双须骨舌鱼转录组EST-SSR标记开发与引物筛选

利用MISA软件对双须骨舌鱼(Osteoglossum bicirrhosum)性腺转录组测序获得的188 461条Unigene进行SSR检测,结果在11 917个Unigene中共检测到SSR位点12 578个,其中包含2个及以上SSR位点的Unigene有633个。SSR的发生频率为6.32%,平均分布距离为9 949 bp。在筛选到的SSR位点中,优势重复基序为二核苷酸、三核苷酸和四核苷酸,其中二核苷酸重复基序数量最多,占总数的50.52%。重复基元类型共216种,其中数量最多的类型为二核苷酸重复AC/GT,占总数的20.66%。从所有筛选出的SSR位点中随机选取50个位点并运用Primer Premier 5.0设计引物,共有25对引物成功扩增出特异性产物,并且均在同科的美丽硬仆骨舌鱼(Scleropages formosus)的三个亚种中通用。结果表明,转录组测序产生的EST序列是开发SSR标记的有效来源,开发所得EST-SSR引物可用于双须骨舌鱼及其近缘物种遗传分析、遗传图谱构建以及分子标记辅助育种等工作中。     

基于高通量测序的虾夷扇贝基因组微卫星特征分析

为全面了解虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)微卫星分布频率和数量,深化对虾夷扇贝基因组的认识,本研究运用第二代高通量测序技术,进行虾夷扇贝简化基因组测序(RAD-seq),从基因组水平阐明虾夷扇贝基因组微卫星特征。结果显示,简化基因组测序共获得序列总长为92,551,435 bp,经过滤筛选,获得259,535个contig,其中,包含微卫星序列3618条,经引物设计共获得3460对微卫星引物。统计微卫星序列的重复类型,其中,三核苷酸重复单元数量最多(1587个,45.87%),其次是二核苷酸重复(1282个,37.05%),六核苷酸重复单元数量最少(20个,0.58%)。在三核苷酸重复中,以ATA重复类型所占比例最高(11.41%),共计181个。此外,虾夷扇贝同一重复类型的微卫星随着重复数增加其数量相对减少,而相同重复数的微卫星随着重复单元长度的增加其数量也呈下降趋势,可见微卫星长度与其数量呈负相关,表明长度较短的微卫星变异速率较快。本研究结果为认识虾夷扇贝基因组特征和在基因组水平开展种群遗传学研究提供了基础数据。     

Characterization of 95 novel microsatellite markers for Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri using FIASCO-colony hybridization and EST database mining

ABSTRACT:   In order to construct a simple sequence repeat (SSR)-based genetic linkage map and to promote molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) in scallop breeding, the methods of Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences COntaining repeats (FIASCO)-colony hybridization and expressed sequence tag (EST) database mining were modified and used to develop 95 novel microsatellite markers for Zhikong scallop. The SSR-enriched library constructed by the FIASCO method consisted of 830 clones, and 295 (35.5%) positive clones were identified after colony hybridization. One hundred and fifty clones were randomly sequenced and the results showed all clones contained at least one microsatellite. Of 91 primer pairs designed, 72 were amplified scorable polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products and 70 were polymorphic with the allele number range of 3–16 alleles/locus (average 7.0 alleles/locus). When EST database mining was performed, 66 microsatellites containing ESTs were identified from 3467 sequences deposited in GenBank. Based on cluster analysis of length and GC content of the flanking regions, 47 primer pairs were designed and 23 scorable EST SSRs were obtained. Compared with genomic SSRs developed in this study, EST SSRs showed lower genetic variability with an average of 4.2 alleles/locus. The results in the present study demonstrate that modified FIASCO-colony hybridization is an efficient and low-cost method for the isolation of large numbers of microsatellite markers for scallop species.     

A new strain of white spot syndrome virus affecting Litopenaeus vannamei in Indian shrimp farms

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV)‐infected shrimp samples collected from grow‐out ponds located at Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India, showed WSSV negative and positive by PCR using primer sets specific to ORF119 and VP28 gene of WSSV, respectively. This indicated the deletion of genetic fragments in the genome of WSSV. The WSSV isolate along with lab strain of WSSV was subjected to next‐generation sequencing. The sequence analysis revealed a deletion of 13,170 bp at five positions in the genome of WSSV‐NS (new strain) relative to WSSV‐TH and WSSV‐LS (lab strain). The PCR analysis using the ORF's specific primer sets revealed the complete deletion of 10 ORFs in the genome of WSSV‐NS strain. The primer set was designed based on sequence covering ORF161/162/163 to amplify a product of 2,748 bp for WSSV‐LS and 402 bp for WSSV‐NS. Our surveillance programme carried out since 2002 revealed the replacement of WSSV‐LS by WSSV‐NS in Indian shrimp culture system.     

