青蛤家系的建立及早期生长发育比较

选取5个同一批苗种培育的亲贝(3个母本记为A、B、C,2个父本记为1、2)建立6个家系,并对各家系早期生长发育进行了比较.结果表明, 2个父本的壳长差异显著(P＜0.05),3个母本差异不显著(P＞0.05);不同母本产卵量不同,差异显著(P＜0.05);3个母本的卵径不同,但差异不显著(P＞0.05),各家系的受精率、孵化率与母本密切相关,以母本建立的家系之间差异极显著(P＜0.01).幼虫期(0-8日龄),D形幼虫的大小不同,家系A1(G♀1×G♂1)、A2(G♀1×G♂2)、B1(G♀2×G♂1) 与 B2(G♀2×G♂2)、C1(G♀3×G♂1) 、C2(G♀3×G♂2)差异显著(P＜0.05),8日龄时,以A1家系幼虫壳长最小,与其他家系无显著差异(P＞0.05),不同母本建立的家系的存活率差异极显著(P＜0.01).变态期(8-12日龄),幼虫生长缓慢,变态率不同,除C1 、C2无显著差异外,其他家系差异极显著(P＜0.01),变态持续2.67 d.稚贝期(12-30日龄),12-15日龄,A2、B1、B2家系稚贝略大于A1、C1、C2,差异不显著(P＞0.05);20日龄时,A2、C1家系稚贝大于其他家系,差异显著(P＜0.05);25日龄时,B1家系稚贝最小,与其他家系差异显著(P＜0.05);30日龄时,各家系稚贝生长速度、存活率依次为:C2 ＞C1 ＞A2＞A1 ＞B2 ＞B1,其中,B1 家系稚贝生长慢、存活率低,与A2、B2 家系差异显著(P＜0.05),与其他家系差异极显著(P＜0.01).各家系的面盘幼虫、变态规格、单水管稚贝规格几乎相同,无显著性差异(P＞0.05).各家系子代的早期生长发育,受亲本及相互作用的共同影响,以母本影响为主.     

斑节对虾家系氨氮耐受性的比较

以非洲（F）、泰国（T）、印尼（Y）3个地理群体的野生斑节对虾（Penaeus1Ttonodon）为亲本构建家系,通过96h氨氮急性毒性试验对其中45个家系进行氨氮耐受性的比较研究。结果表明,在96h高氨氮的胁迫下各家系的死亡率为15．56％～100％,斑节对虾家系间对氨氮的耐受性差异极显著（P〈0．01）。其中死亡率低于30％的高氨氮耐受性家系有7个,死亡率在30％～60％的中等氨氮耐受性家系有29个,死亡率高于60％的低氨氮耐受性家系9个。不同父本和母本来源的家系氨氮耐受性由高到低分别为来源非洲、印尼和泰国。不同交配组合氨氮耐受性由高到低分别为F♀×F♂、Y♀×Y♂、Y♀×T♂、T♀×Y♂和T♀×T♂。对印尼和泰国杂交组合家系的氨氮耐受性进行杂交优势分析,结果表明,杂交组合在氨氮耐受性表现出一定的杂交优势（1．98％～19．80％）,其中Y♀×T♂组合的杂交优势高于T♀×Y♂组合。     

