悬浮物对浮游植物和浮游动物的急性毒性效应

通过悬浮物对浮游植物和浮游动物的急性毒性实验,研究了不同浓度悬浮物对浮游植物和浮游动物生长的影响。浮游植物选取中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum和新月菱形藻Nitzschia closterium为受试生物,浮游动物为胶州湾近岸拖网所得,主要优势种类包括藤壶无节幼体、太平洋哲水蚤、腹剑水蚤和小拟哲水蚤。实验结果表明,不同浓度的悬浮物对两种浮游植物的生长都具有非常显著的影响(P0.01);悬浮物浓度与中肋骨条藻的生长抑制率呈线性关系,半抑制浓度48 h-EC50为1.58 g/L,R值为0.977,96 h-EC50为2.82 g/L,R值为0.993;悬浮物浓度和新月菱形藻的生长抑制率也呈线性关系,其半抑制浓度48 h-EC50为4.27 g/L,R值为0.933,96 h-EC50为4.47 g/L,R值为0.939。悬浮物对浮游动物的生长也有显著影响,其死亡率随着悬浮物浓度的增加而升高,其半致死浓度96 h-LC50为60.172 mg/L。     

五种培养液对萱藻丝状体生长发育的影响

提要 本文以实验室保存的萱藻丝状体为材料,采用实验生态学方法,探讨了L1、PES、F1、f/2以及ESNW等五种培养液对萱藻丝状体生长发育的影响,并以去除氮或磷成分的L1培养液为基础,研究了不同外加浓度氮和磷对萱藻丝状体生长发育的影响。结果显示:(1)五种培养液中,L1培养液最有利于萱藻丝状体的生长发育,培养28天后,丝状体生物量增重倍比可达560.48%,孢子囊枝比例高达46.88%,孢子囊直径为18.95μm;(2)萱藻丝状体生长发育最适添加NO3--N浓度为6.00mg/L,在此NO3--N浓度条件下,萱藻丝状体生长速度最快,培养20天后,孢子囊枝比例高达46.78%,孢子囊直径可达18.78μm。在添加NO3--N浓度为0.00mg/L和高氮(96.00mg/L、192.00mg/L)条件下,萱藻丝状体生长速度均相对较慢,培养20天后,孢子囊枝比例分别仅为0.00%、9.06%和7.65%,孢子囊直径仅9.00~10.00μm;(3)萱藻丝状体生长发育的最适外加PO43--P浓度为1.32mg/L,在此PO43--P浓度条件下,萱藻丝状体生长速度最快,培养20天后,孢子囊枝比例高达47.12%,孢子囊直径可达18.89μm。外加PO43--P为0.00mg/L时,培养20天后,孢子囊枝比例仅为10.12%,孢子囊直径仅有9.78μm。外加PO43--P高于15.84mg/L时,均没有孢子囊枝的形成。研究证明,在萱藻丝状体的生长发育过程中,选择一种合适的培养液以及适时地控制硝酸盐与磷酸盐的浓度,使其维持在一定范围内,从而促进萱藻丝状体的快速生长,提高其孢子囊枝比例、增大孢子囊直径。     

2种海洋微藻对氮浓度生长响应的研究

以中肋骨条藻和三角褐指藻为试验材料,探讨2种海洋微藻对氮浓度的生长适应性差异。结果发现2种海洋微藻的生长速率显著受氮浓度的影响。试验结束时,氮质量浓度为0.75、7.5、75 mg/L和150 mg/L时,中肋骨条藻的叶绿素荧光值分别为139.5、816.3、881.9μg/L和868.5μg/L;三角褐指藻的叶绿素荧光值分别为54.3、572.9、974.4μg/L和976.4μg/L,说明高质量浓度氮促进海洋微藻增殖,但超出一定的氮质量浓度范围,促进作用不明显。2种海洋微藻对氮质量浓度的生长响应存在显著差异,中肋骨条藻比三角褐指藻更忍耐低氮质量浓度的胁迫。结果证实氮营养在海洋微藻生长繁殖过程中的重要性,不同微藻对氮营养的生长适应性差异是决定微藻在海洋环境中占据优势程度的一个重要因素。     

