美国红鱼的营养成分分析与评价

测定了养殖红鱼肌肉及鱼体中的蛋白质、脂类、灰分等生化组成，并计算了其比能值，分析了肌肉蛋白质中17种常见氨基酸的含量。结果表明，红鱼肌肉中脂类含量低，属高蛋白低脂肪、低比能值鱼类，肌肉氨基酸含量同其他经济鱼类相比，属中等水平。必需氨基酸的含量低且缺含硫氨基酸，为非完全蛋白。其呈味氨基酸百分含量较其他鱼类高。     

星斑川鲽♀×圆斑星鲽♂杂交子代的生化组成分析与评价

对星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus)♀×圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegates)♂杂交的子一代(杂交鲽)肌肉营养成分进行分析测定,并与其亲本进行了比较。结果显示,杂交鲽的含水率和粗蛋白略低于双亲,粗脂肪含量介于二者之间;杂交鲽氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量及鲜味氨基酸总量均低于双亲,但EAA/TAA和EAA/NEAA均高于双亲,此外,杂交鲽肌肉中缬氨酸的含量明显高于双亲;脂肪酸含量方面,杂交鲽的EPA明显高于双亲,DHA比星斑川鲽也有所提高。     

细鳞鲳肌肉营养成份分析

对细鳞鲳成鱼肌肉中的水分、蛋白质、脂肪、灰分含量和氨基酸、脂肪酸组成及含量进行了分析，结果表明：细鳞鲳肌肉蛋白质和脂肪含量均较高，分别为19.54%和6.22%。肌肉中含有18种氨基酸，氨基酸总量为73.72%，其中必需氨基酸总量为35.66%；脂肪酸含有15种，其中高度不饱和脂肪酸含量为15.54%。     

细鳞鲳肌肉营养成份分析

对细鳞鲳成鱼肌肉中的水分、蛋白质、脂肪、灰分含量和氨基酸、脂肪酸组成及含量进行了分析，结果表明：细鳞鲳肌肉蛋白质和脂肪含量均较高，分别为19．54％6.22％。肌肉中含有18种氨基酸，氨基酸总量为73．72％；脂肪酸含有15种，其中高度不饱和脂肪酸含量为15．54％。     

星斑川鲽苗种培育及工厂化养殖试验

星斑川鲽（platichthys stellatus）又称珍珠鲽,隶属鲽形目,鲽科,鲽亚科,川鲽属,是一种经济价值较高的冷温性鱼类。具有生长速度快、广温、广盐,适宜于高密度集约化养殖、抗逆性强、内脏团小、出肉率高等优点,另外冷冻后肉质基本不变的特性也为其大规模养殖后储存、销售带来便利。     

野生与养殖光唇鱼肌肉营养组成与评价

对采自浙江省新昌县的野生(平均质量15.3g)和养殖(平均质量14.9g)光唇鱼肌肉营养组成分别进行了测定和评价。野生光唇鱼肌肉蛋白质含量为16.62%,脂肪2.66%,水分80.73%,灰分0.92%;养殖光唇鱼肌肉蛋白质含量为16.51%,脂肪2.51%,水分80.65%,灰分0.94%;野生光唇鱼的水分、蛋白质和脂肪含量均较养殖光唇鱼略高。共检测到17种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸8种,风味氨基酸4种。野生组的氨基酸总量显著高于养殖组;必需氨基酸的总量也高于养殖组。与养殖光唇鱼相比,野生光唇鱼肌肉中苏氨酸、亮氨酸及含硫氨基酸含量较高。以氨基酸评分为标准,光唇鱼肌肉的第一限制氨基酸是赖氨酸,第二限制性氨基酸为缬氨酸;以化学评分为标准,说明光唇鱼肌肉必需氨基酸组成相对平衡且含量丰富,是一种较为平衡的优质蛋白质。共检出22种脂肪酸,光唇鱼肌肉中所含饱和脂肪酸有9种;不饱和脂肪酸共有14种,其中单不饱和脂肪酸6种,多不饱和脂肪酸8种;饱和脂肪酸中C 16:0含量最大;而不饱和脂肪酸中C 16:1和C 18:2含量最高。多不饱和脂肪酸中二十碳五烯酸(C 20:5)含量为10.20%;二十碳六烯酸(C 22:6)含量为9.18%,在淡水鱼中是较高的,是一种优质的淡水食用鱼类。     