基于RAD测序技术的瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachellii)微卫星标记的开发

采用RAD测序技术对瓦氏黄颡鱼进行简化基因组测序,利用MISA软件对拼接的数据进行SSR搜索。结果共获得2 275 778条contig序列,共检测到466 983个SSR位点,其中二碱基重复位点最多,有335 095个,占总数的71.8%。随机挑选碱基重复次数较多的微卫星引物25对进行合成,有19对引物通过PCR扩增可以获得目的片段。用长江武汉段30个瓦氏黄颡鱼样本进行多态性验证,其中13个SSR验证为高多态性标记。这些高多态性瓦氏黄颡鱼标记可应用于其群体遗传学、亲子鉴定、分子标记辅助育种等方面的研究。     

基于转录组测序的兴国红鲤微卫星标记筛选

采用Illumina高通量测序技术,对兴国红鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.singuonensis)垂体和性腺等组织进行转录组测序分析,筛选微卫星标记并分析其组成及特征。结果显示:共获得13 652个微卫星标记,对所得位点进行分类,单核苷酸重复类型占47.86%,二、三、四、五、六核苷酸重复类型所占比例分别为34.43%、16.32%、1.25%、0.12%以及0.02%。随机选取30个SSR位点进行PCR验证,有20对可以扩增出清晰稳定的条带。在24个兴国红鲤个体中对上述位点进行多态性分析,结果表明,具有多态性的微卫星引物为9对。不同位点得到的等位基因范围为2~4,平均等位基因数为3.111 1±0.993 8,观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)以及多态信息含量(PIC)平均值分别为0.597 2±0.233 2、0.539 7±0.178 0和0.467 2±0.172 1。9个微卫星位点中,有4个显著偏离哈代-温伯格平衡(Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,HWE)(P0.05)。Illumina高通量测序提供了一种直观、高效开发微卫星标记的方法,所选兴国红鲤群体遗传多样性维持较好。     

Genetic linkage map of bay scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians (Lamarck 1819)

The bay scallop (Argopecten irradians irradians Lamarck 1819) has become one of the most important aquaculture species in China. Genetic improvement of cultured bay scallop can benefit greatly from a better understanding of its genome. In this study, we developed amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and simple sequence repeat markers from expressed sequence tags (EST‐SSRs) for linkage analysis in bay scallop. Segregation of 390 AFLP and eight SSR markers was analysed in a mapping population of 97 progeny. Of the AFLP markers analysed, 326 segregated in the expected 1:1 Mendelian ratio, while the remaining 74 (or 19.0%) showed significant deviation, with 33 (44.6%) being deficient in heterozygotes (A/a). Among the eight polymorphic EST‐SSR loci, one marker (12.5%) was found skewing from its expected Mendelian ratios. Eighteen per cent of the markers segregating from female parent were distorted compared with 21% of the markers segregating from male parent. The female map included 147 markers in 17 linkage groups (LGs) and covered 1892.4 cM of the genome. In the male map, totally 146 AFLP and SSR markers were grouped in 18 LGs spanning 1937.1 cM. The average inter‐marker spacing in female and male map was 12.9 and 13.3 cM respectively. The AFLP and SSR markers were distributed evenly throughout the genome except for a few large gaps over 20 cM. Although preliminary, the genetic maps presented here provide a starting point for the mapping of the bay scallop genome.     

Microsatellite markers derived from bay scallop <Emphasis Type="Italic">Argopecten irradians</Emphasis> expressed sequence tags

ABSTRACT:   When data mining was performed on the National Center for Biotechnology Information database, a total of 2038 sequences from five different expressed sequence tag libraries were registered. Eighty sequences (3.9%) were found to contain 91 microsatellites. Clustering analysis indicated that 23 sequences of these expressed sequence tags fell into five clusters and that the remaining 57 sequences were independent. The di- and tri-nucleotide repeat motifs accounted for approximately 62.1% of the total microsatellites. The most abundant dinucleotide microsatellite was TA, followed by GA and CA, and the trinucleotide microsatellites GAT and GGT showed a high abundance. Nineteen sequences representing di-, tri-, tetra- and penta-nucleotides motifs were chosen for the design of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. Of primer pairs, 16 successfully amplified scorable PCR products and 11 revealed polymorphism, with the average polymorphic information content value of 0.5082 and 3.1 alleles per locus. A transferability analysis on three other related scallop species, Chlamys farreri, Chlamys nobilis and Patinopecten yessoenssis , showed that only 1 of 16 primer pairs could amplify PCR products with the expected size in Chlamys nobilis .     

