饲料中添加β-葡聚糖对虹鳟部分生长指标和血液生理指标的影响

选择初始体重为(454±52)g的虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss),分别投喂添加不同浓度β-葡聚糖(0.05%、0.1%和0.2%)的饲料,饲养30 d后进行取样,分析虹鳟部分生长指标及血液生理指标。结果显示,投喂对应饲料30 d后,0.2%葡聚糖添加组增重率最高,显著高于其他实验组及对照组(P0.05),0.05%葡聚糖添加组增重率最低。0.2%葡聚糖添加组特定生长率显著高于其他组(P0.05),0.05%和0.1%组与对照组无显著差异(P0.05)。0.2%葡聚糖添加组的肝体比显著高于其他实验组及对照组(P0.05)。各添加组的肥满度随着葡聚糖投喂量的增多而升高,其中,最大值出现于0.2%葡聚糖添加组,但各添加组肥满度均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。投喂30 d后,0.05%葡聚糖组白细胞数量显著高于0.2%葡聚糖组及对照组(P0.05),与0.1%葡聚糖组差异不显著(P0.05),0.1%葡聚糖组红细胞数量最高,显著高于其他实验组及对照组(P0.05),葡聚糖组红细胞数量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。0.1%葡聚糖组血红蛋白浓度显著高于其他实验组及对照组(P0.05),对照组鱼的血红蛋白浓度显著低于各实验组(P0.05)。研究表明,在循环水养殖模式下,饲料中添加β-葡聚糖可提高虹鳟的生长性能并改变其部分血液生理指标,本研究中0.2%β-葡聚糖的效果最好。     

鱼腥草或枳实对草鱼淋巴细胞转化率影响的比较研究

在草鱼基础饵料中分别添加0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%鱼腥草或枳实,45d后测定各试验组和对照组的淋巴细胞转化率,0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%试验组中,添加鱼腥草平均分别为60.15%±8.44%、66.03%±8.21%、63.36%±6.52%和53.96%±10.35%,添加枳实平均分别为67.04%±3.93%、71.23%±5.77%、72.57%±5.65%和63.15%±2.33%,对照组为54.98%±2.69%。统计结果表明添加枳实0.2%、0.3%组与对照组差异非常显著(P<0.01)、与添加0.1%鱼腥草组差异显著(P<0.05);添加枳实0.1%组、鱼腥草0.2%组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);添加枳实0.3%组与0.4%组差异显著(P<0.05);其余各组比较,差异不显著。表明在饲料中添加一定量的枳实和鱼腥草可明显提高草鱼的淋巴细胞转化率,增强草鱼的免疫功能,是两种新的中草药免疫增强剂。     

黄芩素对草鱼生长性能、血清抗氧化指标和肌肉品质的影响

为研究黄芩素对草鱼生长性能、血清抗氧化能力和肌肉品质的影响,在基础饲料中分别添加0(对照组)、0.1、0.2、0.4和0.6 g/kg黄芩素,配制成5组饲料,饲养平均体质量为(75.8±0.24) g的草鱼60 d。结果显示,鱼体增重率与黄芩素含量呈二次曲线关系;在添加0.2 g/kg黄芩素时,鱼体增重率最大(210.1%),较对照组提高了8.63%,而饲料系数较对照组降低0.14;添加0.2、0.4和0.6 g/kg黄芩素显著提高了血清SOD活性,降低了MDA含量,添加0.4 g/kg黄芩素显著提高了血清CAT活性。各组在AKP活性和LZM含量上无显著差异。0.4和0.6 g/kg黄芩素组的肌肉总氨基酸含量和总必需氨基酸含量显著高于对照组,0.6 g/kg黄芩素组的总非必需氨基酸含量也显著高于对照组。各处理组在肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分、胶原蛋白含量、肌肉失水率以及肌纤维密度和直径上差异不显著。上述结果显示,黄芩素可促进草鱼生长,提高血清抗氧化能力。草鱼饲料中黄芩素的添加量推荐为0.2 g/kg。     