铜对盐藻生长与物质积累的调控作用

实验研究了不同浓度的铜对盐藻细胞生长与物质积累的调控作用。结果表明:培养液中供给铜过多或过少都不利于盐藻细胞的生长与物质积累。以培养基中125μg/L的铜浓度对盐藻细胞生长、蛋白质合成与β-胡萝卜素积累的促进作用最大。这一铜浓度可用于盐藻的生产性培养。当培养液中铜浓度较高(175μg/L)或较低(25μg/L)时,单个盐藻细胞中的蛋白质与β-胡萝卜素含量较高,但因培养液中细胞密度较低,盐藻细胞积累的物质总量仍然较少。在铜浓度较高或较低的逆境条件下,盐藻可能通过适应性反应形成了逆境蛋白质与胡萝卜素等。     

不同氮源对骨条藻生长的影响

适合骨条藻生长的尿素质量浓度为20 mg/L,在100 mg/L时效果极差;氯化铵的适合质量浓度也是20 mg/L,60 mg/L时骨条藻会死亡很多;硝酸钠组骨条藻普遍长势都好,但利用率不太高,在50 mg/L长势最好,但效果不理想,也不经济。培养骨条藻以氯化铵效果最好,适宜质量浓度约为20 mg/L。     

不同磷质量浓度营养盐对斜生栅藻生长及其碳、氮、磷组成的影响

为研究不同磷(P)质量浓度营养盐对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliqnus)生长和碳(C)、氮(N)及磷(P)组成的影响,试验通过配制0.005 4、0.054、0.54、2.7、5.4和8.1 mg/L共6个不同初始磷质量浓度梯度的培养液组,同时设置无磷BG11培养液为空白对照组。结果显示:斜生栅藻的单位体积干重及生长率随着磷质量浓度的增加而增加;斜生栅藻的最佳生长磷质量浓度范围为5.4~8.1 mg/L;磷质量浓度为0.005 4、0.054 mg/L时是斜生栅藻的生长限制因子,在磷限制的情况下,斜生栅藻单个细胞个体显著增大;斜生栅藻的C、N、P含量则随着磷质量浓度的升高而升高;在不同磷质量浓度下,斜生栅藻的C∶N比差异不大(11∶1~14∶1);C∶P比及N∶P比随着磷质量浓度的增高而急剧减少。研究表明:不同磷质量浓度对斜生栅藻的生长、藻体的化学组成有显著的影响。     

锌锰组合对盐藻生长和蛋白质、β－胡萝卜素积累的影响

为了探索培养盐藻的微量元素条件，实验研究了微量元素锌、锰的不同浓度组合对盐藻细胞生长与物质积累的影响。结果表明，培养液中适当锌锰浓度的组合对盐藻细胞的生长和物质积累有促进作用，而锌锰浓度过高或过低则都是相对不利的。在试验的9种锌锰浓度组合中，以培养液中6mg/L的锌和4mg/L的锰浓度组合对盐藻细胞的生长和物质积累促进作用最好，它可使培养液中的盐藻细胞密度、蛋白质积累量和β-胡萝卜素积累量都达到最高。培养液中8mg/L的锌和6mg/L的锰浓度组合可使单个盐藻细胞中β-胡萝卜素和蛋白质积累量都最高，但可能仅是在锌、锰过多的逆境条件下，盐藻细胞的适应性反应。     

锰钼组合在盐藻生长与物质积累中的作用

研究了微量元素锰、钼的不同质量浓度组合对盐藻细胞生长与物质积累的影响.试验结果表明,培养液中适当锰钼质量浓度的组合对盐藻细胞的生长和物质积累有促进作用,而锰钼质量浓度过高或过低则都是相对不利的.在试验的9种锰钼质量浓度组合中,以培养液中4 mg/L锰和60 μg/L钼质量浓度组合对盐藻细胞的生长和物质积累促进作用最好,它可使培养液中的盐藻细胞密度、蛋白质积累量和β-胡萝卜素积累量均达到最高.培养液中6 mg/L的锰和80 μg/L的钼质量浓度组合可使单个盐藻细胞中β-胡萝卜素、蛋白质积累量最高,但可能仅是在锰、钼过多的逆境条件下,盐藻细胞的适应性反应.     