大黄鱼EST微卫星标记初步筛选

通过构建大黄鱼性腺线性化cDNA文库，并经测序后获得3535条EST，对其二碱基至六碱基重复序列进行筛选，共发现微卫星位点150个，占EST序列的4．24％；其中包括二碱基重复序列64条，三碱基重复序列80条，四碱基重复序列5条，五碱基重复序列1条；三碱基重复序列是最丰富的重复单元，占53．3％。在这些微卫星序列中，（TG／GT／AC／CA）n形式在二碱基重复中最为常见，（GAG／AGG／GGA／CCT）n形式在三碱基重复序列中最为常见，分别占微卫星序列总数的26％和14％。选取其中的62条微卫星序列进行引物设计、合成与多态性检测，经过PCR扩增，2．0％的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测，获得呈多态性微卫星引物8对，多态率为12．9％。本研究为开发大黄鱼EST微卫星分子标记和大黄鱼基因编码区微卫星的功能研究提供有价值的信息。     

Identification of RAPD‐SCAR marker linked to white spot syndrome virus resistance in populations of giant black tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon Fabricius

White spot disease (WSD) caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) creates severe epizootics in shrimp aquaculture industry worldwide. Despite several efforts, no such permanent remedy was yet developed. Selective breeding using DNA markers would be a cost‐effective strategy for long‐term solution of this problem. In the present investigation, out of 30 random primers, only one primer produced a statistically significant (P < 0.01) randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker of 502 bp, which provided a good discrimination between disease resistant and disease susceptible populations of Penaeus monodon from three geographical locations along the East coast of India. Because RAPD markers are dominant, a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker was developed by cloning and sequencing of 502 bp RAPD fragment, which generates a single 457 bp DNA fragment after PCR amplification only in the disease resistant shrimps. Challenge experiment was also conducted to validate this 457 bp SCAR marker, and the results suggested that the WSSV loads were 2.25 × 10³ fold higher in disease susceptible than that in disease resistant shrimps using real‐time PCR. Therefore, this 457 bp DNA SCAR marker will be very valuable towards the development of disease‐free shrimp aquaculture industry.     

鱼类环境DNA研究中通用引物的筛选验证

为了筛选一个通用性和适用性良好的能够运用于环境DNA(eDNA)研究的鱼类引物,从相关文献中选取了鱼类线粒体基因组部分片段的5对引物,分别对线粒体D-loop区、16S rRNA基因、COI基因以及Cytb基因部分片段进行扩增。对千岛湖48种鱼类基因组DNA进行扩增后比较发现,引物16s和COI均可以取得良好的扩增效果,通用性优于其他几对引物。引物16s的扩增产物经凝胶电泳检测均出现明亮的目的条带,引物COI则有3种鱼的条带经凝胶电泳检测亮度较暗。利用上述引物对环境样品eDNA扩增时发现,只有16s和COI的引物具有良好的扩增效果,能够得到明显单一的亮带。对该两种引物的PCR产物克隆后测序比对发现,16s的PCR产物均为千岛湖常见鱼类物种的基因片段,COI的PCR产物则为细菌COI基因的部分片段。综上,我们认为引物16s在通用性和适用性上都更为适合作为鱼类群落结构eDNA研究的通用引物。     

Estimation of genetic variation in green tiger prawn,Penaeus semisulcatus by using random amplified polymorphic DNA,inter simple sequence repeat and simple sequence repeat markers

In this study, three molecular markers including random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) were used to evaluate genetic variation of green tiger prawn Penaeus semisulcatus collected from two geographically isolated environments; located in the Manifa, Arabian Gulf, Saudi Arabia and Ataka, Suez Gulf, Egypt. Genetic parameters included the percentage of polymorphism (P%), effective alleles (Ne), Nei genetic diversity (H) and Shannon index (I), which were calculated based on molecular data. All three marker systems distinguished genetic variation of P. semisulcatus in various levels. The highest polymorphism (91.30%) was obtained with SSR, followed by ISSR (82.26%) and RAPD markers (62.04%), respectively. Our results indicate that SSR appeared to be the best suited molecular assay for assessing the genetic variation between genotypes of P. semisulcatus. The present study indicated that Manifa and Ataka genotypes were closely related. Moreover, the analysis of variability could require more than one DNA‐based molecular marker techniques.     

