenesis and post‐vitellogenesis (p < 0.05), which were significantly higher in the groups of FO and FSO than SO (p < 0.05). Moreover, the expression levels of hepatic estrogen receptor α (Erα) mRNA were significantly increased at vitellogenesis and post‐vitellogenesis while ovarian Cyp19α1α mRNA were significantly increased at post‐vitellogenesis (p < 0.05), and both were the lowest in SO. Taken together, the replacement of fish oil with 66.7% soybean oil is feasible.     

投喂频率对池塘工程化循环水养殖大口黑鲈生长、生理及肝脏GH、IGF-I基因表达丰度的影响

为研究池塘工程化循环水养殖模式下投喂频率对大口黑鲈(Micropterussalmoides)生长、生理及肝脏生长激素基因(GH)、类胰岛素生长因子-I基因(IGF-I)相对表达丰度的影响,选用初始体重为(5.0±0.4) g的大口黑鲈为研究对象,设置3个投喂频率组(2次/d、3次/d、4次/d),每组3个重复,开展为期120 d的养殖试验。结果表明,第30天和第60天时,大口黑鲈末体重、增重率和特定生长率均未受到投喂频率的显著影响(P0.05),而在第90天时, 2次/d组试验鱼的生长显著高于4次/d组(P0.05),与3次/d组相比无显著性差异(P0.05);第120天时, 2次/d组试验鱼的生长显著高于3次/d组和4次/d组(P0.05);投喂频率对血清谷氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性、溶菌酶、皮质醇和甘油三酯(TG)含量、肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量均无显著性影响(P0.05)。随着投喂频率的增加,肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及血清总蛋白(TP)、血糖(Glu)含量呈降低的趋势且血清总胆固醇(TC)呈上升的趋势;第30天时投喂频率对肝脏总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性无显著性影响,而第60天、第90天和第120天时,4次/d组T-SOD活性显著低于2次/d组(P0.05)。第30天、第60天和第120天时, 2次/d组肝脏IGF-I基因的相对表达量最高(P0.05),第90天时各组间肝脏IGF-I相对表达量无明显差异(P0.05);第30天和第60天时,肝脏GH基因相对表达量未受到投喂频率的影响(P0.05),而第90天和第120天时4次/d组肝脏GH基因相对表达量显著低于2次/d组(P0.05)。因此,基于大口黑鲈的生长性能、生理效应及肝脏GH、IGF-I基因表达丰度的综合考虑,池塘工程化循环水养殖模式下初始体重为(5.0±0.4)g的大口黑鲈适宜投喂频率为2次/d。     

饲料中花生四烯酸含量对刺参生长性能、抗氧化能力及脂肪酸代谢的影响

为探究饲料中添加花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,ARA)对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长性能、抗氧化能力及脂肪酸代谢的影响,选用初始体重为(10.78±0.06)g的刺参为研究对象,以鱼粉和发酵豆粕为主要蛋白质源,小麦粉为主要糖源制作基础饲料,通过在基础饲料中添加不同比例的ARA-纯化油,制成ARA含量分别为0.02%(对照组)、0.17%、0.36%、0.51%、0.59%和0.98%(占饲料干重)的6组等氮等脂的实验饲料,在室内循环水养殖系统进行为期56 d的养殖实验。结果表明,随着饲料中ARA含量的升高,刺参增重率(weight gain rate,WGR)呈先上升后降低的趋势,0.36%和0.51%ARA饲料组刺参WGR显著高于其他处理组(P0.05),刺参的特定生长率(specific growth rate,SGR)和饲料效率(feed efficiency,FE)与WGR具有相同的变化趋势;刺参体壁粗脂肪含量随饲料ARA含量升高呈先降低后升高的趋势,在0.51%ARA饲料组含量最低,且显著低于对照组与0.98%ARA饲料组(P0.05);同时,随饲料中ARA含量的提高,刺参体壁中ARA和n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids,n-6 PUFA)含量呈显著上升趋势,而二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenioc acid,EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,n-3 PUFA)含量显著降低(P0.05);抗氧化能力方面,0.36%和0.51%ARA饲料组刺参肠道中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)和总抗氧化能力酶(total antioxidant capacity enzyme,T-AOC)活性均显著高于对照组与0.98%ARA饲料组(P0.05),而肠道丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量呈相反的变化趋势(P0.05);刺参肠道中脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthase,FAS)和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(acetyl-Co A carboxylase,ACC)活性随饲料ARA含量的升高呈显著降低趋势(P0.05);刺参肠道中肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶-1(carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1,CPT-1)活性随饲料ARA含量升高呈先升高后降低的趋势(P0.05)。研究表明,在本实验条件下,饲料中添加适量ARA(0.36%~0.51%)能够对刺参生长、抗氧化能力起到一定的促进作用,同时结果显示,饲料ARA含量会对刺参肠道内脂肪酸代谢产生一定的影响。     

