恩诺沙星在大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)、牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)和半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)体内的残留消除规律

本研究比较了在20℃水温条件下恩诺沙星(Enrofloxacin)在3种主要养殖鲆鲽鱼[大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)、牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)和半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)]体内的残留消除规律。选择体重为300–400 g的健康2龄大菱鲆、牙鲆和半滑舌鳎,以10 mg/kg的剂量连续3 d通过灌胃的方式分别给予恩诺沙星后,于1、3、6、10、15、20、25、30、35、40 d采集血浆、肝、鳃、肌肉和肾组织。利用高效液相色谱法检测血浆和各组织中的恩诺沙星浓度,拟合恩诺沙星在3种鲆鲽鱼体内的消除曲线,计算消除半衰期。结果显示,3种鲆鲽鱼的组织中,恩诺沙星在肾中残留浓度最高,其消除速度依次为牙鲆大菱鲆半滑舌鳎,其消除半衰期分别为3.75、6.54、7.37 d;恩诺沙星在大菱鲆、牙鲆和半滑舌鳎血浆中的消除比其代谢产物环丙沙星慢;综合比较恩诺沙星在3种鲆鲽鱼血浆和大多数组织中的消除规律,均呈现出牙鲆体内消除最快,大菱鲆次之,半滑舌鳎最慢的趋势。依据我国无公害水产品中恩诺沙星最高残留限量为50μg/kg的标准,建议在20℃水温条件下使用恩诺沙星防治鲆鲽鱼细菌性疾病时的休药期为:大菱鲆44 d、牙鲆33 d、半滑舌鳎47 d以上。     

3种主养鲆鲽类的营养成分分析及品质比较研究

采用常规测试方法对大菱鲆、牙鲆及半滑舌鳎的营养成分和品质进行了分析比较。结果表明,大菱鲆、半滑舌鳎的粗蛋白含量显著高于牙鲆(P0.05),而大菱鲆与半滑舌鳎无显著差异(P0.05);3种鱼的脂肪和灰分含量没有显著性差异(P0.05);大菱鲆、牙鲆、半滑舌鳎中的氨基酸总量依次为37.73、33.32、32.91mg/100mg;大菱鲆、牙鲆、半滑舌鳎中的必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比值(EAA/TAA)依次为43.50%、43.25%、43.00%;对于高不饱和脂肪酸C20∶4、C22∶5、C22∶6,大菱鲆显著高于牙鲆和半滑舌鳎(P0.05),而C20∶5,牙鲆显著高于大菱鲆和半滑舌鳎(P0.05);在质构分析方面,大菱鲆的硬度显著高于牙鲆和半滑舌鳎(P0.05);大菱鲆和牙鲆肌肉的弹性差异不显著(P0.05),但二者均显著高于半滑舌鳎(P0.05);对可溶性胶原蛋白,大菱鲆显著高于牙鲆、半滑舌鳎(P0.05),牙鲆与半滑舌鳎无显著性差异(P0.05);对不可溶性胶原蛋白,大菱鲆显著高于牙鲆、半滑舌鳎(P0.05),半滑舌鳎显著高于牙鲆(P0.05)。研究证明,大菱鲆、牙鲆和半滑舌鳎都属于优质鲆鲽类,可为人类提供丰富的蛋白质、脂肪、必需脂肪酸、胶原蛋白等营养成分,尤其蛋白质、不饱和脂肪酸和胶原蛋白的含量丰富,可以满足消费者的特殊营养需求。     

海水工厂化养殖节能减排增效调研报告

自20世纪90年代以来，随着我省率先攻克牙鲆和大菱鲆工厂化人工育苗技术关，以鲆、鲽、鳎（牙鲆、大菱鲆、星鲽、半滑舌鳎等）为主要品种的海水工厂化养殖在我省迅猛发展。截至2007年末，养殖面积由几万平方米发展到520多万m^2，年总产鲆、鲽、鳎等优质鱼类5万多吨，年产值超过30亿元，养殖规模和产量占全国的60％以上。     

