Characterization of 95 novel microsatellite markers for Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri using FIASCO-colony hybridization and EST database mining

ABSTRACT:   In order to construct a simple sequence repeat (SSR)-based genetic linkage map and to promote molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) in scallop breeding, the methods of Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences COntaining repeats (FIASCO)-colony hybridization and expressed sequence tag (EST) database mining were modified and used to develop 95 novel microsatellite markers for Zhikong scallop. The SSR-enriched library constructed by the FIASCO method consisted of 830 clones, and 295 (35.5%) positive clones were identified after colony hybridization. One hundred and fifty clones were randomly sequenced and the results showed all clones contained at least one microsatellite. Of 91 primer pairs designed, 72 were amplified scorable polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products and 70 were polymorphic with the allele number range of 3–16 alleles/locus (average 7.0 alleles/locus). When EST database mining was performed, 66 microsatellites containing ESTs were identified from 3467 sequences deposited in GenBank. Based on cluster analysis of length and GC content of the flanking regions, 47 primer pairs were designed and 23 scorable EST SSRs were obtained. Compared with genomic SSRs developed in this study, EST SSRs showed lower genetic variability with an average of 4.2 alleles/locus. The results in the present study demonstrate that modified FIASCO-colony hybridization is an efficient and low-cost method for the isolation of large numbers of microsatellite markers for scallop species.     

Development of simple sequence repeat markers in Pyropia yezoensis (Bangiales,Rhodophyta) by high‐throughput sequencing technology

Pyropia yezoensis is one of the most important economical seaweeds across the world and major efforts are underway to increase the production. However, its genome is relatively unexplored. In this study, genome sequence of wild‐type strain LS was determined through paired‐end sequencing of small‐size fractionated genomic library. In total, 283,606 contigs were assembled and 20,620 SSR‐containing sequences were identified. Most of the SSRs contained tri‐ and di‐nucleotide motifs (95.42% and 2.34% respectively), of which GCC was the most abundant (15.7%). Furthermore, 1,253 pairs of primer sets were designed and 124 of them were selected randomly for validation. The results showed that 120 pairs were successful in PCR, and the remaining four failed to generate PCR product at various conditions. Among the 120 pairs of which the PCR products were subsequently sequenced by Sanger sequencing, 104 pairs amplified SSRs with the same motif and repeat times, three pairs with the same motif but different repeat times and 13 pairs with different motifs. Moreover, 21 primer pairs amplified polymorphic products between LS and an improved strain HT, and tri‐nucleotide SSRs showed higher polymorphism frequency when compared to di‐nucleotide SSRs. These SSR markers may enrich the current molecular resources in P. yezoensis.     

长江刀鲚选育群体转录组EST-SSR的分布特征分析

本研究利用MISA软件挖掘长江刀鲚(Coilia ectenes)肌肉和肝脏转录组中的微卫星标记，为刀鲚选育群体的种质资源评估和分子标记辅助育种奠定基础。结果显示，从71869条Unigenes中共获得33896条重复单元长度为1~6碱基的微卫星序列；刀鲚转录组中不同类型微卫星的重复基序具有不同的分布特征，其中，单核苷酸重复、二核苷酸重复和三核苷酸重复为主要的微卫星重复类型，分别占总微卫星数目的34.94%、49.47%和13.34%；不同微卫星重复类型的优势重复基序亦有所不同，其中，A/T为单核苷酸重复基序的优势重复基序占86.25%，AC/GT为二核苷酸重复基序的为优势重复基序占75.25%，AGG/CCT为三核苷酸重复基序的优势重复基序占28.57%；不同微卫星重复基序核苷酸的数量和重复次数亦有所不同，重复次数伴随着重复单元中核苷酸数量的增加而呈现降低的趋势；从100对四核苷酸重复的SSR引物中筛选获得了16对多态性微卫星标记，并以此为基础，对长江刀鲚选育群体(F3)的遗传学特征进行了初步评估，结果显示，长江刀鲚选育群体F3的平均有效等位基因数(Ne)、平均观测杂合度(Ho)、平均期望杂合度(He)和Shannon多样性指数I分别为1.7580、0.3414、0.3977和0.6278。以上结果表明，基于刀鲚转录组数据批量开发微卫星是切实可行的，所开发的多态性微卫星标记能够应用于长江刀鲚选育群体的遗传背景评估和进一步的遗传育种研究。     

