鱼类基因组研究十年回顾与展望

本文回顾了我国鱼类基因组研究从无到有、从小到大的十年发展历程。分别介绍了我国在鱼类BAC文库构建、高密度遗传连锁图谱构建与QTL定位、全基因组测序和精细图谱绘制、基因组选择育种和基因组编辑等方面取得的重要进展和成果。结合国际上鱼类基因组研究进展,通过分析、比较指出,从2008—2013年,我国鱼类基因组研究在国际上处于全面跟跑状态,从2014—2018年,我国水产科学家奋起直追,加快鱼类基因组研究步伐,在短短5年内,在国际顶级刊物Nature Genetics、Nature上相继发表了半滑舌鳎、鲤、草鱼、牙鲆和海马等养殖鱼类的基因组精细图谱,使我国鱼类基因组研究在国际上从全面跟跑进入跟跑、并跑、领跑并存状态,特别是在个别方向和少数种类上实现了领跑。同时,指出了我国现阶段鱼类基因组研究与应用方面存在的不足和问题,并展望了我国鱼类基因组研究今后的发展方向和前景。     

Molecular markers and their application in genetic diversity of penaeid shrimp

Penaeidae is a family of shrimp, and it contains many species of economic importance, such as the tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon), white leg shrimp, Atlantic white shrimp and Indian prawn. Identification and population genotype structure of penaeid shrimp have been enhanced by molecular markers that can be classified into three types, namely allozyme, mitochondrial and nuclear markers. The widely used mitochondrial DNA markers are 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, cytochrome b and control region. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA, amplified fragment length polymorphism, restriction fragment length polymorphism, single-stranded conformational polymorphism and microsatellites are the most commonly used nuclear markers for DNA fingerprinting. Molecular markers play a crucial role in penaeid shrimp to evaluate phenotypic and genetic variation, assess demographic bottleneck, study natural population structure, compare wild and hatchery populations, preserve genetic biodiversity, construct chromosome maps and detect whether genetic tag propagation–assisted rehabilitation programs are effective. Increase in the number of molecular markers, construction of high-density genetic maps and implementation of genomic resources (including genome sequencing) are expected to provide tools for the genetic improvement in these aquaculture species through marker-assisted selection. Molecular markers are versatile tools for the identification of populations with genetic crisis by comparing genetic diversities, which helps to establish management units within these threatened species.     

基于长片段PCR扩增的牡蛎疱疹病毒基因组高通量测序

为获取2001年低温冻存栉孔扇贝感染牡蛎疱疹病毒(Os HV-1)变异株(ZK2001)基因组序列,并分析ZK2001与其他Os HV-1变异株的序列差异和系统发育关系,利用基于长片段PCR的基因组DNA的扩增和富集技术,获取2001年栉孔扇贝感染Os HV-1变异株的基因组DNA;再使用Illumina Hiseq 2500 PE250高通量测序平台对其测序。最后分析ZK2001与Os HV-1其他变异株基因组的序列差异和系统发育关系。测序数据组装后获得8个Scaffold。基因组变异分析结果显示,ZK2001与参考基因组相比存在328个SNP位点,SNP和序列插入/缺失变异是导致Os HV-1基因组序列变异的主要变异类型。系统发育分析结果显示,ZK2001变异株与分离自我国的Os HV-1变异株亲缘关系最近,与分离自欧洲的Os HV-1μvar及其相关变异株的亲缘关系最远,说明中国和欧洲分布Os HV-1间存在因地理隔离导致的遗传分化。研究表明,基于长片段PCR的DNA富集技术,可以有效地扩增和富集冷冻样本中Os HV-1基因组DNA,并应用于高通量测序。Os HV-1不同变异株基因组序列数据的获取和积累,将为其基因组尺度的基因变异、株系演化和系统发育关系等研究提供重要基础。     

文蛤转录组中微卫星位点生物信息分析#br#

采用生物信息学方法分析了文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)转录组中微卫星序列(简单重复序列,simple sequence repeat)的分布规律。结果表明:在文蛤转录组SSR中,单碱基重复序列的数量最多,有3001个;其次为三碱基和四碱基重复序列,分别为2254和2200个;二碱基重复序列1052个;五碱基重复序列332个;六碱基重复序列最少,仅13个。文蛤转录组SSR共包含26种重复基元,其中优势基元为单碱基重复A/T有2809个,其次为三碱基重复AAC/TTG有907个,四碱基和二碱基重复中的AAAC/TTTG和AT/TA分别有588和561个,说明文蛤转录组微卫星位点的分布对A/T具有偏好性。文蛤完整SSR的平均长度为18.34 bp,长度分布在12~20 bp,约占41%。研究结果将为研究文蛤SSR标记开发、群体遗传多样性、遗传连锁图谱、种质资源鉴定和分子遗传育种等后续研究提供基础数据。     

