池蝶蚌手术蚌速生培育养殖技术初报

池蝶蚌原产日本琵琶湖，日本以该蚌培育优质淡水珍珠产品享誉世界珍珠市场。抚州市洪门水库开发公司，于1997年底引进池蝶蚌原种，1998年繁殖成功，经过10年的育珠性能及繁育、育珠技术研究表明：池蝶蚌具有生长快、抗病能力强、成活率高、分泌珍珠速度快等特点。与三角帆蚌育珠对比结果，珍珠产品颗粒大，优质率是三角帆蚌的2倍多。     

日本池蝶蚌的繁育技术

池蝶蚌 (Hyriopsis schileerii)是日本的特有种，出产于日本滋贺县的琵琶湖，它与我国的三角帆蚌为同属不同种。据有关资料介绍，池蝶蚌的主要品质指标优于三角帆蚌，产珠质量高，日本主要靠池蝶蚌培育淡水珍珠。　　为了改变品种结构，提高养殖效益，我们于 1997年底引进日本原种池蝶蚌，吊养于独立的水体中 (此水域为稻田新堵成的池塘，内无任何蚌源 )， 1998年 5月进行人工繁殖，获得成功。繁殖幼蚌 26.7万只，经过三年的培育，现平均个体为 14厘米，最大个体达 20厘米，总成活率为 80％。　　一、池堞蚌的形态特征　　池蝶蚌的外部形态…     

三角帆蚌与池蝶蚌育珠性能比较

三角帆蚌,隶属于瓣鳃纲,真瓣鳃目,蚌科,帆蚌属,是中国特有的优质淡水育珠蚌。三角帆所产的珍珠产量佳,珠质细腻、光滑、色泽鲜艳、形状较圆,但珍珠生长比较缓慢。池蝶蚌与三角帆蚌同属帆蚌属(日本称为池蝶蚌属),是中国大陆近年来从日本、台湾引进的优良珠贝类。与三角帆蚌相比,池蝶蚌具有壳、珍珠层、外套膜较厚,珍珠质分泌能力强等优点。     

池蝶蚌良种选育技术

优质淡水珍珠育珠蚌——池蝶蚌(图见彩中插2),是抚州市洪门水库开发公司于1997年引进原种亲蚌,1998年繁殖F1代成功,经过与三角帆蚌育珠性能对比研究,证明了池蝶蚌育珠性能优于三角帆蚌,     

三角帆蚌与池蝶蚌杂交繁育初试

为解决目前我国淡水育珠贝类种质资源退化、缺少优良品种的问题,使用人工自然受精法进行了三角帆蚌与池蝶蚌杂交试验,共获得三角帆蚌与池蝶蚌正交后代20万只,反交后代15万只,三角帆蚌自交后代13万只,池蝶蚌自交后代10万只。养殖及育珠试验表明,以反交F1代生产性能最优,插片手术后第3年的杂交F1代大规格优质珍珠(粒径>8 mm)所占比例达37.98%。     

珍珠蚌5个群体不同阶段生长性能及外部形态变异分析

采用温室大棚早繁技术,获得三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)选育群体、武义养殖群体、鄱阳湖、洞庭湖野生群体,池蝶蚌(Hyriopsis schlegelii)养殖群体的子代,对1龄和2龄蚌的生长性能进行分析,并利用三种多元统计分析方法对1龄蚌外部形态变异进行了研究。结果显示:珍珠蚌5个群体的养殖性能由高到低为:池蝶蚌群体选育群体鄱阳湖群体洞庭湖群体养殖群体。生长指标之间存在显著相关性,与体质量相关程度由大到小为:壳长、壳宽和壳高。1龄时,影响珍珠蚌体质量的生长指标主要为壳长,2龄时,为壳长和壳宽。珍珠蚌生长后期壳宽对体重的影响比重加大,壳高与体重的相关性降低。三种多元分析结果显示,1龄时,池蝶蚌群体与鄱阳湖群体、洞庭湖群体以及养殖群体的外部形态存在较大的相似性,综合判别率较低,选育群体外部形态较前四者存在明显差异。     