我国鲆鲽类全雌苗种技术研究最新进展

由于鲆鲽鱼类具有在同样的饲养条件下雌雄个体生长差异大、雌性比雄性生长速度快、个体大、饲料转换效率高的特点,因此,鲆鲽类的全雌苗种培育对于提高鲆鲽类生长速度,缩短养殖周期,提高经济效益等具有重要意义。我国对鲆鲽鱼类雌核发育方面研究相对较少,主要集中在养殖规模较大的经济品种上,如牙鲆、漠斑牙鲆、大菱鲆、半滑舌鳎、条斑星鲽等,     

恩诺沙星和环丙沙星在泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)体内的残留和消除规律

通过研究恩诺沙星与环丙沙星在泥鳅体内的残留和消除规律,为水产养殖业提供合理的给药方案和休药期。试验前,从养殖场购买的泥鳅在试验水质条件下暂养7 d后,分成3组投放入不同水温的养殖系统中。以恩诺沙星与环丙沙星作为目标化合物,以拌料给药的方式,按20 mg/kg鱼体重的剂量每天投喂1次,连续投喂7 d后,对15、20、25℃ 3种水温条件下,目标化合物在泥鳅体内的残留和消除规律进行了研究。试验结果显示,恩诺沙星与环丙沙星均按一级动力学过程从泥鳅体内消除,且水温对喹诺酮类药物的代谢衰减消除速率有很大影响,在25、20、15℃水温条件下,泥鳅体内的恩诺沙星代谢至10.0 μg/kg以下分别需要25、32、50 d,环丙沙星则分别需要27、31、33 d。由于徐州及周边地区的泥鳅主要输往韩国,其对喹诺酮类药物的限量要求是不超过10 μg/kg,因此,在本试验条件下,建议合理的休药期应不少于32 d。     

发挥产业技术体系优势 做强鲆鲽类工厂化养殖

<正>我我国的鲆鲽类工厂化养殖,从开创至今尚不到20年,但发展迅速,目前已经形成了一项名副其实有特色、有活力、有潜力的海水养殖新产业。主养品种大菱鲆(又名多宝鱼)引领了大菱鲆、牙鲆和半滑舌鳎三个主养品种以及多个有发展潜力的其他鲆鲽类养殖品种,从零起步飞速发展至名列世界前茅的知名海水养殖产     

2017年鲆鲽鱼养殖生产形势特点及建议

为准确把握鲆鲽鱼类养殖形势,根据全国渔情信息动态采集系统数据,结合实地调研及问卷调查,对2017年全国大菱鲆及半滑舌鳎养殖生产主要指标变化情况进行分析。统计显示,鲆鲽鱼投苗量同比减少4.57%,辽宁地区大菱鲆苗种价格上涨显著。大菱鲆综合出塘价格同比上涨29.16%,半滑舌鳎出塘价同比下跌25.77%;鱼药及水质改良类和基础设施投入同比增加近一倍。预计下年大菱鲆行业将呈现稳中有升的趋势,半滑舌鳎养殖形势基本稳定。并从病害防控、标准化生产、环保技术、消费市场方面提出建议。     

鲆鲽类产业技术需求调查与建议

一、被调查单位总体概况 在回收的128份问卷中,辽宁29份,河北18份,天律7份,山东57份,江苏6份,福建11份.被调查单位数量分布与鲆鲽类主产区产量分布基本吻合,可反映出产业技术需求总体状况.从养殖单位性质看,被调查的128家养殖生产者中,16家为养殖企业,112家为个体养殖户.从养殖品种及其分布看,被调查养殖单位所养殖的鲆鲽类品种有大菱鲆、牙鲆、半滑舌鳎、星突江鲽、条斑星鲽、圆斑星鲽、漠斑牙鲆以及欧鳎.其中101户养殖了大菱鲆,32户养殖了牙鲆,31户养殖了半滑舌鳎,2户养殖了星突江鲽,6户养殖了条斑星鲽,5户养殖了圆斑星鲽,2户养殖了漠斑牙鲆,1户养殖了欧鳎.     

恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星在牙鲆体内代谢消除规律

以80 mg/kg鱼体重对牙鲆单次口灌给药恩诺沙星,给药后在不同的时间点取样,用高效液相色谱荧光检测器检测,研究恩诺沙星及其主要代谢产物环丙沙星在牙鲆体内的代谢消除规律。研究表明,停药后0.25 h,肌肉中恩诺沙星残留量最低。各组织的消除半衰期依次为腮肝脏血液肾脏肌肉,其中肌肉中恩诺沙星消除半衰期最低为67.759 h,消除最快,停药后12 d检测不到恩诺沙星。停药后0.25 h,在牙鲆血液、肝脏、肾脏中均有环丙沙星残留,残留量依次为肝脏肾脏血液,肌肉和鳃中未检出环丙沙星。停药后22 d在血液、肝脏和肾脏3个组织中仍然能够检测出恩诺沙星,但是停药7 d后这3个组织中均检测不出环丙沙星。结果显示,恩诺沙星在牙鲆体内代谢速度较慢,而且只是在一段时间内有脱乙基代谢为环丙沙星的反应发生,但并不是在恩诺沙星消除的全过程都发生,而且代谢物环丙沙星在牙鲆体内的消除速度要比恩诺沙星快。     

我国北方鲆鲽类产业所面临的问题及应对策略初探

<正>鲆鲽类是世界公认的优质海水鱼类,其动物蛋白质品质高,同时富含多种维生素、DHA、EPA等营养素,是人类美食和健康的益友。其中以大菱鲆、牙鲆和半滑舌鳎为主要养殖对象。鲆鲽类的养殖经历了近20年的发展,现已成为我国北方沿海重要的养殖对象,在北方沿海地区已迅速发展成为一项特色产业,并成为我国北方海水养殖的支柱产业之一。鲆鲽类的养殖产生了很好的经济效益和社会效益,目前我国鲆鲽类年产值已超过70亿元。     

半滑舌鳎多聚免疫球蛋白受体(pIgR)基因的克隆和表达分析

本研究根据半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)基因组数据库中预测的多聚免疫球蛋白受体(Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, pIgR)序列,通过PCR和RACE技术获得了半滑舌鳎pIgR基因cDNA,全长为1419 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为1020 bp,编码339个氨基酸,5′UTR区域为109 bp,3′UTR区域为290bp。保守结构域分析显示,半滑舌鳎pIgR蛋白包含1个信号肽,2个免疫球蛋白功能域(Ig-like domain, ILD)和1个跨膜结构域。经蛋白序列同源比对和系统进化树分析,发现半滑舌鳎pIgR与大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)和牙鲆(Paralichthy solivaceus)的pIgR亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR分析显示,pIgR基因在健康半滑舌鳎的不同组织中均有表达,在鳃中表达较高,在肌肉中表达最低。经哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)病原感染刺激后,pIgR基因在半滑舌鳎的5个组织(肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、肠和鳃)中均呈先上升后下降的趋势,其中,在脾脏和鳃中48 h达到最高值,在肝脏、肾脏和肠中72 h达到峰值。与内脏组织不同的是,pIgR基因在皮肤中呈一直上升的趋势。上述结果表明,pIgR基因在半滑舌鳎抵御哈维氏弧菌的免疫应答中发挥重要作用。     

Density‐independent and density‐dependent factors affecting temporal changes in spatial distributions of eastern Bering Sea flatfish

The general warming of the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) and the wide range of abundance exhibited by several eastern Bering Sea flatfish motivated an examination of how density‐dependent and density‐independent factors may influence the spatial distributions of EBS flatfish. In this study, EBS trawl survey data from 1982 to 2006 were used to examine how temporal changes in the distributions of six flatfish species groups [yellowfin sole (Limanda aspera), rock sole (Lepidopsetta sp.), flathead sole (Hippoglossoides sp.), Alaska plaice (Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus), arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes sp.), and Greenland turbot (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides)] are related to temporal changes in the location of the ‘cold pool’ (bottom water < 2°C), and how the area occupied by flatfish are related to the cold pool and population abundance. Rock sole and flathead sole distributions have generally moved northwest since 1982 and are significantly correlated with the movement of the cold pool, whereas arrowtooth flounder avoid the cold pool and their area occupied is inversely related to the size of the cold pool. The area occupied by arrowtooth flounder and rock sole are also significantly related to stock abundance. Multivariate statistical models indicate that the location of rock sole is more strongly related to stock abundance than to the cold pool, whereas the area occupied by arrowtooth flounder is more strongly related to the area of the cold pool rather than abundance. The temperatures occupied by several flatfish stocks indicate a substantial variability in suitable temperatures. These results suggest that a complex suite of density‐dependent and density‐independent factors may determine the response of EBS flatfish spatial distributions to increasing temperatures.     

