硒源对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组成和抗氧化能力的影响

水温(29.0±1.3)℃,将初始体质量(0.41±0.01)g的凡纳滨对虾随机分为4组,每组3个重复,饲养在室内循环水养殖系统中,投喂基础饲料(对照组)及在此饲料中分别添加硒含量相等(0.30mg/kg)的亚硒酸钠、酵母硒和蛋氨酸硒的4种饲料,养殖56d,比较了不同硒源对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组成和抗氧化能力的影响。试验结果表明,蛋氨酸硒组对虾的生长性能显著高于对照组和亚硒酸钠组(P0.05)。外源硒可显著影响对虾体蛋白和脂肪含量(P0.05),蛋氨酸硒组对虾机体营养成分显著优于其他组(P0.05)。添加外源硒组对虾的血清总抗氧化能力和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。蛋氨酸硒组对虾血清丙二醛含量显著低于其他组(P0.05)。由此得出,饲料添加0.3mg/kg的硒能在一定程度上提高凡纳滨对虾的生长和抗氧化能力,蛋氨酸硒优于酵母硒和亚硒酸钠。     

蛋氨酸硒含量对食用仿刺参生长和体壁营养成分的影响

在水温10.2~12.4℃、p H 7.8~8.0、盐度24~28条件下,将平均体质量为(45±5)g的仿刺参Apostichopus japonicus饲养在室内养殖池的网箱中,投喂蛋氨酸硒添加量分别为0mg/kg、0.2mg/kg、0.4mg/kg、0.6mg/kg、0.8mg/kg和1.0mg/kg的6组饲料。饲养60d后,测定仿刺参的特定生长率(SGR)和体壁中常规营养成分含量。结果表明:当蛋氨酸硒添加量为1.0mg/kg饲料时,仿刺参的特定生长率、粗蛋白、粗灰分含量最大,较对照组分别高155.56%、5.65%和2.9%(P0.05),而仿粗脂肪含量最低,较对照组低10.61%(P0.05)。     

间歇投喂添加蛋氨酸硒饲料对仿刺参（Apostichopus japonicus Selenka）幼参生长和免疫指标的影响

在水温9℃～13℃下,将平均体质量0.745±0.3 g的仿刺参（Apostichopus japonicus Selenka）随机投放到50cm×40cm×30cm的塑料水槽内,每箱10头,共分为五组,每组3个平行,采用不同间隔时间投喂每kg添加0.5 mg蛋氨酸硒的饲料：第1、2、3、4组分别间隔0、5、10和15 d投喂一次,第5组投喂不含硒的饲料（对照组）。60d的饲养结果表明：间歇投喂含硒饲料各组仿刺参的成活率和特定生长率差异不显著,但都明显高于对照组;每隔5 d投喂一次含硒饲料的刺参体腔液中SOD活力（78.34U/ml）显著高于其他组（P〈0.05）;谷胱甘肽的浓度（2.87×10-5mol/L）对照组差异不显著,但显著高于其它组（P〈0.05）;连续投喂含硒饲料的仿刺参体内的酸、碱磷酸酶活性（2.42U/ml,5.76U/ml）显著高于其他组（P〈0.05）。建议在生产中宜每日或最多间隔5 d投喂含硒饲料。     