低氧和复氧对日本沼虾抗氧化酶活力及组织结构的影响

为研究低氧胁迫及恢复后日本沼虾(Macrobrachiumnipponense)抗氧化酶活力和组织结构的变化,将体重(2.0±0.2) g的日本沼虾暴露于(2.0±0.2) mg/L低氧环境中24 h,设定溶解氧(6.0±0.2) mg/L为对照组,每组设置3个重复,于低氧胁迫0 h、6 h、12 h、24 h及复氧1 h、6 h、12 h、24 h分别采集实验组及对照组鳃、肝胰腺及肌肉组织,测定这些组织的抗氧化酶活力,并进行组织切片观察。实验结果表明,低氧胁迫期间肌肉组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活力先升高后下降, 3种酶活力在低氧胁迫12 h时显著高于对照组(P0.05),复氧阶段肌肉组织中SOD、CAT酶活力呈波动性变化,GPX酶活力在复氧24h时显著低于对照组(P0.05)。鳃组织中SOD、CAT和GPX酶活力在低氧胁迫12 h时显著高于对照组(P0.05), GPX酶活力在复氧24 h时显著高于对照组(P0.05)。在低氧胁迫期间肝胰腺SOD、CAT和GPX酶活力在低氧6 h均达到最大值并显著高于对照组(P0.05),复氧阶段3种酶活力均呈现波动性变化,肝胰腺中丙二醛(MDA)含量在低氧及复氧阶段均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。低氧胁迫及恢复并未对肌肉组织结构产生明显的影响。鳃组织在低氧胁迫期间鳃小片上皮细胞与支柱细胞排列发生紊乱,次级层片发生肥大的现象且有红细胞流入,泌氯细胞形态发生变化且细胞数目有所增加,但复氧后均得到一定程度的恢复。肝胰腺组织在低氧胁迫期间B细胞数量逐渐降低,胞内运转泡体积减小,复氧阶段B细胞数量及体积恢复明显。结果表明急性低氧胁迫能够导致日本沼虾肝胰腺和鳃组织结构损伤并引起抗氧化酶活力发生显著变化,且24 h恢复期不足以让日本沼虾在低氧胁迫中完全恢复。     

添加嗜酸乳杆菌对凡纳滨对虾生长、酶活性及相关酶mRNA表达的影响

本实验旨在研究饲料中添加嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾生长、非特异性免疫酶活性、抗病力和相关酶m RNA表达的影响。选取840尾初始均重为(0.58±0.01)g的凡纳滨对虾幼虾为研究对象,分为7个处理,每个处理3个重复。投喂添加不同比例(0%,0.1%,0.2%,0.4%,0.6%,0.8%,1.0%)嗜酸乳杆菌的饲料,养殖期8周。结果显示:添加不同比例嗜酸乳杆菌对凡纳滨对虾的成活率无显著影响(P0.05)。增重率与特定生长率随添加量的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,但均显著高于对照组(P0.05),在0.4%组达到最大值;当添加0.2%时,饲料系数最低,其他各组显著低于对照组(P0.05),而蛋白质效率的变化规律则与饲料系数相反。血清酚氧化物酶(phenoloxidase,PO)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(acid phosphatase,ACP)活性随添加量的增加先升高后降低,分别为0.4%、0.1%和0.2%时,达到最大值。过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、溶菌酶(lysozyme,LZM)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性,实验组均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。实验组过氧化氢酶(CAT)m RNA表达量和溶菌酶(LZM)m RNA表达量均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。哈维弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)攻毒96 h,对虾存活率随添加量的增加显著升高(P0.05)。以增重率(weight gain rate,WGR)为判断依据,根据折线模型得出,饲料中添加0.23%嗜酸乳杆菌可显著促进凡纳滨对虾生长,并提高非特异性免疫酶活性。     

Dietary n‐3 LC‐PUFAs affect lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) activities and mRNA expression during vitellogenesis and ovarian fatty acid composition of female silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus) broodstock