三角鲂(♀)×翘嘴鲌(♂)杂交F1的生长性能及形态差异

为探讨三角鲂、翘嘴鲌及其杂交子代的生长性能与形态差异,本研究开展了广东东江三角鲂(MT)与长江水系翘嘴鲌(CA)远缘杂交实验,获得了三角鲂♀×翘嘴鲌♂新型鲂鲌杂交F1优良组合。以团头鲂(MA)♀×翘嘴鲌♂杂交F1、三角鲂、翘嘴鲌、团头鲂自交子代4个群体为对照,比较分析了MT♀×CA♂杂交F1的生长性能及形态差异。结果显示,(1)土池同池生长性能在1龄时,MT♀×CA♂、MA♀×CA♂表现出显著的超父本CA杂种优势;2龄时,MT♀×CA♂、MA♀×CA♂表现出显著的超双亲生长优势;3龄时,MT♀×CA♂不仅具显著的超双亲生长优势,且体质量也显著高于MA♀×CA♂。(2)MT♀×CA♂的可数和可量性状多数表现为中间型。可数性状的分析结果显示,MT♀×CA♂臀鳍等多个性状介于父母本之间,平均杂种指数为65.00,接近中间值,略偏向于父本CA。可量性状表明MT♀×CA♂有7个性状分别与父母本有显著性差异,平均杂种指数为51.61,接近理想的中间值。(3)聚类分析显示鲂鲌杂种MT♀×CA♂和MA♀×CA♂聚为一支,MT和MA聚为一支,然后这两支汇聚后与CA聚为一支。主成分分析得到累计贡献率达56.02%的3个主成分,反映了鱼体高、躯干、头部和尾部的形态变异;通过构建5个群体的判别函数进行判别分析,判别准确率为87.1%~100.0%。研究表明,三角鲂(♀)×翘嘴鲌(♂)F1杂种表现出生长快、形态优等优良性状,有望进一步培育成为优良鲂鲌杂交新品种。     

星斑川鲽远缘杂交初步研究

为了探索川鲽(Platichthys stellatus)远缘杂交的可行性,2007年进行了星斑川鲽♀×条斑星鲽♂、星斑川鲽♀×圆斑星鲽♂、大菱鲆♀×星斑川鲽♂杂交试验.结果表明:星斑川鲽♀×条斑星鲽♂、星斑川鲽♀×圆斑星鲽♂杂交不存在配子不亲和,受精卵可以正常发育,杂交子代存活和生长正常;而大菱鲆♀×星斑川鲽♂杂交胚胎能够发育,但孵化出仔鱼为畸形,24 h后死亡.     

团头鲂耐低氧F3的建立及其在低氧环境下的生长差异

为了构建团头鲂耐低氧新品种,实验从鄱阳湖引进和挑选野生优良亲本为奠基群体F0,2009年–2011年通过群体选育获得F1,2011年再通过群体选育实现了F1到F2的传代。2012年,以鄱阳湖选育F2亲本和团头鲂"浦江1号"F9亲本为基础,经夏、秋季2次低氧胁迫,筛选出536尾耐低氧能力强的F2亲本,构成团头鲂耐低氧F2。2013年,挑选个体大、体形好的F2亲本(雌鱼50尾、雄鱼48尾)建立了24个F3家系群体(2♀×2♂群体22个、3♀×2♂群体2个),共100个F3家系。对上述F3家系群体进行1龄阶段的低氧胁迫养殖,通过测定相应生长指标和耐低氧性状,共筛选出5个快速生长家系群体(A2、A3、A18、A19和A20)和6个生长较快的家系群体(A4、A6、A17、A25、A27、A28),微卫星分析其分别归属于20个和28个家系。结果显示,团头鲂的生长性能指标与耐低氧性状呈正相关。在1龄阶段长时间低氧胁迫养殖条件下,团头鲂耐低氧F3中耐低氧能力强的家系的体质量显著大于耐低氧能力弱的家系,选育出的团头鲂耐低氧F3家系在2龄阶段同样保持了快速生长特征。本研究旨在建立团头鲂耐低氧F3新品系,以供后续团头鲂耐低氧新品种的选育。     

大黄鱼选育群体与野生群体杂交 F1生长性状研究

利用大黄鱼野生群体与选育F1养殖群体杂交及群体内自繁,获得选育F1（♀）×野生（♂）、野生（♀）×选育F1（♂）、野生（♀）×野生（♂）和选育F1（♀）×选育F1（♂）4个组合的子代,对其卵径、油球径以及2～10月龄全长、体长和体质量进行分析比较。试验结果表明,选育F1（♀）×野生（♂）卵径最大,并与野生（♀）×野生（♂）之间存在显著性差异（P＜0．05）,4个群体油球径差异不显著（P＞0．05）;体质量是大黄鱼群体间杂交主要表现的生长性状,9月龄体质量双亲杂种优势最大为14．48％,野生（♀）×选育F1（♂）体质量杂种优势最大为25．68％;野生（♀）×选育F1（♂）的全长特定生长率为1．92％／d ,体质量为5．60％／d及选育F1（♀）×野生（♂）体长为1．99％／d ,是4个群体中最大特定生长率;拟合体长（L）与体质量（m）关系,选育F1（♀）×野生（♂）为 m＝0．0277L2．8045（r2＝0．9980）,野生（♀）×选育F1（♂）为 m＝0．0210 L2．9287（r2＝0．9993）,野生（♀）×野生（♂）为 m＝0．0236 L2．8592（r2＝0．9916）,选育F1（♀）×选育F1（♂）为 m＝0．0228 L2．8946（r2＝0．9984）。试验结果表明,通过野生群体与选育养殖群体的杂交能提高大黄鱼子代的经济性状。     