认识鳔炎病

池蝶蚌和我国的三角帆蚌为同属不同种,出产于日本滋贺县的琵琶湖.池蝶蚌是的优质淡水育珠蚌,具有以下特点:①容易养殖,池蝶蚌的生活习性与三角帆蚌非常相近,其繁殖、幼蚌培育、成蚌饲养技术也与三角帆蚌相似;②成活率高,池蝶蚌内脏团大,软体部分的重量占蚌体总重量的比例达45%,体质好,生命力强;③手术插核难度小,池蝶蚌双壳鼓起,壳间距大,且闭壳肌也强壮,其直径比三角帆蚌大20%,开壳宽度可超过1 cm,有利于手术操作;④育珠品质高,珍珠光亮度、珠层厚度以及品质都比其它淡水蚌手术蚌的珍珠要好;⑤贝壳利用价值高,池蝶蚌的贝壳比三角帆蚌的贝壳厚50%以上,尤其是贝壳的珍珠层较厚,有利于加工珍珠层粉,也是制作珠核、雕刻的最佳材料.目前,池蝶蚌在江西省被广泛推广养殖,在该省临川、都昌、万年、泰和等县市建立起示范推广基地2000多亩,直接参与池蝶蚌养殖的农户达1500多户,取得了丰厚的经济效益.笔者通过实地走访调查,查阅相关资料并结合多年蚌类养殖研究,对池蝶蚌的人工繁育技术总结如下:     

淡水优质珍珠培育及加工技术

<正>一、培育技术1.育珠蚌种选择为生产淡水优质珍珠,江西抚州洪门水库开发有限公司于1997年底成功地从日本引进了池蝶蚌原种,并于1998年繁殖成功。池蝶蚌原产日本琵琶湖,日本以该蚌培育优质淡水珍珠产品享誉世界珍珠市场。经过近十年研究,池蝶蚌的壳宽是三角帆蚌的1.23倍,外套膜的厚度是三角帆蚌的1.78倍,贝壳珍珠层的厚度是三角帆蚌的2.08倍,珍珠生长速度是三角帆蚌的1.62倍,大规格、优质珍珠的比例是三角帆     

池蝶蚌mtDNA COⅠ基因序列分析

以三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)线粒体DNA设计特异性引物，对池蝶蚌（H. Schlegelii）的线粒体COⅠ基因进行PCR扩增，以期了解池蝶蚌的选育效果。结果表明在10个个体中均得到序列一致的COⅠ序列，长度为1542 bp；A、T、G、C 含量分别为18.1% (280 个)、41.8 % (644个) 、 25.4 % (392个)和14.7% (226个) ，A+T含量(59.9%)明显高于G+C(40.1%)含量，与其他无脊柱动物相同基因片段碱基含量相似。该基因中密码子使用中T(U)的使用频率很高，第1位核苷酸中T和G的含量较为一致分别为32.0%和30.8%；密码子第2位上碱基T的使用比率高达42.7 %，碱基G的使用比率低至17. 2 %；密码子第3位上碱基T的使用比率高达50.7 %，而碱基C的使用比率仅为6. 6 %。BLAST结果显示池蝶蚌与其他淡水贝类的COⅠ基因具有较高的同源性，其中与三角帆蚌的相似性为为95%，MP 法构建的分子系统进化树表明：池蝶蚌COⅠ基因与三角帆蚌COⅠ基因亲缘关系最近。以上表明池蝶蚌经过人工选育后已初步成为一个纯系，遗传性状趋于稳定。     

提高二足龄三角帆蚌优质珠比例的试验

近几年来的生产实践说明，用褶纹冠蚌育出的珍珠珠质，不如用三角帆蚌育出的珍珠珠质，这不仅直接影响到国家创汇和集体经济的收入，甚至会影响到珍珠养殖业发展的方向。为此，我们开展了三角帆蚌育珠的研究，期望通过改革养殖工艺，改善管理办法，提高二足龄三角帆蚌优质珠的比例和成活率。     