亚硒酸钠和酵母硒对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、抗氧化能力及抗低温应激的影响

本实验旨在研究饲料中添加亚硒酸钠和酵母硒对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、抗氧化能力及抗低温应激的影响。实验选用初始体质量为(2.12±0.01) g的黄颡鱼幼鱼为研究对象,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,分别投喂含硒0.028 mg/kg (对照组)、0.25 mg/kg (亚硒酸钠)、0.30 mg/kg (酵母硒)和0.52 mg/kg (酵母硒)的实验饲料,记为G0、G1、G2和G3组,养殖56 d。养殖结束后,进行低温应激实验。结果显示,亚硒酸钠和酵母硒的添加对幼鱼的终末均重、增重率、存活率和饲料系数影响不显著。亚硒酸钠和酵母硒显著提高全鱼和肌肉的硒含量,G3组显著高于其他组,G1与G2组全鱼硒含量差异不显著,但G2组肌肉硒含量显著高于G1组。亚硒酸钠和酵母硒显著提高了幼鱼肝脏GPx活性,G1和G2组SOD活性显著高于G0组,G3组与G0组差异不显著。22°C时,各组间血浆总蛋白、胆固醇、甘油三酯和尿素氮含量无显著差异,但G2组血糖含量显著高于G0和G1组,与G3组差异不显著,各组HSP70 mRNA表达量无显著差异。13°C时,各组黄颡鱼血浆总蛋白、胆固醇含量无显著差异,但G1组甘油三酯含量显著高于G0和G3组,与G2组差异不显著;G2和G3组血糖含量显著高于G0和G1组;G2组血浆尿素氮含量显著低于G1组,与其他组差异不显著;G0组HSP70 mRNA相对表达量显著高于其他组。研究表明,在综合生长性能、全鱼和肌肉硒沉积、肝脏抗氧化能力以及鱼体抗低温应激效果方面,饲料中添加0.30 mg/kg酵母硒效果优于0.25 mg/kg亚硒酸钠。     

不同类型硒对黑鲷幼鱼生长及血清免疫指标的影响

在水温(27±1)℃下,将初始体质量为(13.00±0.20)g的黑鲷幼鱼放入容积为310L(水体260L)的微流水玻璃缸内,投喂含蛋白41.57%、脂肪13.63%等氮等能基础饲料(对照组)及在其中添加2.35mg/kg硒化多糖和0.88mg/kg的亚硒酸钠(使外源硒添加量均为0.4mg/kg)的试验饲料8周,研究了不同类型的外源硒对黑鲷幼鱼生长性能、体组成和血清免疫指标的影响。试验结果显示,黑鲷幼鱼摄食添加了硒化多糖和亚硒酸钠的饲料时,其特定生长率、血清免疫球蛋白M、补体C3、补体C4的含量以及肝脏和肌肉中硒的含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05),且添加硒化多糖组的上述指标显著高于添加亚硒酸钠组(P0.05);饲料中添加硒化多糖和亚硒酸钠对黑鲷幼鱼的形体指标和体组成无显著影响(P0.05)。试验结果表明,添加适量的外源硒能显著提高黑鲷幼鱼的生长性能和血清免疫活性,且有机硒的生物利用率显著高于无机硒。     

饲料中添加有机硒对异育银鲫生长的影响

在异育银鲫基础饲料中添加 0 2mg/kg的亚硒酸钠 (B组 )和 0 2mg/kg的有机硒 (含硒多糖和硒蛋白 ) (C组 ) ,经 10 2d的喂养试验结果显示投喂C组饲料 ,鱼体增重率比A组 (对照组 )和B组分别提高了 15 2 9%和 14 5 9% ;饵料系数分别降低了 12 49%和 12 35 %。谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和全血硒含量B组最高 ,但差异不显著     

卵形鲳鲹对饲料中硒的需求量

为确定卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)对饲料中硒的需求量,选取初始体重为(15.04±0.20)g的卵形鲳鲹450尾,随机分成6组,每组3个重复,每个重复25尾。分别投喂以亚硒酸钠(Na2SeO3)为硒源,硒含量分别为0.41、0.60、0.73、0.80、0.90和1.12mg/kg的等氮等脂饲料50d。结果显示,随着饲料中硒含量的增加,卵形鲳鲹的增重率和特定生长率先升高后趋于稳定,饲料系数变化趋势与之相反。饲料中硒含量对全鱼体成分无显著影响(P>0.05)。血清白蛋白和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量随饲料中硒含量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,而血清碱性磷酸酶活性先升高后保持稳定。饲料中添加硒可以显著提高血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶和肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶、过氧化氢酶活性(P<0.05),随着饲料中硒含量的增加,其谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶和过氧化氢酶活性呈先升高后稳定的趋势,而超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶活性呈先上升后下降的趋势。饲料中不同硒水平显著影响了卵形鲳鲹全鱼中的硒含量(P<0.05),且随着饲料中硒含量的增加先上升后趋于稳定。折线回归分析表明,以增重率、血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和全鱼中硒含量为评价指标,卵形鲳鲹对饲料中硒的需求量分别为0.66、0.82和0.76 mg/kg。     