大菱鲆不同进口群体杂交后代的早期生长差异

2003-2005年间,分5批收集不同批次进口的大菱鲆群体,从各群体中挑选性腺发育良好的个体,利用人工授精技术,通过不平衡巢式交配设计,构建了5种杂交组合,测试其杂交子一代生长性能,为培育优良的大菱鲆养殖新品种提供基础资料.5个杂交组合共生产31个家系,在初孵仔鱼第25天和第80天,从每个家系随机取样50尾,测定其体长、体重等性状值,计算各杂交组合和家系25～80 d的绝对增重率,通过方差分析、聚类分析比较各组合、家系间的生长性能的差异,并对不同家系25 d和80 d的体长体重相关性进行了分析.结果表明:杂交组合25 d、80 d体重性状间存在较大变异,80 d体重LSD多重比较显示丹麦与法国进口群体的杂交组合(D×F)子一代生长优于其它杂交组合.系统聚类分析表明,丹麦×智利(D×C)组合与丹麦×法国(D×F)组合生长性能较为接近聚为一类,丹麦×西班牙(D×S)组合、丹麦×英国(D×E)组合和英国×西班牙(E×S)3个组合聚为一类,且前者的生长速度高于后者.家系间生长性能聚类分析表明,生长速度最快的家系分布在不同的杂交组合,80 d体重的组合内家系间方差分析也表明组合内家系间存在较大变异.组合间和家系间生长分析发现大部分组合和家系在25 d和80 d的体长、体重性状值排序上不一致.家系相关分析表明,25 d体长、体重与80 d体长、体重间相关系数(0.132、0.096)和决定系数(0.017、0.009)均较小,25 d体长体重对80 d体长体重的影响甚微.     

三疣梭子蟹自交与杂交家系子一代生长和存活的比较

选择繁殖性能好的A家系(F6)和生长与存活好的B家系(F3),设计家系内自繁和家系间杂交,比较其自交组与杂交组子一代的生长与存活,评价杂交效应。由自交组F66(A♀×A♂)、F33(B♀×B♂)和杂交组F63(A♂×B♀)、F36(B♂×A♀)4个实验组组成,比较各实验组子一代在80、100、120、150日龄时的各生长指标杂种优势。研究表明,同一生长发育阶段的同一杂交群体的不同性状,表现的杂种优势大小有很大差异,而且同一杂交群体的同一性状在不同生长发育阶段表现的杂种优势大小同样有差异。自交组各阶段全甲宽、甲宽、甲长和体高的生长趋势比较一致,为F33F66;不同生长性状的生长速度方面,杂交组具有不同程度的总体杂种优势(-3.50%-19.47%)。结果显示,就存活而言,杂交组比自交组的存活率杂交优势明显,总体杂种优势率为24.8%,与存活相关的养殖产量的总体杂种优势率为15.99%,无论是生长性状还是存活,杂交使A家系获得的改良效果比B家系的好。A、B两个家系间存在的遗传差异获得杂种优势,是性状得到改良的基础。     