Application of amplified fragment length polymorphism markers to assess molecular polymorphisms in gynogenetic haploid embryos of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

Among the variety of cultured marine species, the turbot Scophthalmus maximus is a fish of growing importance in European aquaculture. In this paper, an advanced application of AFLPs to estimate the genetic diversity of haploid gynogenetic families with the aim of obtaining a preliminary genetic map is presented. Ten EcoRI/TaqI primer combinations were tested in four families comprising diploid mothers and their haploid progenies. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis revealed an average of 6.8 polymorphic bands per primer combination and a total number of 88 polymorphisms out of 579 fragments. Among various primer pairs, seven combinations were selected in relation to the quality of profiles and number of polymorphic fragments, to be used in the determination of genetic linkage relationship between AFLP markers within the largest haploid family. Co‐migration of non‐homologous fragments was also investigated in one primer combination adding a fourth selective nucleotide to the three used in the classic TaqI AFLP protocol. Surprisingly, a rate of 38.7% of non‐homologous fragments co‐migrating with monomorphic bands was identified, due to the combined effect of homoplasy and the protocol used. Additional polymorphic markers discovered by this protocol were included in the linkage map. The turbot AFLP linkage map comprises 52 AFLP markers distributed in 12 linkage groups. On the basis of this map, turbot expected total genome length sums up to 1225.6 cM. The results confirm the usefulness of AFLPs in revealing genome segregation in haploid turbot progeny.     

条斑紫菜6个品系的SRAP分析

为鉴别条斑紫菜不同品系的种质,使用相关序列扩增多态性(sequence-related amplified polymorphism,SRAP)标记对条斑紫菜的5个选育品系和1个野生品系进行遗传分析,结果从35对引物组合中筛选出可扩增出稳定清晰条带的组合11对,共获得131个扩增位点,其中多态性位点125个,多态性比例高达95.42%。6个品系 间的遗传距离为0.364 3～0.867 9,平均为0.593 0。用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,结果将6个品系分为2个群,所反映的亲缘关系与各品系的来源基本一致,说明SRAP 标记技术可以成为条斑紫菜品系间遗传分析的有效工具。在131个多态性位点中,选择扩增出的4个位点构建了6个品系的指纹图谱。另外,通过ME1/EM6引物组合 扩增得到耐高温品系TM-18的特异性条带,经回收测序和重新设计引物,该条带在其丝状体和叶状体DNA中均能稳定地被扩增出来,可用于该品系的种质鉴别 。     

长江刀鲚选育群体转录组EST-SSR的分布特征分析

本研究利用MISA软件挖掘长江刀鲚(Coilia ectenes)肌肉和肝脏转录组中的微卫星标记，为刀鲚选育群体的种质资源评估和分子标记辅助育种奠定基础。结果显示，从71869条Unigenes中共获得33896条重复单元长度为1~6碱基的微卫星序列；刀鲚转录组中不同类型微卫星的重复基序具有不同的分布特征，其中，单核苷酸重复、二核苷酸重复和三核苷酸重复为主要的微卫星重复类型，分别占总微卫星数目的34.94%、49.47%和13.34%；不同微卫星重复类型的优势重复基序亦有所不同，其中，A/T为单核苷酸重复基序的优势重复基序占86.25%，AC/GT为二核苷酸重复基序的为优势重复基序占75.25%，AGG/CCT为三核苷酸重复基序的优势重复基序占28.57%；不同微卫星重复基序核苷酸的数量和重复次数亦有所不同，重复次数伴随着重复单元中核苷酸数量的增加而呈现降低的趋势；从100对四核苷酸重复的SSR引物中筛选获得了16对多态性微卫星标记，并以此为基础，对长江刀鲚选育群体(F3)的遗传学特征进行了初步评估，结果显示，长江刀鲚选育群体F3的平均有效等位基因数(Ne)、平均观测杂合度(Ho)、平均期望杂合度(He)和Shannon多样性指数I分别为1.7580、0.3414、0.3977和0.6278。以上结果表明，基于刀鲚转录组数据批量开发微卫星是切实可行的，所开发的多态性微卫星标记能够应用于长江刀鲚选育群体的遗传背景评估和进一步的遗传育种研究。     

Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) type IV ice‐structuring protein LS‐12 in the acute‐phase response to Flavobacterium psychrophilum infection