间歇投喂添加蛋氨酸硒饲料对仿刺参（Apostichopus japonicus Selenka）幼参生长和免疫指标的影响

在水温9℃～13℃下,将平均体质量0.745±0.3 g的仿刺参（Apostichopus japonicus Selenka）随机投放到50cm×40cm×30cm的塑料水槽内,每箱10头,共分为五组,每组3个平行,采用不同间隔时间投喂每kg添加0.5 mg蛋氨酸硒的饲料：第1、2、3、4组分别间隔0、5、10和15...     

添加微生态制剂及投饲模式对幼刺参生长的影响

水温12～18℃,将体质量(3.37±0.15)g的仿刺参幼参饲养在容水50 L的塑料槽中,研究添加微生态制剂的饲料及不同日投喂量对幼刺参生长及养殖水质指标的影响.采用以3d日投喂量相同(1∶1∶1)及3d日投喂量不同(5∶3∶2)的投饲方式,微生态制剂饲料在基础饲料的基础上加入4.5ml有益复合微生物菌群与芽孢杆菌混合液,并于30℃水浴中预处理12 h以上而制成.60 d的试验结果表明,以投喂微生态制剂饲料组的氨氮、亚硝酸氮、化学需氧量明显低于基础饲料组；以5∶3∶2方式投喂微生态制剂饲料组的刺参质量增加率、日质量增加和特定生长率明显高于1∶1∶1方式和基础饲料组(P＜0.05)；以5∶3∶2方式投喂微生态制剂饲料组的饲料表观消化率、耗氧率和排氨率较高.     

硒和维生素E对牙鲆生长和非特异性免疫力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加维生素E(VE)(60mg/kg标为e或300mg/kg标为E)和硒(Se)(0mg/kg标为s或2.5mg/kg标为S),制成4种试验饲料(s/e,s/E,S/e,S/E)分别饲喂初始体重为38.5±0.15g的牙鲆70d,观察其对生长性能、肝脏及血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性、非特异免疫力以及抗病力的影响。结果表明,饲喂添加高剂量VE的两组饲料(s/E,S/E),牙鲆的特定生长率和吞噬率明显地提高(P0.05)。饲喂添加硒的两组饲料(S/e,S/E),牙鲆血液和肝脏的GSH-Px活性显著升高(P0.05)。70d投喂实验结束后,利用鳗弧菌进行攻毒试验,不添加硒和低剂量VE(s/e)使牙鲆的累积死亡率明显高于其他3组。     

Selenium nutrition of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis) bioavailability, toxicity and interaction with vitamin E

Two concurrent 12-week feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of inorganic sodium selenite and organic seleno-DL-methionine and to investigate the potential interaction between selenium and vitamin E in juvenile hybrid striped bass. In experiment 1, purified diets utilizing casein, gelatin and an amino acid premix as protein sources with a basal selenium concentration of 0.11 mg Se   kg⁻¹ were supplemented with either Na₂SeO₃ to provide selenium concentrations of 1.19, 2.00, 5.17 and 21.23 mg Se kg⁻¹ or with seleno-DL-methionine to provide 0.90, 1.26 and 2.55 mg Se kg⁻¹ and fed to juvenile hybrid striped bass in aquaria. A second experiment evaluated potential interactions by feeding these purified diets with or without supplemental vitamin E or sodium selenite, singularly or in combination. No overt selenium deficiency signs were exhibited by fish in either of the experiments; however, signs of selenium toxicity including retarded weight gain (WG), reduced feed intake and feed efficiency ratio (FER) as well as increased mortality, were observed in fish fed the diet containing more than 20 mg Se kg⁻¹. Whole-body selenium and whole-body selenium retention were linearly influenced by sodium selenite and selenomethionine. However, there was no significant effect of dietary selenium, vitamin E or their interaction on WG, FER and survival. Slope-ratio analysis showed that bioavailability of seleno-DL-methionine as a selenium source for juvenile hybrid striped bass was significantly ( P  < 0.01) higher (3.3-fold) than sodium selenite.     