湘华鲮肌肉营养成分分析与评价

本文分析了湘华鲮（Sinilabeo decorus tungting（Nichols））（n=10）肌肉的主要营养成分，并对它的营养价值进行综合评价。结果表明，湘华鲮肌肉中水分、蛋白质、脂肪和灰分的含量分别为75．12％、20．15％、3．24％和1．17％（质量分数，鲜样）。肌肉中含有18种氨基酸，氨基酸总量为74．44％（质量分数，干样），肌肉的第一限制性氨基酸为色氨酸，必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）为61．45，氨基酸的支／芳值（BCAA／AAA）为2．57。4种鲜味氨基酸（DAA）总量为7．39％（质量分数，鲜样）。肌肉中主要含有20种脂肪酸，肌肉脂肪酸中多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）的含量为31．57％，其中二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）的含量分别为4．83％和4．49％。肌肉中矿物质和微量元素含量丰富且组成比例合理。综合分析说明湘华鲮肌肉具有较佳的食用口感、较好的营养价值和保健作用。     

环境因子对星斑川鲽呼吸频率的影响

研究了温度、盐度与pH对星斑川鲽呼吸频率的影响。结果显示：在适宜温度范围星斑川鲽呼吸频率随温度的升高而加快，在4—26℃范围内，其呼吸频率V冉温度T基本呈线性关系：Vf=1．8168T＋27．23，R=0．9376；在盐度5—31范围内其呼吸频率变动幅度小，呼吸频率的改变量只有10次，分，为广盐性鱼类；高pH（10．15）和低pH（3．0）情况下，星斑川鲽的鳃盖张合大，鳃盖外缘外翘；30分钟后表现出不适应，上下窜动，而在pH=3．0中的鱼1小时50分钟后全部死亡，可见星斑川鲽耐酸性不如耐碱性。     

三种鰤属鱼类肌肉质构特性及营养成分比较分析

为分析我国养殖黄条鰤(Seriola lalandi)、高体鰤(S. dumerili)、五条鰤(S. quinqueradiata)肌肉的质构特性、基本营养组成和食用价值, 采用质构分析法(TPA)和常规生化方法检测了 3 种鰤属鱼类肌肉的质构特性、粗蛋白、脂肪酸和氨基酸等成分, 并评价了营养价值。结果显示: 同等养殖条件下, 黄条鰤肌肉的硬度、胶着度、咀嚼度和回复力均显著高于高体鰤和五条鰤。黄条鰤肌肉蛋白含量(24.3%)最高, 高体鰤水分含量(70.6%)最高, 五条鰤脂肪含量(7.2%)最高, 3 种鰤属鱼类肌肉的必需氨基酸含量均优于 FAO/WHO 标准。根据 AAS 和 CS 分值, 3 种鰤属鱼类肌肉的第一限制氨基酸皆为蛋氨酸, 第二限制氨基酸皆为缬氨酸, 且肌肉鲜味氨基酸含量及其在总氨基酸中的占比均较高, 这与其味道鲜美密切相关。3 种鰤属鱼类肌肉中可检测到 20 种脂肪酸, 其中亚麻酸甲酯(C18 3n6) ∶ 只在五条鰤中检测出, 二十二碳二烯酸甲酯(C22 2) ∶ 只在高体鰤中检测出。肌肉的不饱和脂肪酸含量(65.44%~67.51%)均相对较高, 其中不饱和脂肪酸 EPA+DHA 的含量(32.50%~35.79%)优势明显。另外, 高体鰤中的常量元素含量 (5.27×10³ mg/kg)最高, 五条鰤中的微量元素含量(15.931 mg/kg)最高。本研究表明, 3 种鰤属鱼类肌肉中含有丰富的氨基酸和脂肪酸等营养物质, 是极具市场开发潜力的大洋性养殖经济鱼种, 研究结果将为我国鰤属鱼类养殖潜力评价和专用高效配合饲料的研制提供参考依据。     