3种鲆鲽鱼精子和卵子表面形态结构的比较研究

使用扫描电镜对牙鲆、大菱鲆和条斑星鲽的精子和卵子表面形态结构进行比较研究。观察结果表明,3种精子形态结构在核前凹陷位置、精子头部形状、中段线粒体数及鞭毛长度4个方面存在明显差异;3种卵子表面形态结构中,牙鲆和大菱鲆比较相似,而条斑星鲽成熟卵子壳膜具有4点特异性:外表面粗糙、有点状和斑块状突起、网纹较深;壳膜上微小孔孔径差距大;卵膜厚度最厚为(3.87±0.24)μm,约为牙鲆和大菱鲆卵膜厚度的2倍;受精孔的管道螺旋层为4~6层,约为前两者的1/2。条斑星鲽与牙鲆和大菱鲆的精卵表面形态结构差异明显。     

牙鲆和半滑舌鳎5S rDNA基因的染色体定位及鲽形目5种鱼类的分子系统学分析

利用荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术将5S rDNA基因定位在牙鲆和半滑舌鳎染色体上,结果表明,5S rDNA基因在雌、雄性半滑舌鳎的一对同源染色体上分别存在2个杂交信号位点;在二、三倍体牙鲆的同源染色体上分别存在2个和3个杂交信号位点,杂交信号明显且特异。本研究首次将5S rDNA基因定位在半滑舌鳎和三倍体牙鲆的染色体上,为牙鲆及半滑舌鳎倍性鉴定、染色体鉴别提供了有效方法。此外,根据牙鲆5S rDNA基因编码区序列设计引物,扩增出大菱鲆和半滑舌鳎5S rDNA基因编码区序列,与鲽、塞内加尔鳎、大口黑鲈、七鳃鳗的5SrDNA基因序列进行同源性比较后发现,5种鲽形目鱼类5S rDNA基因序列同源性高达98.3%,系统发生分析结果显示5种鲽形目鱼类聚为一支;各序列中GC含量均显著高于AT含量。     

The role of flatfishes in the organization and structure of the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem

We evaluated the role of flatfishes in the organization and structure of the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem using the Ecopath/Ecosim approach. As basic input data for the Ecopath/Ecosim model, we used estimates of biomass from bottom trawl surveys and age-structured population models, production/biomass (P/B) ratio, consumption/biomass (Q/B) ratio, diet composition (DC), and fisheries harvests for each component of species or species groups. We estimated the trophic level of each component, niche overlaps among flatfishes, and the impacts of competition and predation on flatfish species in the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem. Based on those estimates, we developed the tropho-dynamic structure of the ecosystem, and the model was used to simulate ecological effects of fishery exploitation patterns. No single flatfish species appeared to have a profound and uniquely important role in the organization and structure of the ecosystem. Instead, the most important component among the guild of flatfish species appeared to be yellowfin sole Pleuronectes asper, which had greater biomass than other flatfish and a relatively diverse diet among the small flatfish species. Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis, Greenland turbot Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, and arrowtooth flounder Atheresthes stomias were important keystone predators in the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem together with some groups of marine mammals and sea birds. Intra flatfish complex cannibalism was not observed, however, substantial diet overlaps were common in the flatfish guild system.     

The development of size variation in Dover sole,Solea solea and turbot,Scophthalmus maximus: genetic variability between different geographical and among year class farmed strains