仿刺参的微卫星标记

为了评价种质资源及基础生物学研究的需要，本文开发了仿刺参的微卫星标记。NCBI数据库中共有20个含有仿刺参微卫星的序列，从中选取8个设计引物，发现6个微卫星位点有多态性。不同的引物获得的等位基因数为3～9个不等，6个位点共获得了31个等位基因，每个位点平均获得5．2个等位基因。6个位点的平均观测杂合度（Ho）为0．3611，平均期望杂合度（He）为0．6402。位点AJMS004提供的多态性信息含量值较低，为0．4862；其他5个位点均在0．5以上。另外，还尝试了红海参（Parastichopus californicus）微卫星标记在仿刺参的通用性。实验结果表明，在较高的退火温度下，5对引物均能扩增仿刺参的基因组DNA并具多态性。5个位点共获得了22个等位基因，每个位点平均获得4．4个等位基因。5个位点的平均观测杂合度（Ho）为0．1733，平均期望杂合度（He）为0．4201。其中位点Psc2的多态性信息含量值最高，为0．8500。     

从中国对虾ESTs中筛选微卫星标记的研究

利用生物信息学方法在含有10446个中国对虾ESTs的数据库中进行微卫星序列的筛选，共发现微卫星序列229个，占整个ESTs数据库的2．19％，其中含双碱基重复序列146个和3碱基重复序列58个，分别占在ESTs数据库中发现微卫星序列总数的63．76％，和25．33％，大部分发现的微卫星序列均为Perfect形式的重复序列。根据筛选得到的微卫星序列设计并合成引物19对进行多态性检测，在有扩增产物的16对引物中，首次筛选得到8个中国对虾微卫星标记，并对这些微卫星标记进行了等位基因频率、观测杂合度、期望杂合度、PIC值等统计学指标的评价。结果表明，在8个微卫星位点上，等位基因的数目从5到15不等，等位基因长度从：165～305bp，期望杂合度和多态性信息含量分别为0．59到0．89和0．56到0．88，表明这8个中国对虾微卫星标记完全适合于遗传分析。     

草鱼三、四核苷酸重复微卫星标记的分离与特征分析

采用磁珠富集法、通过质粒检测法结合同位素杂交检测获得草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellu)三、四核苷酸阳性克隆1 378个,测序705个,共得到846个微卫星座位,其中完美型632个（占74.7％）,非完美型114个(占13.48％),混合型100个(占11.82％).根据微卫星侧翼序列设计并合成100对微卫星引物,检测结果显示35对(35％)引物在邘江野生群体中表现出多态性.选择其中2对多态性稳定的引物进行遗传多样分析,结果显示,20个位点共检测到212个等位基因,平均观察杂合度(Ho)为0.681 1,平均期望杂合度（He）为0.797 5,平均多态信息含量为0.777 7.结果表明,所筛选的微卫星标记能够用于草鱼群体遗传学研究.本研究旨在为草鱼的种群遗传结构分析、遗传图谱构建等研究奠定基础.     

Rapid identification of eels <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anguilla japonica</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anguilla anguilla</Emphasis> by polymerase chain reaction with single nucleotide polymorphism-based specific probes

ABSTRACT:   Standard molecular techniques, such as sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis after polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification are relatively complicated, and species identification can take a long time when using such techniques. We established a quick method, using PCR with species-specific TaqMan Minor Groove Binder (MGB) probes based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) to distinguish the two eel species Anguilla japonica and Anguilla anguilla . This method can be used in processed products. Partial sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene were compared between A. japonica and A. anguilla to design a primer pair common to both A. japonica and A. anguilla and probes specific to A. japonica and A. anguilla . Different fluorescence intensities were produced in two PCR microtubes each containing A. japonica - and A. anguilla -specific probes for one target sample. We observed the fluorescence intensity of PCR products in microtubes under ultraviolet transillumination, with similar results to those obtained by real-time PCR. Therefore, SNP-based PCR is a powerful tool for identifying materials of processed foods from either A. japonica or A. anguilla .     