外源硒对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)重要生理相关酶活性及体内硒含量的影响

在水温为16-18℃时,将平均体重为(60.75±0.32)g的仿刺参(Apostichhopus japonicus)饲养在150 cm×120 cm×60 cm的水箱中,通过在基础饲料中添加富硒酵母,使7组饲料中硒的浓度分别为0、0.20、0.40、0.80、1.60、3.20和6.40 mg/kg,进行为期28 d的生长实验,并对其体壁、消化道、呼吸树、肌肉等不同组织消化酶活力、免疫酶活力进行测定,探讨不同水平的外源硒对仿刺参生长、相关酶及体内硒含量的影响,并用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法进行仿刺参体内硒含量分析.结果显示,添加适宜浓度的硒提高了仿刺参的成活率(最高达100％)、消化酶和免疫酶的活性,蛋白酶(35.13 U/mg prot)和淀粉酶(0.51 U/mg prot)的最高活性分别为对照组的2.45倍和2.07倍.硒浓度为0.80-1.60 mg/kg时,仿刺参各组中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性最高,显著高于其他组;仿刺参各组中的硒含量均有不同程度的上升,有机硒的提高倍数大于无机硒,说明富集到体内的硒以有机硒为主.研究表明,硒浓度为0.80-1.60 mg/kg时,仿刺参的养殖效果最佳.本研究丰富了仿刺参的营养学内容,为仿刺参健康、高效、可持续养殖提供了一定的参考依据.     

Optimum selenium levels in diets high in plant‐based feedstuffs for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fingerlings

Substitution of marine ingredients (FM‐FO) by plant protein and oil sources can modify selenium (Se) levels in feeds. Se plays an important role in the antioxidative defence by forming part of selenoproteins. Se requirements of gilthead sea bream are not accurately determined; therefore, this study was conducted to define Se supplementation levels in low FM‐FO practical diets for sea bream fingerlings. A plant‐based diet containing 0.45 mg Se/kg diet was used as the basal diet. Four other diets were supplemented to contain 0.68, 0.86, 1.00 or 1.70 mg Se/kg diet, supplied as sodium selenite. Sea bream, weighing 12.6 ± 1.4 g, were distributed in triplicate groups per diet and fed for 42 days. Se supplementation up to 1.00 mg Se/kg significantly improved the growth of sea bream, whereas further increase up to 1.70 mg Se/kg diet reduced growth. The results of this study suggest that the optimum dietary levels of sodium selenite in diets with low FM‐FO with basal levels of 0.45 mg Se/kg are around 0.94 mg Se/kg to promote growth of gilthead sea bream juveniles. On the contrary, dietary levels of 1.70 mg Se/kg were found to be excessive and caused growth reduction, increased catalase expression and hydropic degeneration in the liver.     