Growth and variation in size of turbot and sole larvae originating from different genetic sources were compared at different stocking densities, including genetically based information that might lead to a better knowledge of heterogeneity in cultivated populations. There was no effect of density on growth rate in either species. However, between the two sole batches there was an earlier metamorphosis of faster growing fish from Norway. In sole groups after metamorphosis, variation was stable and therefore no development of size variation was observed. There was no density effect on size variation within turbot batches before, or after metamorphosis. Spreading rate and growth rate were positively correlated in sole larvae indicating that growth of the smaller fish was not equal to the larger ones, but size variation followed a different pattern in turbot. No evidence for either overall significant heterozygosity excess, or deficiency was evidenced in the farmed strains of either species . However, significant differences between farmed populations in terms of genetic variability (θ) were reported, which was rather attributed to within differentiation than between strains. One could safely argue that different strains of Dover sole originated from different genetic sources (factorial analysis). Moreover, when the analysis was extended to individual loci to assess whether specific loci had any consistently larger, or smaller effect on heterozygosity, locus specific significant trends were discerned in turbot. A positive Heterozygosity Fitness (growth rate) Correlation (HFC) suggests that heterozygotes reported enhanced growth rates compared with homozygous ones in flatfish larvae, thus special precautions should be taken into account whenever different genetic structure patterns emerge, because of various flatfish broodstock geographical origin and year class samples.     

Susceptibility of marine fish species to a megalocytivirus, turbot iridovirus, isolated from turbot, Psetta maximus (L.)

Turbot iridovirus (TBIV), a member of the genus Megalocytivirus in the family Iridoviridae, was isolated from diseased turbot, Psetta maximus (L.), in Korea in 2003. In this study, experimental infection of turbot, Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel), and rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus (Temminck & Schlegel), with TBIV was performed to evaluate the viral susceptibility of these fish species. After virus exposure, the mortalities of turbot reared at 22 and 25 degrees C were 60% and 100%, respectively, suggesting that TBIV is the causative agent of the mass mortality of turbot that occurred in Korea in 2003. Moreover, TBIV was detected in Japanese flounder and rock bream by polymerase chain reaction after experimental infection (26 days post-inoculation) despite no viral pathogenicity in these fish, suggesting that these two fish species are also susceptible to the virus. It is possible that horizontal transmission of TBIV occurs among these three fish species because turbot is routinely cultured with Japanese flounder and rock bream in Korea.     

Pharmacokinetics of sulfamonomethoxine in tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) after intravenous and oral administration

The pharmacokinetic profiles of sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) were investigated in flatfish tongue soles in the present study. After a single injection of SMM (40 mg/kg BW) to caudal vein of tongue sole at 20 °C, plasma drug concentration versus time data were best fitted to a three-compartment model, characterized with 0.2, 5.7, and 80.4 h for the half-life (t _1/2) of fast distribution, slow distribution, and elimination, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution was 0.1 L/kg, and the body clearance was 0.03 L/h/kg. After oral administration of SMM (200 mg/kg BW) to tongue soles at 20 °C, plasma drug concentrations were best fitted to a two-compartment model, of which the mean half-life of absorption (t _1/2ka) and elimination (t _1/2β ) were 1.7 and 95.7 h, respectively. The maximal absorption concentration (C _max) was estimated as 58 mg/L at 2.5 h, and the mean systemic bioavailability (F) was 39.5 % in tongue soles after oral administration.     

Vitellogenin of the Chilean flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys adspersus</Emphasis> as a biomarker of endocrine disruption along the marine coast of the South Pacific. Part I: induction,purification, and identification

We sought to provide a useful indicator of the presence of endocrine-disrupting contaminants along the marine coast of the South Pacific using Chilean flounder (Paralichthys adspersus). In light of the lack of information on vitellogenin for this species, we induced, purified, and identified the plasma vitellogenin of Chilean flounder inhabiting the Chilean coast. Vitellogenin (Vg) from Chilean flounder was purified by size exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography using plasma from juvenile males induced by injecting 17β-estradiol. The Vg was detected by SDS–PAGE and Western blot analyses using an antibody against turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) vitellogenin. These analyses revealed a protein band of 205 kDa and three minor bands of 120, 90, and 68 kDa. These proteins were identified as Vg by means of mass spectrometry (LCQ Duo ESI-IT-MS), matching sequences of tryptic peptides to known sequences for several other fish species. The matches showed the presence of vitellogenin (VgI, VgII, Vg A and Vg B) in Chilean flounder, similar to species such as mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus), Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), and white perch (Morone americana). These results are discussed in terms of identifying Vg in Paralichthys adspersus with the antibody to turbot Vg. Moreover, we compare the molecular size of Vg from Chilean flounder (large) with that of other flatfish species. Finally, we discuss the potential use of this molecule as a biomarker for the presence of xeno-estrogenic compounds along the Chilean coastline.