鱼类环境DNA研究中通用引物的筛选验证

为了筛选一个通用性和适用性良好的能够运用于环境DNA(eDNA)研究的鱼类引物,从相关文献中选取了鱼类线粒体基因组部分片段的5对引物,分别对线粒体D-loop区、16S rRNA基因、COI基因以及Cytb基因部分片段进行扩增。对千岛湖48种鱼类基因组DNA进行扩增后比较发现,引物16s和COI均可以取得良好的扩增效果,通用性优于其他几对引物。引物16s的扩增产物经凝胶电泳检测均出现明亮的目的条带,引物COI则有3种鱼的条带经凝胶电泳检测亮度较暗。利用上述引物对环境样品eDNA扩增时发现,只有16s和COI的引物具有良好的扩增效果,能够得到明显单一的亮带。对该两种引物的PCR产物克隆后测序比对发现,16s的PCR产物均为千岛湖常见鱼类物种的基因片段,COI的PCR产物则为细菌COI基因的部分片段。综上,我们认为引物16s在通用性和适用性上都更为适合作为鱼类群落结构eDNA研究的通用引物。     

Microsatellite marker isolation and cultured strain identification in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carassius auratus gibelio</Emphasis>

Microsatellites have become the preferred molecular markers for strain selection and genetic breeding in fish. In this study a total of 105 microsatellites were isolated and identified in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) by microsatellite sequence searches in GenBank and other databases and by screening and sequencing of positive clones from the genomic library enriched for AG and GATA repeats. Moreover, nineteen microsatellites were randomly selected to design locus-specific primer pairs, and these were successfully used to identify and discriminate different cultured strains of gibel carp including strains A, D, L, and F. Three different types of microsatellite pattern were distinguished by the number and length of fragments amplified from the 19 primer pairs, and some microsatellite primer pairs were found to produce different microsatellite patterns among strains and strain-specific fragments. In addition, some duplicated alleles were also detected in two microsatellite patterns. Therefore, the current study provides direct molecular markers to discriminate among different cultured strains for selective breeding and aquaculture practice of gibel carp.     

常见淡水鱼肉制品快速鉴别方法的建立

近年来,随着肉制品掺假问题日益突出,特别是鱼肉制品中掺入廉价成分,混淆鱼肉品种,以次充好的掺假造假问题引起广泛关注。为解决这一问题,有必要针对常见的青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)四大家鱼建立快速同时检测鱼肉制品的多重PCR方法。实验通过对青鱼D-LOOP基因、草鱼COI基因、鲢16SrRNA基因和鳙12SrRNA基因序列进行对比分析,针对特异序列设计4对引物,对特异基因进行单一PCR和多重PCR扩增,根据其特异性、敏感性建立并摸索L9(34)正交试验单管多重PCR最佳反应条件,包括引物浓度、Tm值、Mg2+浓度和模板量等,通过对PCR条件的优化,建立快速检测青鱼、草鱼、鲢和鳙四大家鱼鱼肉制品的单管多重PCR鉴定方法。结果表明,针对青鱼、草鱼、鲢和鳙4种鱼肉制品所设计的4对特异引物分别能扩增出298、210、306及639 bp的目的条带,具有高度特异性,反应条件优化后,4种鱼肉制品所含靶基因质粒在50 pg均可同时扩增出较清晰条带,以人工自制鱼肉制品进行了验证,结果表明所建立的方法,能够区分混合样品中4种鱼肉的构成,并对市售鱼肉制品进行检测,结果稳定。本研究所建立的方法能够简单、快速地对青鱼、草鱼、鲢和鳙4种鱼肉制品成分进行检测和监控,且特异性强、灵敏度高,可为鱼肉制品质量安全提供技术支持。     