双须骨舌鱼转录组EST-SSR标记开发与引物筛选

利用MISA软件对双须骨舌鱼(Osteoglossum bicirrhosum)性腺转录组测序获得的188 461条Unigene进行SSR检测,结果在11 917个Unigene中共检测到SSR位点12 578个,其中包含2个及以上SSR位点的Unigene有633个。SSR的发生频率为6.32%,平均分布距离为9 949 bp。在筛选到的SSR位点中,优势重复基序为二核苷酸、三核苷酸和四核苷酸,其中二核苷酸重复基序数量最多,占总数的50.52%。重复基元类型共216种,其中数量最多的类型为二核苷酸重复AC/GT,占总数的20.66%。从所有筛选出的SSR位点中随机选取50个位点并运用Primer Premier 5.0设计引物,共有25对引物成功扩增出特异性产物,并且均在同科的美丽硬仆骨舌鱼(Scleropages formosus)的三个亚种中通用。结果表明,转录组测序产生的EST序列是开发SSR标记的有效来源,开发所得EST-SSR引物可用于双须骨舌鱼及其近缘物种遗传分析、遗传图谱构建以及分子标记辅助育种等工作中。     

基于转录组数据的银鲴微卫星位点筛选

采用Illumina高通量测序技术对银鲴(Xenocypris argentea)肝脏组织进行转录组测序分析,筛选微卫星标记并进行多态性检验。共获得7 272个微卫星位点。随机选取48个4碱基以上重复类型的SSR位点进行引物设计和PCR验证,有47对可以扩增出清晰稳定的条带。在上述47个位点中随机选择26对在洞庭湖银鲴群体中进行多态性分析,结果表明,具有多态性的微卫星引物为21对。不同多态位点得到的等位基因数范围为3~15,平均基因数为7.29±3.94,观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)、多态信息含量(PIC)以及香浓-威尔指数(H)平均值分别为0.532 7±0.211 4、0.613 6±0.196 4、0.564 6±0.198 0和1.302 0±0.577 9。21个微卫星位点中,有6个显著偏离哈代-温伯格平衡(Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,HWE)。     

斑点叉尾鮰基因组的研究

作为重要的水产养殖种类之一,斑点叉尾(IctalurusPunctatus)的基因组学研究已经取得了较大进展。其众多遗传连锁图以及与表型性状有关的DNA分子标记和基因组资源已经建立;基因组中一些重要的重复片段,已经得到鉴定和辨别,这更有利于对斑点叉尾鮰基因组进行物理学分析;通过基因组学方法,获得了大量基因或全长cDNA序列、以及基因进化和与功能相关基因表达方面的信息。利用细菌人工染色体叠连群技术,创建斑点叉尾鮰基因组物理图谱,开发特定片段分子标记,进行数量性状基因位点(QTLs)分析和高密度基因组绘图。通过比较图谱,可以更有效地进行大范围EST分析和I型分子标记绘图。cDNA微阵列或基因芯片技术的利用,加快新基因发现和鉴定的步伐,为分子标记辅助育种和病害诊断与防治研究奠定了坚实基础。     

Assigning individual fish to populations using microsatellite DNA markers

New statistical developments combined with the use of highly polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers enable the determination of the population of origin of single fish, resulting in numerous new research possibilities and applications in practical management of fish populations. We first describe three main categories of methods available, i.e. (i) assignment tests and related methods, (ii) discriminant function analysis and (iii) artificial neural networks. In all these, individuals can be assigned to the population from which their multilocus genotypes are most likely to be derived. Assignment tests are based on calculations of the likelihood of multilocus genotypes in populations, based on allele frequencies. Discriminant function analysis is based on multivariate statistics, whereas artificial neural networks formulate predictions through exposure to correct solutions. Assignment tests are the methods of choice when considering genetic data alone, whereas discriminant function analysis and artificial neural networks may be useful when genetic data are combined with, for instance, morphological and ecological data. Assignment tests can be used to assess the genetic distinctness of populations, for discriminating among closely related species and to directly identify immigrants or individuals of immigrant ancestry, and thereby study patterns of dispersal among populations, including sex‐biased dispersal. In a conservation context, assignment tests can be used to assess the genetic impact of domesticated fish on wild populations and for determining if extant fish populations are in fact indigenous or descendants from stocked fish or strayers, and they can be applied in forensics, for instance to reveal poaching. Assignment tests are at present most useful for studies of freshwater and anadromous fishes owing to stronger genetic differentiation among populations than in marine fishes. However, some genetically divergent populations of marine fishes have been discovered, which could be used as natural laboratories for studying dispersal and gene flow. It is foreseen that ongoing developments in statistical methods, combined with improved techniques for screening large numbers of loci, will permit assignment methods to become standard tools in studies on the biology of fishes.     