A previous proteomic study examining the plasma acute‐phase response of rainbow trout to sterile inflammation highlighted an unidentified 9.5‐kDa spot using 2D‐PAGE, which was dramatically increased. The 15 amino acid sequence obtained from this protein spot allowed rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR to generate a 443‐bp nucleotide sequence that was 98.6% similar to type‐4 ice‐structuring protein LS‐12 from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Linnaeus. Quantitative reverse translation PCR and an ELISA were used to measure gene expression and plasma concentrations of LS‐12 following experimental intraperitoneal injection of rainbow trout with either 10⁶ or 10⁸ colony‐forming units (CFU) of Flavobacterium psychrophilum. There was no significant change in the plasma concentration of LS‐12 up to 15 days post‐infection in any group. Hepatic LS‐12 gene expression was significantly reduced at 3 and 6 days (p < 0.001) post‐infection in fish injected with 10⁸ CFU of F. psychrophilum relative to control fish, while branchial or head kidney expression was unchanged. Infected fish had significantly increased hepatic gene expression of serum amyloid A, confirming an acute‐phase response. Under the conditions used, LS‐12 is not a positive acute‐phase protein in rainbow trout.     

High‐throughput identification and quantification of Vagococcus salmoninarum by SYBR Green I‐based real‐time PCR combined with melting curve analysis

This work describes a primer pair and a high‐throughput SYBR Green I‐based real‐time PCR protocol combined with melting curve analysis for identification and quantification of Vagococcus salmoninarum in bacterial cultures and infected fish tissues. The 16S rRNA gene was selected for the design of the primer pair (SalF and SalR). The sensitivity and specificity of this primer pair were compared with other previously designed for conventional PCR. Although both primer pairs showed 100% specificity using pure bacterial cultures or DNA extracted from bacteria or fish tissues, the primer pairs designed in this study showed the highest sensitivity with a detection limit of 0.034 × 10⁰ amplicon copies per assay (equivalent to 2 × 10^?11 ng/µl, C_q value of 30.49 ± 1.71). The developed qPCR protocol allowed the detection of V. salmoninarum in non‐lethal and lethal fish samples with detection levels of 0.17 × 10⁰ gene copies in tissues artificially infected and 0.02 × 10⁰ in tissues of fish experimentally infected with V. salmoninarum. The high sensitivity of the developed method suggests that it could be considered as a useful tool for diagnosis of vagococcosis and the detection of V. salmoninarum in asymptomatic or carrier fish.     

Characterization and genomic annotation of polymorphic EST‐SSR loci in Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp

In the present work, EST‐SSR (expressed sequence tag‐simple sequence repeat) loci were obtained by screening 45 000 ESTs from the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, which was available in a database of the ShEST (Shrimp EST Genome Project) consortium. Fifty‐two of 600 EST‐SSR loci were selected. From this total, 21 EST‐SSRs were polymorphic among 40 individuals and had their gene products ascribed. Two to 20 alleles per locus were detected and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.15 to 0.86. Eight loci presented a significant heterozygote deficit after the Bonferroni correction, which was attributed to null alleles. Seven loci were able to have their protein products, molecular functions and biological processes determined. Our results are promising for future studies that relate the levels of these gene polymorphisms with different biological responses to stress in aquaculture.     

中华绒螯蟹37个多态性微卫星标记在亲子遗传中的分离方式分析

为了评估基因组扫描方法获得的中华绒螯蟹微卫星标记的遗传方式,随机选择60个候选三核苷酸微卫星标记,首先利用中华绒螯蟹F1家系双亲及其6个F1子代共8个样品进行PCR扩增验证和多态性检测,随后对多态性标记位点在80子代个体中的亲子遗传分离类型及连锁关系进行了分析。结果显示,42个（70.00%）位点得到清晰扩增产物,其中有5个单态微卫星位点和37个多态微卫星位点。多态位点中23个位点子代基因基因型为1：1：1：1分离类型,11个位点属1：1分离类型,余下3个位点为1：2：1分离类型。37个多态位点中35个位点（94.59%）的分离符合孟德尔分离比（P>0.05）,scaffold430598_213690和scaffold21303_16865位点显著偏离1：1：1：1分离比。35个分离比符合孟德尔分离比的位点中,scaffold240262_150253、scaffold216209_138892、scaffold293154_172768三个标记发生连锁关系,scaffold285640_169721和scaffold427534_212914发生连锁关系,scaffold507500_231891和scaffold92860_68250标记发生连锁关系。以上结果表明开发的候选微卫星标记适用于中华绒螯蟹亲子鉴定和遗传图谱构建。