We studied the effects of dietary n‐3 LC‐PUFAs on the activities and mRNA expression levels of tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) during vitellogenesis and ovarian fatty acid composition in female silver pomfret broodstock. Broodstock were fed one of four experimental diets for 185 days: FO (100% fish oil), FSO (70% fish oil + 30% soybean oil), SFO (30% fish oil + 70% soybean oil) or SO (100% soybean oil). The results revealed that hepatic LPL and FAS and ovarian FAS activities and mRNA expression levels significantly increased at vitellogenesis and postvitellogenesis relative to previtellogenesis, with no significant differences between these two stages, except for hepatic LPL mRNA expression. Dietary n‐3 LC‐PUFAs decreased tissue FAS and increased LPL activities and mRNA expression levels. The ovarian concentrations of 20:4n‐6 (ARA), 20:5n‐3 (EPA), 22:6n‐3 (DHA) and n‐3 LC‐PUFAs were directly influenced by n‐3 LC‐PUFA levels. Total n‐3 LC‐PUFA concentrations in SO were 57% lower than those in FO, while 18:2n‐6 concentrations in SO were 4.7 ×  higher than those in FO. These results revealed that high dietary n‐3 LC‐PUFAs levels significantly affected tissue lipid metabolism in female silver pomfret broodstock during vitellogenesis by upregulating LPL and downregulating FAS.     

Effect of heat stress and recovery on viability,oxidative damage,and heat shock protein expression in hepatic cells of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

In this study, we investigated the effects of hyperthermia and recovery on cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and heat shock protein (HSP60, 70, and 90) mRNA expression in the hepatic cells of the grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Triplicate groups of cultured cells were exposed to 30, 32, or 34 °C for 0.5 h and then immediately incubated at 27 °C in 5 % CO₂ for 6, 12, 24, or 48 h. Hyperthermia stress greatly reduced cell viability and increased LDH release. Cell damage declined after recovery. Hyperthermia stress increased the lipid peroxide levels and reduced the antioxidant capacity (e.g., reduced SOD and T-AOC) of the cells. However, oxidative damage declined as the recovery period increased, and the levels of MDA, SOD, and T-AOC were restored. After cells were exposed to 32 °C, the expression of HSP60 after recovery for 1, 2, and 4 h (P < 0.05), the expression of HSP70 after recovery for 0.5 and 1 h (P < 0.01), and the expression of HSP90 throughout recovery were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the prestress levels. During the recovery period, the variations in HSP gene expression reflected the transition period from a state of cellular growth to one of the cellular repairs. In conclusion, hyperthermia depresses cell viability, induces oxidative damage, and increases HSP expression, which plays an important role during hyperthermic stress in grass carp hepatic cells.     

Effects of dietary astaxanthins on pigmentation of flesh and tissue antioxidation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of three commercial astaxanthin preparations (100 mg kg^?1 diet) with different solubilities in water, from DSM (Dutch State Mines), BASF (Badische Anilin and Soda Fabrik) and Wisdom Company on pigmentation of flesh and antioxidation of flesh, serum and liver in rainbow trout with an initial weight of 52.07 g. After 60 days of feeding, there were no significant differences in growth or flesh proximate composition of rainbow trout among groups (P > 0.05); the Salmo Fan score, redness and astaxanthin content of flesh in rainbow trout fed diets supplemented with astaxanthins were higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). At 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after thawing, the flesh malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the three astaxanthin groups was lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The total antioxidation capacity (T-AOC) of liver in the three astaxanthin groups was significantly higher, but serum catalase (CAT) activities were lower, than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The results indicate that addition of 100 mg kg^?1 astaxanthin from DSM, BASF or Wisdom to the diet could improve flesh redness and liver T-AOC, reduce serum CAT, SOD and flesh MDA and extend the shelf life of flesh, in spite of the different solubilities of the three sources in water.     

Dietary n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids affect the biological and serum biochemical parameters,tissue fatty acid profile,antioxidation status and expression of lipid‐metabolism‐related genes in grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idellus

A 95‐day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 HUFA) on the growth, antioxidation and lipid metabolism in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Two isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated with either lard oil (LO) or fish oil (FO) as the main lipid source. The results showed that the intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in FO group. The concentration of n‐3 HUFA in muscle, hepatopancreas and IPF was significantly higher in FO group (P < 0.05). The serum low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) content was significantly lower (P < 0.05), and glucose (GLU) content was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in FO group. The serum total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) activity was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in FO group, consistent with the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content. The gene expression of IPF fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC), sterol regulatory element‐binding protein (SREBP‐1) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) and that of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in FO group compared with LO group. Similar trends were found in the hepatopancreas, except for PPARγ. It is suggested that n‐3 HUFA could inhibit lipid accumulation in grass carp by affecting the expression of lipid‐metabolism‐related genes.