大黄鱼性别特异SNP标记的开发与验证

大黄鱼是我国养殖量最大的海水经济鱼类,其雌鱼生长显著快于雄鱼,但两性的外部形态差异不明显,也没有异形性染色体,依靠传统方法无法对其活体准确进行生理性别和遗传性别的判别与鉴定,需要开发性别特异的分子标记。本研究从2尾雌鱼和2尾雄鱼、以及分别由50雌鱼与50尾雄鱼组成的2个混合样品的基因组重测序数据比较中筛选与性别显著关联的SNP位点,对其中11个位点分别设计引物在15尾雌鱼和15尾雄鱼中扩增出PCR产物进行Sanger测序验证,鉴定出1个与性别完全连锁的位点(SNP6,15尾雌鱼均为纯合、15尾雄鱼均为杂合)。然后,设计等位基因特异性PCR引物,其中包括2条雌性与雄性通用引物和1条雄性特异引物,在闽—粤东族与岱衢族大黄鱼合计近2 200个个体中进行扩增,结果在全部雌鱼中都只扩增出1个348 bp的条带,而在全部雄鱼中还扩增出1个194 bp的Y染色体特异条带,检出率达到100%。研究表明,大黄鱼属于XX♀-XY♂类型的性别决定。本研究鉴定出一个雄性特异SNP标记,并建立了一种新的大黄鱼遗传性别鉴定技术,为大黄鱼单性育种、基因组选择育种和性别决定分子机制研究提供了重要的技术手段。     

基于转录组测序的兴国红鲤微卫星标记筛选

采用Illumina高通量测序技术,对兴国红鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.singuonensis)垂体和性腺等组织进行转录组测序分析,筛选微卫星标记并分析其组成及特征。结果显示:共获得13 652个微卫星标记,对所得位点进行分类,单核苷酸重复类型占47.86%,二、三、四、五、六核苷酸重复类型所占比例分别为34.43%、16.32%、1.25%、0.12%以及0.02%。随机选取30个SSR位点进行PCR验证,有20对可以扩增出清晰稳定的条带。在24个兴国红鲤个体中对上述位点进行多态性分析,结果表明,具有多态性的微卫星引物为9对。不同位点得到的等位基因范围为2~4,平均等位基因数为3.111 1±0.993 8,观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)以及多态信息含量(PIC)平均值分别为0.597 2±0.233 2、0.539 7±0.178 0和0.467 2±0.172 1。9个微卫星位点中,有4个显著偏离哈代-温伯格平衡(Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,HWE)(P0.05)。Illumina高通量测序提供了一种直观、高效开发微卫星标记的方法,所选兴国红鲤群体遗传多样性维持较好。     

青石斑鱼微卫星标记的筛选及群体多态性分析

微卫星DNA,又称短串联重复序列(STR)或简单序列重复(SSR),是广泛存在于真核生物基因组中的简单重复DNA片段,一般每个重复单位仅1～6个碱基,重复数为10～20次,其中动物体中以双核苷酸(CA/GT)n最为常见。根据微卫星DNA核心序列两端的保守序列设计引物     

基于转录组测序的圆口铜鱼SSR标记初步筛选及特征分析

分析圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)的遗传多样性,可为其人工繁殖家系鉴别、分子标记辅助育种及长江上游珍稀特有鱼类的种质资源保护提供理论依据和技术支撑。以室内循环水养殖的圆口铜鱼为研究对象,提取其肝脏RNA,通过Illumina HiSeq? 2000 高通量测序平台进行转录组测序,利用MISA软件对测序获得的unigene进行微卫星（SSR）位点挖掘和特征分析,设计SSR位点引物并进行验证。结果显示,圆口铜鱼转录组测序共获得80 688条 unigene,通过查找获得34 155个SSR位点,分布在25 947条序列上,发生率为32.2%。圆口铜鱼SSR中主要重复单元类型为单碱基和二碱基,其中A/T和AC/GT为优势单碱基和二碱基重复单元,占总SSR数量的57.2%和19.7%。SSR重复数在5~60次,其中有40.3%的SSR序列集中在11~15次;SSR序列长度变化显著,单碱基至六碱基重复类型的总体长度在11~101 bp,其中12~35 bp序列长度占78.8%。随机选取50个SSR位点合成引物对9尾圆口铜鱼样本进行PCR 扩增验证,可稳定扩增出目的条带的有40对引物,其中16对具有多态性,证明了通过转录组测序开发圆口铜鱼SSR标记的可行性。     