Estimation of variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum by survival analysis of experimental infection of salmonid fish

The variation of virulence of Renibacterium salmoninarum , the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid fish, was studied by infecting rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with two isolates (strains 325 and 932) from diseased Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and one isolate (strain 4366) from an apparently healthy Atlantic salmon. Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), were injected with the strain 932 to estimate difference in fish species resistance. Fish were removed by random sampling for other study purposes, a study design possible with analysis of lifetime distributions incorporating both sampling-, death- and survival-times. At the end of the experiment, the rainbow trout infected with strains 325, 932 and 4366 had a survival probability of 33%, 51% and 72%, respectively. The coho salmon infected with strain 932 had a 26% survival probability. The strain differences were significant according to the log-rank test, and the risk ratio between the strains ranged from 1·8 to 5·4. The strain from the apparently healthy fish was least virulent. The survival of the fish species was different over time. Rainbow trout were more likely to die early in the time course, but high numbers of coho died later, resulting in an overall risk of mortality of 1·4 in favour of rainbow trout. Differences in virulence may reflect changed selective pressure on R. salmoninarum when introduced from feral stocks into the environment of fish farms.     

母猪胎衣不下的病因与防治要点

猪的胎盘属于弥散型胎盘,这种胎盘的结构特点和饲养管理的不当,常常导致母猪胎衣不下发生,给生猪的生产繁殖带来极大损失。本文针对母猪胎衣不下发生病因、综合防治进行详细阐述,旨在对预防和治疗胎衣不下能有所帮助。     

水硬度对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼发育的影响

采用不同硬度的水对七彩神仙鱼幼鱼进行饲养。6周龄幼鱼在硬度为7.94°dH±0.30°dH时饲养84d后,比在硬度为14.71°dH±0.23°dH水中的幼鱼个体大,生长速度快。表明较高硬度的水有利于七彩神仙鱼幼鱼的生长发育。     

虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄营养成分分析

本实验对虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄的营养成分进行分析,旨在探讨其幼体的营养需求量,为其幼体配合饲料研制提供参考数据。随机选取大约800个虎斑乌贼受精卵的卵黄,采用国家标准方法测定其水分、灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果表明:1)虎斑乌贼受精卵卵黄中粗蛋白质含量为76.33%(干重基础);总氨基酸(TAA)和必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为71.22%和32.38%(干重基础),EAA/TAA为45.46%,氨基酸中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高(9.97%),必需氨基酸中亮氨酸(Leu)含量最高(7.58%)。2)其粗脂肪含量12.71%(干重基础);共检出17种脂肪酸,包括8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、5种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和4种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),SFA、MUFA和PUFA分别占脂肪酸总量的43.47%、7.54%和49.25%,其中以DHA含量最高,达32.80%,EPA含量为7.70%,DHA/EPA为4.26。3)检测出Na、K、Ca、Mg、Sr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Al和As 矿物元素,微量元素中富含Zn、Al和Fe,含量分别为 0.77、0.71和0.43 mg/kg(鲜重基础)。由此可见,卵黄具有高蛋白、低脂肪,富含n-3PUFA的特点;虎斑乌贼幼体饲料中蛋白质需求量参考值为76.33%;氨基酸需求量参考值,如赖氨酸(Lys)为5.49%,蛋氨酸(Met)为2.63%;脂肪的需求量参考值为12.71%,DHA为4.17%,EPA为0.98%;微量元素需求量参考值,如Zn为2.77 mg/kg,Cu为0.19 mg/kg(干重基础)。     