不同壳色杂色鲍F1家系的早期生长及遗传结构比较

在"东优1号"杂色鲍养殖群体中,实验发现了少量的黄壳色变异个体,为得到具有优良经济性状的新品种,实验通过自交和杂交的方法分别建立了正常壳色♀×正常壳色♂(BB)、黄壳色♀×黄壳色♂(YY)、黄壳色♀×正常壳色♂(YB)和正常壳色♀×黄壳色♂(BY)4组家系,对各家系的卵黄径、受精率、孵化率、变态率、存活率和生长性状等生物学参数进行了比较,分析了杂交家系的杂种优势,并利用16个微卫星标记比较了4个家系的遗传差异。结果发现,黄壳色家系的卵黄径显著大于正常壳色家系的卵黄径(P<0.05),各家系的受精率、变态率和存活率没有显著的差异(P>0.05),幼体壳长和壳宽在不同的发育时间里,表现的杂种优势不稳定,在90日龄时,4个家系生长差异不显著。家系BB的遗传多样性最低,遗传距离(0.198 6～0.457 3)和遗传相似性系数(0.632 9～0.897 2)分析表明,BB和YY家系间的遗传距离最大(0.457 3),遗传相似性系数最低(0.632 9),杂色鲍黄壳色的自交家系与正常壳色的自交家系产生了遗传分化。     

大菱鲆家系生长和耐热性状对比分析

利用40个大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)家系进行耐热性实验,测定相应生长和耐热性状指标,对耐热性状进行方差分析,并分析生长与耐热性状的相关情况。结果表明:在各家系生长前期,快速生长家系6个,生长较快家系26个,生长速度一般家系8个。在生长后期阶段,快速生长家系9个,生长较快家系28个,生长速度一般家系3个,仅有8号家系一直为快速生长家系。在耐热性状方面,各家系耐热性平均值在1 367.30～836.30℃.h之间,总体平均值为1 113.00℃.h。高耐高温家系为8号、33号和37号家系,其中33号家系耐热性数值最高,其耐热性平均值为1 367.30℃.h,不耐高温家系为3号、9号、16号、38号和40号家系,其中38号家系耐热性数值最低,其耐热性平均值为836.30℃.h。方差分析结果显示,不同家系间耐热性存在极显著差异(P<0.01),相关分析结果表明,各家系不同生长阶段与耐热性呈现不同的相关性。旨在探明生长性状与耐热性状的相关性,为大菱鲆的耐热家系选育奠定研究基础。     

Susceptibility of marine fish species to a megalocytivirus, turbot iridovirus, isolated from turbot, Psetta maximus (L.)

Turbot iridovirus (TBIV), a member of the genus Megalocytivirus in the family Iridoviridae, was isolated from diseased turbot, Psetta maximus (L.), in Korea in 2003. In this study, experimental infection of turbot, Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel), and rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus (Temminck & Schlegel), with TBIV was performed to evaluate the viral susceptibility of these fish species. After virus exposure, the mortalities of turbot reared at 22 and 25 degrees C were 60% and 100%, respectively, suggesting that TBIV is the causative agent of the mass mortality of turbot that occurred in Korea in 2003. Moreover, TBIV was detected in Japanese flounder and rock bream by polymerase chain reaction after experimental infection (26 days post-inoculation) despite no viral pathogenicity in these fish, suggesting that these two fish species are also susceptible to the virus. It is possible that horizontal transmission of TBIV occurs among these three fish species because turbot is routinely cultured with Japanese flounder and rock bream in Korea.     

应用高通量测序技术分析大菱鲆幼鱼肠道及其养殖环境的微生物群落结构

采用基于Illumina测序平台的高通量测序技术,对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼肠道及其养殖水体、生物饵料中细菌种类及丰度进行研究。测序结果显示,养殖水体、生物饵料和大菱鲆幼鱼肠道等19个样品共获得有效序列547621条,可聚类于3771个可分类操作单元(OTUs),归属于养殖水体、生物饵料、健康幼鱼和发病幼鱼的操作分类单元(OTU)个数分别为3038、1090、87和777,其中,健康幼鱼与生物饵料、健康幼鱼与养殖水体特有的OTU个数分别为57和0,发病幼鱼与生物饵料、发病幼鱼与养殖水体特有的OTU个数分别为481和31。表明幼鱼肠道微生物多样性与生物饵料密切相关。根据细菌注释结果,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)在大菱鲆幼鱼肠道中占优势地位,其中,健康幼鱼肠道微生物共聚类为8个门,发病幼鱼的肠道微生物可聚类为19个门。与健康幼鱼相比,发病幼鱼肠道门水平上的3种主要优势菌群落结构出现失衡。此外,对各样品中丰度最高的100位OTU分析显示,幼鱼肠道优势菌种类与生物饵料中的优势菌种类密切相关,而每个发病幼鱼肠道优势菌种类具有一定的独立性。本研究旨在为大菱鲆健康养殖和微生态调控提供实验依据。     