Current conservation genetics: building an ecological approach to the synthesis of molecular and quantitative genetic methods

Abstract Although neutral molecular markers have long been important tools for describing genetic variation in threatened fish species, many of the most critical questions in conservation relate more to quantitative genetic variation than to neutral markers. Quantitative genetic studies are typically expensive and time-consuming to conduct, especially in some of the long-lived vertebrates of conservation concern. The present review of recent literature in fish conservation genetics examines the traditional role of molecular studies in describing conservation units and providing indirect inference about local adaptation and adaptive potential. Of special interest are approaches that use a combination of molecular and quantitative genetic methods. Such studies are likely to provide important new insights into many conservation-related problems. The review also explores how increasing interest in non-neutral molecular markers is contributing to our understanding of the geographic scale and evolutionary importance of local adaptation in threatened populations. It is increasingly clear that advanced genetic technologies for the exploration of neutral and non-neutral molecular variation are leading to a fundamental shift in the way complex phenotypic traits are studied. This new synthesis of methods will have dramatic implications for fish conservation genetics and biology in general.     

Development of simple sequence repeat markers in Pyropia yezoensis (Bangiales,Rhodophyta) by high‐throughput sequencing technology

Pyropia yezoensis is one of the most important economical seaweeds across the world and major efforts are underway to increase the production. However, its genome is relatively unexplored. In this study, genome sequence of wild‐type strain LS was determined through paired‐end sequencing of small‐size fractionated genomic library. In total, 283,606 contigs were assembled and 20,620 SSR‐containing sequences were identified. Most of the SSRs contained tri‐ and di‐nucleotide motifs (95.42% and 2.34% respectively), of which GCC was the most abundant (15.7%). Furthermore, 1,253 pairs of primer sets were designed and 124 of them were selected randomly for validation. The results showed that 120 pairs were successful in PCR, and the remaining four failed to generate PCR product at various conditions. Among the 120 pairs of which the PCR products were subsequently sequenced by Sanger sequencing, 104 pairs amplified SSRs with the same motif and repeat times, three pairs with the same motif but different repeat times and 13 pairs with different motifs. Moreover, 21 primer pairs amplified polymorphic products between LS and an improved strain HT, and tri‐nucleotide SSRs showed higher polymorphism frequency when compared to di‐nucleotide SSRs. These SSR markers may enrich the current molecular resources in P. yezoensis.     

基因组微卫星DNA位点的分离方法及其在水产动物中的应用

微卫星 DNA 是分布于基因组的1～6个碱基组成的串联重复序列,或简单序列重复。微卫星 DNA 具有多态性高、数量丰富、共显性遗传和分析简单等特点,应用越来越广泛,已成为最受青睐的分子标记之一。微卫星分子标记的获得首次必须从实验生物中分离。分离微卫星 DNA 位点的方法有多种。文章对几种微卫星 DNA 位点分离技术进行介绍和分析比较,为选择合适的分离方法提供参考。     

一株河鲈源致病性虫草菌Cordyceps confragosa CHL02菌株的全基因组测序及比较基因组分析

致病性虫草菌Cordyceps confragosa CHL02菌株是从患病河鲈(Perca fluviavilis)鱼体分离鉴定的一株昆虫致病菌,其无性阶段蜡蚧轮枝菌(Lecanicillium lecanii)广泛用于农业中昆虫防治。本研究基于Illumina PE150测序平台进行CHL02菌株的全基因组测序,对测序数据进行组装和组分分析,进行基因预测与功能注释,预测次级代谢产物合成基因簇,并进行病原宿主互作以及比较基因组分析。测序结果显示,CHL02基因组大小为36.17 Mb,GC含量为53.09%;预测包含8093个编码基因、1618个转座因子(TEs)、4572个串联重复序列及114个tRNA;共注释7724个基因,其中,1985个基因获得KOG注释,GO聚类分析中,2687个基因参与代谢过程,预测到22个次级代谢产物合成基因簇,1162个基因参与病原宿主互作机制中。基因聚类分析和系统发育树均显示,CHL02菌株与参考菌株昆虫源粗糙虫草菌(C. confragosa) RCEF 1005具有较高的同源性。本研究首次报道了河鲈源致病性虫草菌C. confragosa CHL02菌株的全基因组序列并分析其基本特征,与参考菌株进行比较基因组分析,为后续深入开展该病菌侵染河鲈的作用机制等相关研究奠定理论基础。     