饲料中添加复方中草药对凡纳滨对虾生长、消化酶和免疫相关酶活性的影响

试验选取以黄芪（Astragalus membranaceus）、板蓝根（Baphicacanthus cusia）等为主要成分的中草药饲料添加剂配制5组饲料[添加量分别为0（对照组）、0.1%、0.2%、0.4%和0.8%],连续投喂凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeusvannamei）[初始体质量为（4.14±0.06）g]56 d,每组3个重复,研究复方中草药对凡纳滨对虾生长、消化酶活性和免疫相关酶活性的影响。结果显示,试验组对虾的成活率均高于对照组,其中0.2%组差异显著（P〈0.05）;0.2%组和0.8%组的相对增重率显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。试验组肝胰脏和肠道的消化酶活性均高于对照组,其中0.2%组的肝蛋白酶和肝淀粉酶显著增高（P〈0.05）,0.1%组和0.4%组的肠蛋白酶和肠淀粉酶显著增高（P〈0.05）。0.2%组的碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活性显著高于其他组（P〈0.05）;试验组的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性均高于对照组;随着中草药添加量的增加,过氧化物酶（POD）指标呈现先下降后增高的趋势,0.4%组显著降低（P〈0.05）。结果表明,饲料中添加复方中草药能促进凡纳滨对虾生长、消化酶和免疫相关酶活性,适宜添加量为0.2%。     

饲料中添加中性蛋白酶对吉富罗非鱼生长和消化功能的影响

在吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)基础饲料中添加中性蛋白酶,添加量分别为0.00%、0.05%、0.1%、0.15%、0.2%和0.25%,研究添加后对吉富罗非鱼生长和消化功能的影响。结果表明,在饲料中添加0.1%~0.25%的中性蛋白酶,吉富罗非鱼的相对增重率和特定生长率显著提高,饲料系数显著降低(P<0.05);添加0.1%~0.2%的中性蛋白酶,显著提高饲料干物质表观消化率和粗蛋白表观消化率(P<0.05);添加量为0.1%~0.15%时,肝胰脏蛋白酶显著高于对照组(P<0.05),添加量为0.15%时,肠道蛋白酶活性显著提高(P<0.05)。综合鱼体相对增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、消化器官消化酶活性等各项指标,吉富罗非鱼饲料中中性蛋白酶的添加量以饲料的0.1%~0.2%为宜。     

免疫增强剂对齐口裂腹鱼生长性能和免疫功能的影响

为探究饲料中添加免疫增强剂对齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)生长性能及免疫功能的影响,在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%、0.2%和0.3%的枯草芽孢杆菌、酵母细胞壁多糖和酵母水解物,养殖初始体重(61.12±1.37) g的健康齐口裂腹鱼90 d。结果显示,相比对照组,枯草芽孢杆菌组和酵母细胞壁多糖实验组的齐口裂腹鱼增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)显著升高(P0.05),饵料系数(FCR)降低,且以酵母细胞壁多糖对提高齐口裂腹鱼生长性能效果最为明显。当添加剂量增加到0.3%时,酵母细胞壁多糖组增重率和特定生长率相比于其他两个梯度有显著性提高,而其他两个实验组差异不显著,酵母细胞水解物则能显著降低饵料系数;在免疫功能方面,3种免疫增强剂的3种浓度下,齐口裂腹鱼溶菌酶(LSZ)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05),且以芽孢杆菌组效果最为显著,分别为(3.93±0.35)μg/mL和(153.34±1.50)μg/mg;而3个实验组碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性与对照组相比差异不显著,且不同剂量组间不存在显著差异(P0.05)。当添加量为0.1%时,酵母细胞壁多糖组和酵母提取物组酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性均显著低于对照组,当添加量为0.3%时,3个实验组酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。研究表明,酵母细胞壁多糖对促进齐口裂腹鱼生长效果最好,而枯草芽孢杆菌对提高鱼类的免疫功能最好。     