杂交鲶(怀头鲶♀×鲶鱼♂)及其亲本肌肉营养成份分析

对怀头鲶♀×鲶鱼♂杂交F1代和亲本的肌肉中蛋白质、脂肪、水份、氨基酸及其脂肪酸中EPA、DHA含量进行了较全面的分析。结果表明：虽杂交鲶粗蛋白含量（17.28％）略高于亲本怀头鲶（16．78％）、鲶鱼（16．82％），但粗脂肪含量高于亲本平均含量的4．3倍。EPA、DHA含量也明显超过亲本。3种鱼肌肉中含有18种氨基酸，杂交鲶肌肉中的THR、VAL、MET、IYS、TRY及有鲜味的ASP、GLU、ALA的含量也较突出。     

Nutritional comparison in muscle of wild,pond and factory cultured Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) adults

Muscle proximate composition, amino acid profiles, fatty acid compositions and selected minerals of wild, pond and factory cultured Japanese flounder adults were compared in this study to elucidate their nutritive values and dietary nutrition requirements. Wild and pond cultured Japanese flounder flesh had higher crude proteins, but crude lipid contents of factory cultured fish were 3.8~4.0 fold greater. Major amino acids in Japanese flounder were aspartic acid, glutamic acid and lysine. Wild fish had higher levels of total amino acids, essential amino acids, nonessential amino acids and half‐essential amino acids and the contents in pond cultured samples were similar. Arachidonic acids (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA), docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), DHA + EPA and n–3 PUFA in wild Japanese flounder were significantly higher than that in factory cultured fish, whereas fatty acid levels were close between pond cultured and wild fish. Japanese flounder were rich in zinc, iron and selenium, but poor in copper, chromium and nickel. Results indicated wild Japanese flounder had higher nutritional value and better meat quality, but the nutritional compositions of pond cultured fish were close to wild Japanese flounder, which suggested that pond culture of Japanese flounder offers broad application prospects.     

养殖和野生亚东鲑机体成分比较分析

亚东鲑(Salmo trutta fario)是鲑属鱼类在青藏高原仅有的鱼类种群,是亚东地区全国农产品地理标志产品。本研究对西藏亚东地区野生和养殖亚东鲑的常规营养成分及各组织氨基酸和脂肪酸组成进行分析,旨在比较野生和养殖亚东鲑营养成分的异同,为养殖亚东鲑的品质评价和饲料配方的完善提供参考信息。实验采集亚东河中野生亚东鲑和亚东渔业产业园中使用配合饲料养殖的亚东鲑各10尾用于相关成分分析,每尾为一个独立样本。结果显示,野生组肥满度显著低于养殖组,而全鱼水分和灰分显著高于养殖组。全鱼粗蛋白、粗脂肪以及肝脏常规成分在野生组和养殖组间无显著差异。野生组肌肉粗脂肪显著低于养殖组,而水分含量显著高于养殖组。野生组全鱼必需氨基酸总量显著高于养殖组,且野生组肌肉中苏氨酸、缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸和甘氨酸含量显著高于养殖组。野生组全鱼、肌肉和肝脏中饱和脂肪酸、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFA)总量、EPA、C20:4n-6以及肌肉中DHA含量高于养殖组,而全鱼和组织中单不饱和脂肪酸和n-6 PUFA总量低于养殖组。综上所述,目前养殖亚东鲑和野生亚东鲑在机体成分上存在较大差异。由于养殖鱼类体成分很大程度上反映了饲料组成,因此,亚东鲑养殖中饲料营养组成可能有待进一步优化。     

Effect of dietary lipid level on the growth performance,feed utilization,body composition and blood chemistry of juvenile starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus)

A study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary lipid level on the growth performance, feed utilization, body composition and blood chemistry of juvenile starry flounder. Five isonitrogenous diets with increasing dietary lipid levels (6%, 10%, 14%, 18% and 22% dry material) were each fed to triplicate groups of starry flounder (29.9 g) for 8 weeks. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate of fish fed the 6% lipid diet were significantly lower than the other groups, while there was no significant difference in fish fed the 10%, 14%, 18% and 22% lipid diets. Body lipid content increased with increasing dietary lipid levels. The moisture content of the whole body was negatively correlated to the dietary lipid level. The dietary lipid level also affected the lipid content of the dorsal muscle positively. Liver lipid content increased as the dietary lipid level increased from 6% to 14% and then decreased. With increasing dietary lipid level, the nitrogen retention achieved the highest value when the fish were fed the 14% lipid diet, but there were no significant differences with the 10% and 22% groups. The plasma total protein content first showed an increasing and then a decreasing trend with increasing dietary lipid level, and it was significantly higher in the 14% lipid group than other groups. Based on the WG response using the broken‐line model, the optimum dietary lipid level for juvenile starry flounder was estimated to be 10.62% in the experiment.     