饲料中添加浒苔对仿刺参幼参生长、消化酶活性和免疫力的影响

在水温17~18℃和盐度30条件下,将初始体质量为(4.09±0.26)g的仿刺参饲养在15个循环水玻璃缸(容积100L)中,投喂在基础饲料中添加0%、3%、6%、9%和12%浒苔的饲料,于投喂后第7、14、28d和42d分别检测仿刺参的生长指标、消化酶(蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和褐藻酸酶)和体腔液免疫酶(溶菌酶、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物歧化酶)的活性。试验结果表明,投喂试验饲料后第14、28d和42d:(1)饲料中添加6%和9%浒苔组仿刺参的特定生长率显著增加(P0.05),在不同取样时间其他添加组仿刺参的的特定生长率与对照组差异不显著(P0.05);(2)饲料中浒苔添加量为6%和9%试验组仿刺参的4种消化酶比活力显著高于对照组(P0.05),其中6%组仿刺参的消化酶比活力最高;(3)饲料中浒苔添加量为6%时,仿刺参溶菌酶活力显著高于对照组及其他试验组(P0.05);饲料中浒苔添加量为6%和9%时,仿刺参碱性磷酸酶活力和超氧化物歧化酶活力显著高于对照组及其他试验组(P0.05);添加浒苔可以显著提高酸性磷酸酶活力,至第42d,试验组酸性磷酸酶活力高于对照组(P0.05),且浒苔添加量为6%时活力最高。在本试验条件下,饲料中添加浒苔可以提高仿刺参的特定生长率、消化酶活力及免疫力,浒苔的最适添加量为6%~9%。     

The effects of dietary organic or inorganic selenium in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under crowding conditions

In the present study, the effects of different sources of selenium (Se; sodium selenite or selenomethionine) supplementation on the growth and serum concentrations of oxidative stress markers [malondialdehyde (MDA), 8‐isoprostane, glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity] and muscle Se, MDA and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) levels in rainbow trouts were evaluated. The fish (n = 360; 0 + years old) with initial average weight of 20 ± 0.8 g were randomly assigned to 12 treatment groups consisting of 3 replicates of 10 fish each in a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments (stocking densities, Se sources, Se levels). The fish were kept at low (25 kg m^?3) or high (100 kg m^?3) stocking densities and fed a basal (control) diet or the basal diet supplemented with either 0.15 or 0.30 mg of Se kg^?1 of diet from two different forms: sodium selenite or selenomethionine. High stocking density decreased weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) when basal diet was fed (P = 0.001). A linear increase in feed intake and weight gain and improvement in FCR were found in sodium selenite (P = 0.01)‐ or selenomethionine (P = 0.001)‐supplemented fish reared under crowding conditions. Serum and muscle Se levels and serum GSH‐Px activity increased (P = 0.001) linearly, whereas serum and muscle MDA concentrations and serum 8‐isoprostane decreased linearly as dietary sodium selenite (P = 0.01) or selenomethionine (P = 0.001) supplementation increased. Selenomethionine and sodium selenite supplementation decreased Hsp70 in the muscle of fish reared under crowding conditions (P < 0.05). Supplementation with Se improved growth and antioxidant status of fish and the effects of selenomethionine were relatively greater than sodium selenite in the crowded groups. Results suggest that crowding conditions cause significant detrimental effects in rainbow trout indicated by increased oxidative stress, reduced feed intake and body weight gain. ?t also indicates that dietary Se supplementation offers a feasible way of reducing the losses in performance of rainbow trout reared under crowding conditions. Selenomethionine seems to be more effective than sodium selenite and the higer dose in the present study also seems to be more effective than the lower dose.     

Optimum Level of Dietary n‐3 Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids for Juvenile Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

A feeding trial was conducted to estimate the optimum level of dietary n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) for juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicas, based on growth performance and fatty acid compositions. Diets with five n‐3 HUFAs levels (0.15, 0.22, 0.33, 0.38, and 0.46%) were fed to sea cucumber juveniles (1.97 ± 0.01 g) once a day for 60 d. The sea cucumbers fed diets containing 0.22% n‐3 HUFAs showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher body weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio than the sea cucumbers fed diets containing 0.15% n‐3 HUFAs, but not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those of sea cucumbers fed diets containing 0.33, 0.38, and 0.46% n‐3 HUFAs. The sea cucumbers fed diets containing 0.46% n‐3 HUFAs showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher eicosapentaenoic acid and saturated fatty acid than the sea cucumber fed diets containing 0.15% n‐3 HUFAs, but not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those of sea cucumbers fed diets containing 0.22, 0.33, and 0.38% n‐3 HUFAs. The results of growth performance and n‐3 HUFA compositions of body wall indicated that the optimum level of dietary n‐3 HUFAs for juvenile sea cucumber is between 0.22 and 0.46%.