饲料中添加芽孢杆菌和硒酵母对异育银鲫的生长及抗病力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.1%、0.2%、0.4%的芽孢杆菌,0.3%、0.6%、1.2%的硒酵母,0.2%+0.3%、0.2%+0.6%、0.2%+1.2%的芽孢杆菌和硒酵母混合物,投喂异育银鲫2个月.测定鱼体的生长和对病原菌嗜水气单胞菌的抗感染能力--LD50.结果表明,添加不同浓度的芽孢杆菌对体重的增加有显著影响(P＜0.05),其中添加0.2%的芽孢杆菌组相对增重率比对照组增加33%.添加不同浓度的硒酵母均可不同程度地促进异育银鲫的生长(P＜0.05),其相对增重率比对照组增加16%～31%.不同配比的芽孢杆菌和硒酵母混合物显著性提高鱼的相对增重率,但增重效果与单一添加芽孢杆菌或硒酵母相似(P＞0.05).饲料中单一添加芽孢杆菌或硒酵母可以极显著地提高异育银鲫对嗜水气单胞菌的抵抗能力,添加效果在各芽孢杆菌水平组间无显著差异,随硒酵母添加量的增大而增大(P＜0.01),但0.6%组和1.2%组无显著差异.混合添加芽孢杆菌和硒酵母也能极显著增强异育银鲫对嗜水气单胞菌的抗感染能力(P＜0.01),但添加效果不及单一芽孢杆菌;与单一硒酵母相比,抗感染能力与硒酵母的添加量有关(P＜0.01),添加量增大,抗感染能力减弱(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).     

复合酸化剂对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

为研究复合酸化剂对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响,此次试验选取了40头28±2日龄杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪,并将它们随机分成4个处理组。这4个处理组均饲喂基础日粮,其中,试验1、2、3组分别添加0.1%复合酸化剂、0.2%复合酸化剂、0.3%复合酸化剂,对照组不做任何处理。试验结果表明,在30d试验期内,试验组仔猪比对照组仔猪平均日增重分别提高了5.9%、13%、10.24%,其中基础日粮中添加0.2%复合添加剂的试验组与对照组日增重差异显著(P<0.05);料肉比分别下降了7%、10.21%、8.13%;并且试验组的仔猪腹泻率较之对照组有明显的下降。试验发现,日粮中添加复合酸化剂能显著改善断奶仔猪生产性能,复合酸化剂添加量为0.2%时,仔猪的生产性能最佳。     

脂肪酶对南方鲇生长性能、消化酶活性及血液生化指标的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0、0.1、0.3 g/kg的脂肪酶,饲喂平均体重(57.6±0.02)g的南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis Chen)60 d,测定南方鲇的生长性能、饲料表观消化率、消化酶活性及血液生化指标。结果显示:添加0.1 g/kg和0.3 g/kg的脂肪酶,增重率比对照组分别提高了4.0%和5.8%,但差异不显著(P>0.05),饲料系数分别下降了5.0%和6.6%,差异显著(P<0.05),肥满度和粗脂肪消化率显著提高(P<0.05),对内脏指数、肝脏指数、肠脂指数、胰蛋白酶活力、肠蛋白酶活力、肠脂肪酶活力及血液生化指标均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。添加0.3 g/kg的脂肪酶显著提高胰脂肪酶活力(P<0.05),添加0.1 g/kg的脂肪酶对胰脂肪酶活力没有显著影响(P>0.05)。结果表明,在脂肪水平为10%的饲料中添加0.3 g/kg的脂肪酶可以提高胰脂肪酶活力,提高脂肪消化率,改善饲料利用率。     