四种抗生素对共培养的萱藻丝状体和膨胀色球藻的影响

为抑制或消除萱藻丝状体扩增阶段出现的膨胀色球藻,本研究探讨了头孢噻肟钠、阿莫西林、四环素和红霉素4种抗生素对共培养的萱藻丝状体和膨胀色球藻产生的影响。结果显示,浓度为50和100 mg/L的头孢噻肟钠均显著抑制膨胀色球藻的生长,进而保证萱藻丝状体正常生长与发育;浓度为50~1 000 mg/L的阿莫西林对膨胀色球藻和萱藻丝状体均无抑制作用,阿莫西林不适于去除共培养体系中的膨胀色球藻;浓度为100和200 mg/L的四环素对膨胀色球藻有显著的抑制作用,但此浓度下萱藻丝状体细胞质萎缩,生长状况较差;浓度为0.10~1.00 mg/L的红霉素对膨胀色球藻的生长均有显著的抑制作用,但当其浓度超过0.50 mg/L时,萱藻丝状体的生长亦受到抑制,甚至死亡。     

锰对盐藻生长与物质积累的调控作用

试验结果表明,培养液中锰质量浓度过高或过低都不利于盐藻细胞的生长与物质积累。培养基中锰质量浓度为4.0 mg/L时,盐藻细胞生长、蛋白质合成与β-胡萝卜素积累最多。当培养液中锰质量浓度较高(8.0 mg/L)或较低(2.0 mg/L)时,单个盐藻细胞中的蛋白质与β-胡萝卜素含量较高。但此时,因培养液中细胞密度较低,盐藻细胞积累的物质总量仍然较少。在锰质量浓度较高或较低的逆境条件下,盐藻可能通过适应性反应形成了逆境蛋白质与胡萝卜素等。     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

斑节对虾虾苗活力检测方法

该研究通过肉眼观察、镜检，进行干露、饥饿、盐度突降、福尔马林等抗性试验，并采用病毒检测等方法，以期建立评估斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）虾苗活力和质量标准。结果表明，斑节对虾健康虾苗具有趋光性、集群性，体表光洁，肌肉透亮，肠胃食物充盈等特性。测试虾苗干露时间以15min为宜，健康虾苗干露后能立即恢复活力，而病弱虾苗多出现死亡、昏迷现象；虾苗的成活率随饥饿时间的延长而降低，随福尔马林浓度升高和时间延长而降低，随盐度突降幅度增加而降低。健康虾苗能忍受100～200μL·L^-1福尔马林溶液30min，成活率近100％；在盐度20～30下虾苗的成活情况较好，而其在淡水中仅能存活1h。对虾苗进行病毒检测，可以避免养殖中因虾苗携带病毒而可能导致的病毒性疾病的暴发。     

金鳟、虹鳟苗种长途运输实例

鳟鱼发眼卵和旨种运输是养鳟生产的重要环节。发眼卵多在冬季和早春运输，苗种多在晚春和夏季运输。苗种运输大多以鱼篓充氧进行短距离汽车运输，长途运输冷水性鱼苗种的实例很少。本文总结了金鳟和虹鳟苗种长途运输方法，以期与养鳟业界共同交流提高。一、包装材料和方法内包装材料是苗种运输专用塑料袋，规格54×104cm，外包装是泡沫塑料箱，规格63.5×45.5×30．5cm，纸箱规格64×46×32．5cm。塑料袋采取双层式，内装苗种和水共12.5kg，其中苗种0.5-1．3kg，100－2000尾。起运前苗种停食1－2天。运鱼用水水温调至6℃，鱼、水入袋后袋内…     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.     

牙鲆刺激隐核虫病的防治

2005年七、八月份,乐亭、滦南一带多家工厂化牙鲆养殖场发生刺激隐核虫病,此种病虫害发病急、传染快、死亡率高。发生过该病的养殖场牙鲆死亡率一般都在50％～80％之间,这种病害给牙鲆养殖业带来很大损失。