大菱鲆"温室大棚+深井海水"工厂化养殖模式

大菱鲆Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus）的引进一方面为我国北方沿海工厂化养鱼增加了一个新的品种，另一方面又创立了“温室大棚＋深井海水”工厂化养殖的新模式，大大丰富了工厂化养鱼的内容，有效的推动了我国海水养殖“第四次浪潮”的形成与发展。本文综述了大菱鲆温室大棚式工厂化养殖模式的养殖技术，以促进大菱鲆养殖业的健康、持续、稳定发展。     

Price and production trends in the marine fish aquaculture in Spain

The Spanish aquaculture sector has undergone a rapid and continuous growth becoming one of the biggest European producers. A wide range of species are farmed and, among them, the sea bass, sea bream and turbot make a significant contribution to the total of the Spanish fish farming output. In this paper, we analyse and predict the medium-term trend of the production and price level for the three leading species previously mentioned. The results obtained show a significant increase in the production of sea bream, sea bass and turbot. The results show also a slight decrease in the sea bream average price, a stable trends for the sea bass and increasing prices for the turbot.     

Climate‐induced response of commercially important flatfish species during the 20th century

The consequence of elevated ocean temperatures on commercial fish stocks is addressed using time series of commercial landings (1906–2004) and juvenile survey catch data (1904–2006) collected around Denmark. We analyze (i) whether warm‐water sole (Solea solea) has increased relative to Boreal plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and (ii) whether two related warm‐water species (turbot, Psetta maxima and brill, Scophthalmus rhombus) show similar responses to increasing temperature or, alternatively, whether turbot (which has a broader juvenile diet) has been favored. Since the early 1980s, both sole and turbot have constituted an increasing part of the commercial landings and survey catches, as compared with plaice and brill, respectively. These changes in species composition were linked to sea surface temperatures, Northern Hemisphere temperature anomalies (NHA) and the North Atlantic Oscillation. NHA was closely related and explained 43% of the observed variation in sole survey catches relative to the plaice catches and almost 38% of the observed variation in the sole landings relative to the plaice landings. For the less common species, turbot and brill, none of the global change indicators explained more than 15% of the variation, although all showed a positive relationship. Survey catch per unit effort increased significantly for both sole and turbot around the early 1980s, whereas catch per unit effort for plaice and brill remained constant. The results indicate that the abundance of warm‐water species is likely to increase with increasing temperature but also that species with similar life histories might react differently according to degree of specialization.     

Characterization of Edwardsiella tarda strains isolated from turbot, Psetta maxima (L.)

The biochemical, serological and molecular characteristics of a group of 21 Edwardsiella tarda strains isolated from turbot, Psetta maxima, in two different areas of Europe were analysed and compared with a total of 13 strains of this bacterial species with different geographical and host origins. All the turbot isolates were biochemically identical to the E. tarda strains included as reference. The use of different techniques including microagglutination, dot blot and Western blot of lipopolysaccharides allowed us to determine that all the turbot isolates constitute an homogeneous and distinctive serological group. Genetic analysis by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis demonstrated that although the E. tarda strains from turbot were compiled in a unique group using the primers P3 and P6, two clonal lineages could be detected when oligonucleotides P4 and P5 were employed.     

A set of highly polymorphic microsatellites useful for kinship and population analysis in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

The turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) is a flatfish species of great commercial value for aquaculture. In this study we describe the isolation and characterization of 30 novel highly polymorphic microsatellite markers in this species obtained from a genomic library enriched for seven short tandem repeated motifs. Much higher polymorphism (mean number of alleles: 13.37; mean expected heterozygosity: 0.869) and potential for parentage assignment than previously reported for microsatellites in turbot were found after the analysis of 24 wild individuals. Most loci conformed to Hardy–Weinberg expectations, excluding Sma‐USC20 and Sma‐USC28, which showed a high heterozygote deficit probably due to the presence of null alleles. No significant genotypic disequilibrium was observed between any pair of loci, suggesting no close linkage between them. These loci are potentially useful for kinship and population analysis in turbot.     