微生态制剂对异育银鲫消化酶活性的影响

在基础饲料的基础上，分别添加0.1%、0.2%、0.4%芽孢杆菌，0.3%、0.6%、1.2%硒酵母，混合添加0.2%芽孢杆菌和0.3%、0.6%、1.2%硒酵母，制成9种微生态制剂饲料，以基础饲料为对照，在水泥地中饲养异育银鲫60d。然后，对异育银鲫肠道和肝胰脏的蛋白酶、淀粉酶进行了测定。结果表明，添加0.2%芽孢杆菌，异育银鲫肠道、肝胰脏蛋白酶活性分别比对照组提高466.2%和85.4%，添加0.1%芽孢杆菌，肠道肝胰脏淀粉酶活性分别比对照组提高83.7%和129.5%；添加硒酵母对肠道蛋白酶活性无显著影响，但添加0.6%硒酵母能使肝胰脏蛋白酶性比对照组提高43.7%，添加0.3%硒酵母能使肠道、肝胰脏淀粉酶活性分别比对照组提高84.2%和163.9%；同时添加0.2%芽孢杆菌和0.3%硒酵母能使肠道蛋白酶淀粉酶活性分别比对照组提高395.5%和95.4%，同时添加0.2%芽孢杆菌和0.3%、0.6%、1.2％硒酵母对肠、肝胰脏蛋白酶淀粉酶活性无显著影响。与单独添加0.2%芽孢杆菌相比，同时添加0.2%芽孢杆菌和硒酵母肠道、肝胰脏蛋白酶活性随硒酵母添加量的增加而显著降低，但淀粉酶活性两者之间差异不显著；与单独添加硒酵母相比，0.2%芽孢杆菌和硒酵母同时添加对肠道、肝胰脏蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性促进作用并不显著。     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

斑节对虾虾苗活力检测方法

该研究通过肉眼观察、镜检，进行干露、饥饿、盐度突降、福尔马林等抗性试验，并采用病毒检测等方法，以期建立评估斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）虾苗活力和质量标准。结果表明，斑节对虾健康虾苗具有趋光性、集群性，体表光洁，肌肉透亮，肠胃食物充盈等特性。测试虾苗干露时间以15min为宜，健康虾苗干露后能立即恢复活力，而病弱虾苗多出现死亡、昏迷现象；虾苗的成活率随饥饿时间的延长而降低，随福尔马林浓度升高和时间延长而降低，随盐度突降幅度增加而降低。健康虾苗能忍受100～200μL·L^-1福尔马林溶液30min，成活率近100％；在盐度20～30下虾苗的成活情况较好，而其在淡水中仅能存活1h。对虾苗进行病毒检测，可以避免养殖中因虾苗携带病毒而可能导致的病毒性疾病的暴发。     

金鳟、虹鳟苗种长途运输实例

鳟鱼发眼卵和旨种运输是养鳟生产的重要环节。发眼卵多在冬季和早春运输，苗种多在晚春和夏季运输。苗种运输大多以鱼篓充氧进行短距离汽车运输，长途运输冷水性鱼苗种的实例很少。本文总结了金鳟和虹鳟苗种长途运输方法，以期与养鳟业界共同交流提高。一、包装材料和方法内包装材料是苗种运输专用塑料袋，规格54×104cm，外包装是泡沫塑料箱，规格63.5×45.5×30．5cm，纸箱规格64×46×32．5cm。塑料袋采取双层式，内装苗种和水共12.5kg，其中苗种0.5-1．3kg，100－2000尾。起运前苗种停食1－2天。运鱼用水水温调至6℃，鱼、水入袋后袋内…     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.     

牙鲆刺激隐核虫病的防治

2005年七、八月份,乐亭、滦南一带多家工厂化牙鲆养殖场发生刺激隐核虫病,此种病虫害发病急、传染快、死亡率高。发生过该病的养殖场牙鲆死亡率一般都在50％～80％之间,这种病害给牙鲆养殖业带来很大损失。