正常与性早熟中华绒螯蟹的Y-器官转录组分析

性早熟是中华绒螯蟹养殖过程中普遍存在的一个问题。为发掘中华绒螯蟹性早熟相关的重要功能基因,实验采用Illumina Hiseq 2000高通量测序技术获得了正常与性早熟雌蟹的Y-器官转录组数据,并进行比较分析。结果显示,测序分别获得44 619 538和43 052 958个clean reads,比对发现2655个差异表达基因,Gene Ontology(GO)功能分类分析将文库中的差异表达基因归类到3大功能(生物过程、细胞组分和分子功能)的42个类别中。KEGG富集分析将文库中的差异表达基因富集到134条特定的KEGG代谢途径,其中4条是显著性富集,包括酮体合成和降解、丁酸甲酯代谢、神经营养因子信号通路和碱基切除修复通路。通过RNA-seq技术获得了丰富的中华绒螯蟹Y-器官转录组信息,为中华绒螯蟹新基因克隆、性早熟成因与预防和Y-器官的研究提供有价值的数据。     

一株虹鳟源嗜冷黄杆菌CH06的基因组进化及毒力相关基因分析

为了深入揭示我国鱼类病原菌嗜冷黄杆菌的基因组进化及其致病机制,本实验对嗜冷黄杆菌毒力菌株CH06进行全基因组测序,比较基因组分析并挖掘其毒力相关基因.基因组测序结果显示,CH06的基因组大小为2836981 bp,GC含量为32.56％,注释出2437个编码基因.通过平均核苷酸一致性(ANI)分析结果显示,CH06与1...     

Genetics of neotropical fish: from chromosomes to populations

The Neotropical freshwater fish fauna is very rich—according to the most recent catalogue 71 families and 4,475 species have been described. However, only a small amount of general information is available on the composition of Neotropical marine fishes. In Brazil, 1,298 marine species have been recorded. General analysis of available cytogenetic and population genetic data clearly indicates research has been mainly concentrated on freshwater fishes. Thus, today, cytogenetic information is available for 475 species of Characiformes, 318 species of Siluriformes, 48 species of Gymnotiformes, 199 freshwater species that do not belong to the superorder Ostariophysi, and only 109 species of marine fishes. For the species studied, only about 6% have sex chromosomes and about 5% have supernumerary or B chromosomes. A review of the cytogenetic studies shows that these data have provided valuable information about the relationships between fish groups, the occurrence of cryptic species and species complexes, the mechanism of sex determination and sex chromosome evolution, the distribution of nucleolus organizer regions, the existence supernumerary chromosomes, and the relationship between polyploidy and evolution. In relation to populations in Neotropical marine waters, the studies have shown the presence of cryptic species, which has important implications for fishery management. Different levels of genetic structuring can be found among Neotropical freshwater migratory fish species. This raises important implications for fish population genetic diversity and consequently its sustainable utilization in inland fisheries and aquaculture, specifically for conservation of ichthyo-diversity and survival.     

Use of emerging genomic and proteomic technologies in fish physiology

The sequencing of the human genome represented a watershed in the biological sciences. Post-genomic biology will be marked not only by vastly greater knowledge about the human genome and those of other species but will see an increasing application of novel and highly sophisticated technologies. Genomic strategies, together with those that look at the proteome of cells and tissues, are likely to revolutionize scientific research over the coming years. The ease with which novel and homologous genes can be isolated using the new databases and technologies, and the ability to study the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously at a global cellular level will be the major factors in this revolution. Genomic information is already being used to further our understanding of physiology and gene evolution in fish. Furthermore, the highly compact pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes) genome is being used extensively as a model to interpret those of tetrapods. Currently, studies of the fish genome are limited to gene evolution and to a much lesser extent, environmental toxicology. However, as interpretation of fish genomes gathers pace, we are likely to see the increasing involvement of other key areas such as reproduction, growth, pathology of disease, and flesh development/quality. Here, we present some of the advanced genomic technologies currently available and discuss how these might influence our knowledge of fish biology.