恩诺沙星在大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)、牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)和半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)体内的残留消除规律

本研究比较了在20℃水温条件下恩诺沙星(Enrofloxacin)在3种主要养殖鲆鲽鱼[大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)、牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)和半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)]体内的残留消除规律。选择体重为300–400 g 的健康2龄大菱鲆、牙鲆和半滑舌鳎,以10 mg/kg 的剂量连续3 d 通过灌胃的方式分别给予恩诺沙星后,于1、3、6、10、15、20、25、30、35、40 d 采集血浆、肝、鳃、肌肉和肾组织。利用高效液相色谱法检测血浆和各组织中的恩诺沙星浓度,拟合恩诺沙星在3种鲆鲽鱼体内的消除曲线,计算消除半衰期。结果显示,3种鲆鲽鱼的组织中,恩诺沙星在肾中残留浓度最高,其消除速度依次为牙鲆>大菱鲆>半滑舌鳎,其消除半衰期分别为3.75、6.54、7.37 d;恩诺沙星在大菱鲆、牙鲆和半滑舌鳎血浆中的消除比其代谢产物环丙沙星慢;综合比较恩诺沙星在3种鲆鲽鱼血浆和大多数组织中的消除规律,均呈现出牙鲆体内消除最快,大菱鲆次之,半滑舌鳎最慢的趋势。依据我国无公害水产品中恩诺沙星最高残留限量为50μg/kg 的标准,建议在20℃水温条件下使用恩诺沙星防治鲆鲽鱼细菌性疾病时的休药期为：大菱鲆44 d、牙鲆33 d、半滑舌鳎47 d 以上。     

Evaluation of Electrical Stunning of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) and Turbot (Psetta maxima) in Seawater

The aim of this study was to assess electrical stunning of Atlantic cod and turbot in seawater to develop a protocol for the process of stunning and killing. An induced general epileptiform insult (unconscious) had a duration of 40 ± 27 s (n =14) in cod (2.6 ± 0.5 kg) and 34 ± 18 s (n = 19) in turbot (520 ± 65 g). Seven cod and 3 turbot displayed a physical reaction, and 11 turbot registered an electroencephalogram (EEG) response to pain stimuli administered 30 s post-stun. The heart rate was 32 ± 6 beats/min in cod and 25 ± 7 beats/min in turbot prior to stunning. Post-stunning, the electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed fibrillation and reduced activity post-stun. EEG, ECG recordings, and behavioral observations indicate that when a bipolar square wave current was applied with a frequency of 133 Hz and 43% duty cycle side to side (turbot) and at 170 Hz and 33% duty cycle (cod) head to tail, both species were stunned in seawater at current densities of 3.2 A/dm² and 2.5 A/dm², respectively. For turbot, a 5 s exposure to electricity followed by chilling in ice water for 15 min is sufficient to prevent recovery. For cod, a killing method needs to be established.     

A comparative study of the tissue response to invasion and encystment by Stephanochasmus baccatus (Nicoll, 1907) (Digenea: Acanthocolpidae) in four species of flatfish

Abstract. Four species of flatfish [plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L.; turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.); Dover sole, Solea solea (L.) and the common dab, Limanda limanda (L.)] were experimentally infected with cercariae of Stephanochasmus baccatus under similar conditions and examined at intervals up to 7 weeks post-infection- The tissue response was found to be qualitatively the same in all four hosts and was consistent with a chronic granulomatous inflammatory reaction induced by resistant particulate foreign bodies. The intensity and rate of the response varied between host species but the capsule formation was essentially similar in all. The mature capsule consisted of an inner layer composed of leucocytes which underwent epithelioid transformation. The cellular structure of this tissue gradually degenerated from the oldest layer to form a dense eosinophilic ground substance in which was embedded nuclear debris. The outer layer of the capsule consisted of fibroblasts and reticulin collagen fibres. Muscle and fin cysts differed, with muscle cysts tending to be less discrete and more fibrous. The rate and intensity of the response to the parasite varied between different host species. Plaice and turbot showed the most intensive response and in turbot the reaction was considerably accelerated. Mortality of encysted metacercariae was only seen in turbot. The overall effect on larger 1-group fish was minimal, but the smaller 0-group plaice were more severely affected by the relatively large cvsts that interfered with organ function.