Essentiality of Dietary n-3 Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Juvenile Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

This study was conducted to confirm the essentiality of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) and to investigate the effects of dietary lipid sources on growth performance, liver, and blood chemistry in juvenile Japanese flounder. Three replicate groups of fish (average weighing 3.0 g) were fed experimental diets containing lauric acid ethyl ester, soybean oil, soybean and linseed oils mixture, and squid liver oil as lipid sources for 13 wk. No significant difference was observed in survival among all groups ( P >0.05). Weight gain, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the squid liver oil diet containing high n-3 HUFA level were significantly higher than those of fish fed the other diets ( P 0.05). Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids of liver polar and neutral lipid fractions in fish fed the diet containing lauric acid tended to increase compared to those of the other groups. Fish fed the diets containing soybean and/or linseed oils, which contained high contents of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, respectively, showed the highest contents of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 in both lipid fractions of the liver ( P 0.05). Significantly higher content of n-3 HUFA was observed in both lipid fractions of the liver from fish fed the diet containing squid liver oil than for fish fed the other diets ( P 0.05). Total cholesterol, glucose, and glutamic-oxaloacetic acid transaminase in plasma were significantly affected by dietary lipids ( P 0.05). Histologically, the liver of fish fed the diet containing squid liver oil had a clear distinction between nuclear and cytoplasm membranes; however, cytoplasm of fish fed the diets containing lauric acid and soybean oil was shrunken, and the hepatic cell outline was indistinguishable. It is concluded that the dietary n-3 HUFA is essential for normal growth, and that the dietary lipid sources affect growth performance, liver cell property, and blood chemistry in juvenile Japanese flounder.     

蚕蛹替代鱼粉对吉富罗非鱼肌肉营养成分的影响

试验以300尾初始体重为(44.40±0.41)g的吉富罗非鱼(GIFT,Oreochromis niloticus)为研究对象,分别饲喂用蚕蛹(SP)替代0、25%、50%、75%和100%鱼粉(FM)的5种等氮(32%)等脂(5.5%)的饲料(分别命名SP0、SP25、SP50、SP75和SP100,基础饲料中含8%的鱼粉),每组3重复,每重复20尾鱼,在室内循环水养殖系统进行为期8周的生长试验,旨在探讨蚕蛹替代鱼粉对吉富罗非鱼肌肉营养成分的影响。结果表明:随蚕蛹替代水平上升,吉富罗非鱼肌肉粗蛋白、灰分、总氨基酸、必需氨基酸显著下降,肌肉粗脂肪含量无显著差异;较SP0组,SP100组肌肉总氨基酸和必需氨基酸分别下降3.99%和3.46%。随蚕蛹替代量增加,吉富罗非鱼肌肉C18∶3n-3和C20∶5n-3显著上升,C18∶2n-6显著下降;SP100组吉富罗非鱼肌肉C18∶3n-3和C20∶5n-3较SP0组分别上升105.33%和132.72%。结论:蚕蛹替代鱼粉后显著提高了吉富罗非鱼肌肉C18∶3n-3和C20∶5n-3含量,有利于生产富含n-3PUFA的鱼肉产品。     

Effect of different dietary taurine levels on the conjugated bile acid composition and growth performance of juvenile and fingerling Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

