应用Thermo LC—MS／MS检测水产苗种中的硝基呋嘀类代谢物

应用Thermo LC-MS／MS检测140个水产苗种中呋哺唑酮（AOZ）、呋喃它酮（AMOZ）、呋喃西林（SEM）和呋喃妥因（AHD）等硝基呋喃类代谢物。结果表明，方法的检出限为0．25μg／kg，工作曲线的线性范围为0．25～20．0μg／L。在添加浓度为0．25—10．0μg/kg的范围内，AMOZ、SEM、AHD和AOZ的回收率分别在90．5％-102％、95．3％-99．6％、92．6％-98．6％、82．0％-105．6％之间，相对标准偏差均小于10％。苗种样品检出率AOZ：15％，SEM：4％。AMOZ及AHD均未检出。在网箱养殖中的苗种检出比率要大于鱼池苗种检出比率。     

氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法同时测定海洋沉积物中的砷和汞

应用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法同时测定海洋沉积物中砷、汞。研究了在最佳实验条件下,砷、汞的检出限分别为0．035μg／L、0．009μg／L。比较了常压消解、微波消解两种样品前处理方法回收率的差异,砷的回收率分别为85．6％～92．8％和89．0％～97．8％,汞的回收率分别为75．0％～83．1％和81．0％～94．8％,微波消解的回收率好于常压消解。并且微波消解技术具有快速、污染少、损失小等优点。本文提供了快速、准确测定海洋沉积物中砷、汞含量的方法。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定海水及水产品中的莠去津

本文采用有机溶剂萃取的提取方法,利用气相色谱一质谱选择离子检测,建立了海水及水产品中莠去津的检测方法。该方法在0．001-0．5μg/L的范围内具有良好的线性范围,线性相关系数为0．9996;在海水和水产品中的检出限（S／N=3）分别为0．001μg/L和0．001mg／kg;在加标回收率试验中,海水中莠去津回收率为95．8％-113．2％,水产品中莠去津回收率为83．1％～92．6％;相对标准偏差（n=6）均小于4．4％。     

气相色谱法测定鸡蛋中氯霉素残留量

研究了鸡蛋中氯霉素残留的气相色谱测定方法。样品经乙酸乙酯提取后，用Sylon BFT衍生化，进电子捕获检测仪（ECD）测定，外标法定量．结果表明，方法的线性范围在1．0～300ng／mL之间，平均回收率达93．4％，平均相对标准偏差5．5％，检测限为0．1μg／kg。     

竞争性酶联免疫法检测水产品中氯霉素

本研究了利用竞争性酶联免疫原理分析测定水产品中氯霉素含量的方法，氯霉素浓度在50～4050ng／Kg范围内呈良好的线性关系，r^2=0．9936。向样品中分别添加0．5μg和2．0μg的氯霉素标准样品，经过检测，其回收率为81．4％～96．2％，相对标准偏差为7．73％和1．97％，结果表明该法筛选检验氯霉素准确精密，重复性好，适合用来检测水产品中的氯霉素。     

酶联免疫(ELISA)法测定水产品中呋喃唑酮代谢物AOZ的残留

采用MaxsignalTM AOZ快速检测试剂盒检测水产品中呋喃唑酮代谢物。通过对精密度、回收率和检测限等项目的测定，验证了方法的可行性。呋喃唑酮代谢物标准液在0．05ng／mL～4．5ng／mL范围内具有良好的线性，微孔板孔间变异系数为3．2％～7．7％。样品批内变异系数为5．2％～8．4％，批间变异系数为6．3％～8．9％，平均回收率为94．5％～98．4％。试剂盒的理论检测下限为0．05μg／Kg。该方法灵敏度高，重复性好，适用于水产品中呋喃唑酮代谢物残留的检测。     

氯氰菊酯对三疣梭子蟹幼体的急性毒性研究

在实验室条件下，研究了氯氰菊酯对三疣梭子蟹幼体急性毒性试验，结果表明氯氰菊酯对三疣梭子蟹I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期蚤状和大眼幼体的24dx时半致死浓度和安全浓度分别是I0．0178μg/L、0．0024μg／L；Ⅱ0．022μg／L、0．0041μg/L；Ⅲ0．026μg/L、0．005μg／L；1V0．06μg/L、0．018μg/L；大眼幼体0．065μg/L、0．0031μg/L。     

氢化物(Hydride)--原子荧光光谱法(Atomic Fluorescence Speebrophotometry)测定海洋沉积物中的痕量硒(Trace Selenium)

本文采用硝酸一高氯酸处理样品，研究了氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定海洋沉积物中痕量硒的方法。在选定的试验条件下，方法检出限为0．15μg／kg；进行了大量的海洋沉积物样品测定，相对标准偏差为0．42％～5、41％，加标回收率为81．70％～98．38％，结果满意。方法具有操作简便、快速、灵敏度高等优点。     

渤海中部海域水体中Hg、As的时空分布特征

本研究分析了2013年5月(春季)、7月(夏季)、11月(秋季)、12月(冬季)渤海中部海域表、中、底层海水中汞(Hg)、砷(As)两种元素的时空分布特征。结果显示,Hg 的含量范围为0.0029–0.3926μg/L,平均含量为0.0676μg/L。从垂直分布来看,水体中Hg的含量呈现底层>中层>表层的变化特点;从四季的变化特点看,水体中Hg的含量呈现春季>冬季>秋季>夏季的变化规律,其中,仅有夏季表层水体达到国家海水水质标准(GB3097–1997),其余水体中 Hg 的含量均有超标现象发生。As的含量范围为0.65–10.83μg/L,平均含量为1.50μg/L,除夏季表层水体中的As含量较高外,水体中的As均呈现均匀的分布模式。从垂直分布来看,As在四季的平均含量均表现为表层>中层>底层,且均未超出国家海水水质标准。研究表明,渤海中部海域水体中,As 的含量均达到Ⅰ类水质标准(20μg/L),而Hg含量却频频超出Ⅰ类水质标准(0.05μg/L)或Ⅱ类水质标准(0.20μg/L)。渤海中部海域水质已经受到了重金属的污染,推测该现象主要源于人类活动的影响。     

二硝基苯肼衍生-高效液相色谱法测定水产品中甲醛含量的研究

通过水蒸汽蒸馏法分离提取水产品中的甲醛,采用二硝基苯肼衍生一高效液相法测定甲醛含量,确定了有关测定的方法参数。该方法样品蒸馏液检出限为7．20μg／L,样品中的检出限为0．20mg／kg,回收率为90．00％～104．48％。方法灵敏度高,专一性强,重复性好,可为水产品甲醛含量监测提供灵敏、准确的分析方法。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.