斑节对虾虾苗活力检测方法

该研究通过肉眼观察、镜检，进行干露、饥饿、盐度突降、福尔马林等抗性试验，并采用病毒检测等方法，以期建立评估斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）虾苗活力和质量标准。结果表明，斑节对虾健康虾苗具有趋光性、集群性，体表光洁，肌肉透亮，肠胃食物充盈等特性。测试虾苗干露时间以15min为宜，健康虾苗干露后能立即恢复活力，而病弱虾苗多出现死亡、昏迷现象；虾苗的成活率随饥饿时间的延长而降低，随福尔马林浓度升高和时间延长而降低，随盐度突降幅度增加而降低。健康虾苗能忍受100～200μL·L^-1福尔马林溶液30min，成活率近100％；在盐度20～30下虾苗的成活情况较好，而其在淡水中仅能存活1h。对虾苗进行病毒检测，可以避免养殖中因虾苗携带病毒而可能导致的病毒性疾病的暴发。     

金鳟、虹鳟苗种长途运输实例

鳟鱼发眼卵和旨种运输是养鳟生产的重要环节。发眼卵多在冬季和早春运输，苗种多在晚春和夏季运输。苗种运输大多以鱼篓充氧进行短距离汽车运输，长途运输冷水性鱼苗种的实例很少。本文总结了金鳟和虹鳟苗种长途运输方法，以期与养鳟业界共同交流提高。一、包装材料和方法内包装材料是苗种运输专用塑料袋，规格54×104cm，外包装是泡沫塑料箱，规格63.5×45.5×30．5cm，纸箱规格64×46×32．5cm。塑料袋采取双层式，内装苗种和水共12.5kg，其中苗种0.5-1．3kg，100－2000尾。起运前苗种停食1－2天。运鱼用水水温调至6℃，鱼、水入袋后袋内…     

Characterization of protease inhibitors of seminal plasma of cyprinids

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

Histopathology of respiratory organs of certain air-breathing fishes of India

Air-breathing fishes have evolved bimodal respiratory mechanisms for exploitation of water (through gills and highly vascularized skin) as well as atmospheric air (through aerial respiratory organs, ABO). Mucous cells in these respiratory organs of variously stressed fishes exhibit periodic fluctuations in their density and staining properties. The main types of damage in the gills include congestion of blood capillaries (BLCs), periodic lifting and sloughing of respiratory epithelia of the secondary lamellae causing haemorrhage, extensive fusion of secondary lamellae and hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia due to uncontrolled regeneration leading to asphyxiation, altered excretion, and death of the fish. Haemolysis has also been observed following lead exposure. The damage in the ABO of Heteropneustes fossilis includes sloughing of the epithelial cells, leading to haemorrhage causing decreased red blood corpuscles density and degeneration of the secondary gill lamellae with reduced respiratory area. Subsequent hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelia and fusion of gill lamellae increase the respiratory barrier distance. The BLCs often bulge out and protrude into the lumen, bringing blood nearer to air. The ladder-like pillar cell (PLC)-BLC components of the gill lamellae frequently collapse. Damage to the ABO of Channa striata is less severe. Often haemorrhaging due to bursting of extensively stretched BLCs causes aerial respiratory failure. Chloride cells of the ABOs also show hyperplasia. While the highly mucogenic epidermis of C. striata shows less damage, the epidermis of Clarias batrachus and H. fossilis shows severe wear and tear, sloughing, and haemorrhage. Side-by-side regeneration continues, causing altered histomorphology of the epidermis. The different gland cells also show periodic fluctuations in their density and staining. The dermis also shows severe damage with loosening of their connective tissue fibres. These fibres give stronger reactions for sulfated mucin that not only retain additional water molecules for continuance of skin breathing, but also bind the toxic ambient pollutants.     

牙鲆刺激隐核虫病的防治

2005年七、八月份,乐亭、滦南一带多家工厂化牙鲆养殖场发生刺激隐核虫病,此种病虫害发病急、传染快、死亡率高。发生过该病的养殖场牙鲆死亡率一般都在50％～80％之间,这种病害给牙鲆养殖业带来很大损失。