This study investigated the effects of different taurine levels on the conjugated bile acid composition and growth performance of juvenile and fingerling Japanese flounder. Five level diets of dietary taurine were prepared by the supplementation of taurine (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.5%) to a basal composition. Fish meal washed with 70% ethanol to remove taurine was used as the sole protein source. Two feeding experiments were carried out at 20 °C by using different sized fish (BW: 0.7 g and 9.6 g). Both size groups of fish were fed the experimental diets for 6 weeks. At the end of experiments, fish were weighed and stored at − 80 °C for analysis of free amino acids and conjugated bile acids composition. The body weight and feed efficiency of Japanese flounder were improved by taurine supplementation in the experimental diets. The taurine contents of the whole body and tissues increased with the increase of the taurine supplementation. The conjugated bile acids in gall bladder were composed with taurocholic acid (Expt.I: 33.0-146.8 mg/ml; Expt.II: 64.8-145.3 mg/ml) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid (Expt.I: 0.8-5.5 mg/ml; Expt.II: 3.5-4.9 mg/ml). These bile acids increased with the increase of the dietary taurine level. Taurocholic acid accounted for more than 95% of the total conjugated bile acids. No other conjugated bile acids except the taurine conjugated bile acids were detected in the gall bladder of Japanese flounder. This means that taurine is the sole amino acid to conjugate bile acid in Japanese flounder. Dietary taurine intake affects the conjugated bile acid composition in juvenile and fingerling Japanese flounder.     

中国近海日本鳗鲡玻璃鳗体组织营养成分及氨基酸、脂肪酸组成的比较

为了解日本鳗鲡玻璃鳗的早期营养需求，分别对中国近海6个不同地点玻璃鳗体组织一般营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量进行了分析。结果显示，野生玻璃鳗体组织中水分含量为78.62%±2.03%，干重基础下粗蛋白质含量为69.08%±0.64%、粗脂肪含量为11.96%±1.33%、粗灰分含量为11.45%±1.30%。在台州、舟山、南通和东台4个采样点的样品中，水分含量无显著差异，而粗蛋白含量以舟山点最高、粗脂肪含量最低，并且舟山点样品肠道内发现可见内容物。玻璃鳗样品中氨基酸含量以谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸、赖氨酸、亮氨酸最高，半胱氨酸最低；除舟山点外，各采样点氨基酸含量无明显差异。不同洄游地点玻璃鳗组织中脂肪酸含量均以C16:0、 C18:1n9、 C20:5n3(EPA)、 C22:5n3、 C22:6n3(DHA)为主要成分，其中EPA和DHA共占脂肪酸总量的31.59%±1.00%，不同洄游地点样品必需脂肪酸含量差异明显。研究表明，必需氨基酸、必需脂肪酸对于玻璃鳗的正常生长存活具有重要意义。此外，对比不同地点营养物质组成及稚鱼饵料理论需求量分析，推测舟山点海洋环境中包含更适合玻璃鳗稚鱼摄食的食物，...     

Changing of fat content and fatty acid profile of reared pike (Esox lucius) fed two different diets

Fat content and fatty acid profile of two pike yearling groups grown on two different diets were compared. The groups originated from culture on artificial feed. One group (cultured pike fed first pellet then prey‐fish (PF)) was fed with natural food, live prey‐fish, while the other one (cultured pike fed exclusively pellet (PP)) by trout feed through a 3‐month experimental period. Growth of pike was lower with PP than with PF. The trout feed resulted in an increase of the fat content of fillet and the formation of abdominal fat depots. Feeding of natural food decreased the fat content. The proportion of the saturated fatty acids in fillet was higher in the (PF) group. The n‐6 fatty acids (arachidonic C20:4n‐6 and docosatetraenic C22:4n‐6 acids) were lowest in PP‐fed pike. Regarding total n‐3 fatty acids ratio there was no significant difference between the groups, but the level of α‐linolenic (C:18:3n‐3) acid showed significant difference among groups.     

Effect of dietary taurine and lipid contents on conjugated bile acid composition and growth performance of juvenile Japanese flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   The effects of dietary taurine levels and lipid contents on the conjugated bile acid composition and growth performance of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus were investigated. Six types of diet (three different levels of taurine at two different levels of lipid) were fed to juveniles (average body weight, 0.04 g). Fishmeal that was washed with 70% ethanol to remove taurine was used as the sole protein source. Feeding experiments were carried out at 20°C for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiments, fish were weighed and analyzed for free amino acids in the body and the composition of the conjugated bile acids. The body weight and percent weight gain of the juveniles were improved by the dietary taurine supplementation. The taurine contents of the whole body and tissues increased with the increase of the dietary taurine contents. The conjugated bile acids in the gall bladder consisted of taurocholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid, which increased with the increase of the dietary taurine level. Taurocholic acid accounted for more than 95% of the total conjugated bile acids. This indicates that taurine is the sole amino acid to conjugate bile acid in Japanese flounder.