鲮微卫星引物的鉴定及其适用性检验

利用4种鲤科鱼类的14对微卫星引物对西江流域一批野生鲮进行PCR扩增。将各扩增条带进行克隆测序,发现引物MFW1、MFW2、MFW15、MFW17、Cc7、Cc11、Bgon22扩增出的产物含有微卫星重复序列。进一步对鲮的微卫星位点MFW1、MFW2、Cc7重新设计引物,并将其分别命名为Cm1、Cm2、Cm3,新引物对鲮的扩增特异性增强。采用引物Cm1、Cm2、Cm3、Cc11、MFW15、MFW17、Bgon22对西江流域一批野生鲮进行引物适用性检验。结果表明,除引物MFW15、Cc11无多态性外,其余5对引物(Cm1、Cm2、Cm3、MFW17、Bgon22)在取样群体中扩增图谱带型丰富,随引物不同,各标记在群体中检测到的等位基因数为2到16个。各微卫星座位的期望杂合度(He)及观察杂合度(Ho)范围分别为0~0.9038和0~1,平均分别为0.6881(0.1819SD)和0.7772(0.1931SD)。座位连锁分析显示Cm1与Bgon22之间存在显著性水平连锁关系(P<0.05),其余各座位之间未检测到明显的连锁关系(P>0.05)。研究群体的遗传多样性指数平均为0.6823,多态性水平相对较高。以上结果表明,筛选获得的7个微卫星座位适于对鲮进行遗传多样性分析。     

华贵栉孔扇贝MEF2Cs基因克隆及表达特征分析

肌细胞增强因子(Myocyte enhancer factor-2,MEF2)是一种肌肉特异性转录因子,对脊椎动物肌纤维的形成和发育具有重要的调控作用。为了研究MEF2对华贵栉孔扇贝(Chlamys nobilis)闭壳肌肌纤维形成和发育的调控作用,实验克隆了华贵栉孔扇贝MEF2C和MEF2C-like c DNA序列,解析了其在不同组织和发育时期的表达调控规律,分析了盐度对其表达调控的影响。结果表明,MEF2C和MEF2C-like基因开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame,ORF)长为1 302 bp和1 158 bp,分别编码433和358个氨基酸。氨基酸序列比对分析显示MADS和MEF2结构域高度同源,系统进化分析显示华贵栉孔扇贝和长牡蛎具有较近的亲缘关系。在不同组织和发育时期,华贵栉孔扇贝MEF2C和MEF2C-lik mRNA具有相似的表达规律,均在D型幼虫期及闭壳肌中显著高表达。在不同日龄的华贵栉孔扇贝闭壳肌中,MEF2Cs mRNA在60和120日龄表达水平显著升高。MEF2Cs mRNA在盐度为28时表达量最高,说明可能在此盐度下更适合华贵栉孔扇贝生长。     

A simple method to distinguish two commercially valuable eel species in Japan <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anguilla japonica</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">A. anguilla</Emphasis> using polymerase chain reaction strategy with a species-specific primer

In order to distinguish the two eel species Anguilla japonica and A. anguilla irrespective of unprocessed and processed samples, a quick, convenient method using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a species-specific primer was established. The comparison of partial sequences of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene between A. japonica and A. anguilla facilitated designing of a primer pair common to both A. japonica and A. anguilla and a primer specific to A. japonica. PCR was carried out with the three primers for total 110 specimens of A. japonica and A. anguilla. PCR products with the species-specific primer showed two bands for A. japonica and one band for A. anguilla in an agarose gel electrophoresis. This analytical procedure required only a short period and is more convenient than PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism, one of the standard methods employed for fish species identification.     

Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of Atlantic horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus and molecular identification of two commercially important species T. trachurus and T. japonicus using PCR-RFLP

ABSTRACT:   To characterize and identify mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) nucleotide sequence variation in two commercially important Trachurus species, Trachurus trachurus and T. japonicus , the complete mtDNA sequence of T. trachurus was determined. The T. trachurus mtDNA consists of 16 559 bp, containing 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, two rRNA genes, and 13 protein-coding genes. Comparing the mtDNA nucleotide sequences of the Trachurus species, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method was developed to differentiate these two commercially important species. The primer pair Lt1-ND5 and Ht1-ND5, corresponding to ND5 , was designed to amplify a 360-bp fragment. Following digestion with Eco  RI, the PCR product for T. japonicus resulted in 93- and 267-bp fragments, while T. trachurus lacked a restriction site for Eco  RI. In contrast, after digestion with Hin  fI, the T. trachurus PCR product yielded 44-, 84-, and 232-bp fragments, while the T. japonicus product was not digested. The PCR-RFLP analysis established in the present study was useful for identifying T. trachurus and T. japonicus .     

斑节对虾基因组微卫星分离及其序列特征研究

采用(CA)_(12)(AG)_(12)及(TA)_(16)生物素标记探针及磁珠富集法构建了斑节对虾Penaeus monodon基因组微卫星富集文库。随机挑选254个克隆进行PCR筛选,得到51个候选克隆(20．1%)。其中,32个克隆来源于CA-文库,另19个克隆来源于AG-文库。测序发现48个克隆含有微卫星重复单元,通过序列比对,最终获得40个具有特异微卫星序列的阳性克隆。微卫星(GA/CT)_N及(CA/GT)_n 2碱基重复序列分别占所有分离的微卫星数目的20．7%及60．4%。此外,还检测到其它多种微卫星重复类型,如(AT)_n、(GC)_n、(TGG)_n、(AAG)_n、(AAT)_n、(GAA)_n、(GTGC)_n、(GCGT)_n、(GGTTA)_n、(GTGCGT)_n,占检测到的微卫星数目的18．9%。获得的微卫星序列中属于完全型序列的有76条(68．5%),不完全型序列的有22条(19．8%),另有13条属于复合型序列(11．7%)。微卫星(GT/CA)_n 2碱基重复次数(3～52次)要远大于(GA/CT)_n 2碱基次数(3～27次)。获得的微卫星序列长度大小范围为129～601 bp,平均为286 bp。研究为进一步开展斑节对虾分子育种及资源评价分析提供了基础资料。     

浅色黄姑鱼线粒体16S rRNA基因片段序列特征分析

PCR扩增100个浅色黄姑鱼个体的线粒体16SrRNA基因片段序列,得到大约620bp的扩增产物。将其中5个个体的扩增产物进行测序和同源比对,得到468bp可供比对分析的片段。比对结果表明,5条序列包括两个单倍型,两个单倍型之间有1个碱基突变。PCR-RFLP分析结果显示,两个种群的100个样品中98%的个体为其中一种单倍型,只有2%的个体呈另一种单倍型,表明这两个种群的遗传多样性较低。两个单倍型平均碱基组成为:T22.0%,C26.3%,A29.8%,G21.9%,GC含量平均为48.2%。与GenBank中石首鱼科7属9种的11条同源序列比对,得到429个比对位点,其中包括69个简约信息位点、55个单突变子和16个插入/缺失位点。聚类分析显示,浅色黄姑鱼与黄姑鱼亲缘关系较近,与形态分类相符。     

黄鳍鲷基因组微卫星的分离

采用磁珠富集法构建黄鳍鲷(Acanthopagrus latus Houttuyn)基因组微卫星富集文库。共挑选60个克隆进行测序,分析发现58个克隆分别含(GA)n或(CA)n两碱基重复单元。进一步通过序列比对,最终获得41个具有特异微卫星序列的阳性克隆。其中,23个克隆含有(GA)n或(CT)n两碱基重复序列,17个克隆含有(GT)n或(CA)n重复序列,另1个含有以上两种重复类型。获得的微卫星序列中,单一型及间断型序列各有20条,另有1条属于复合型序列。序列长度为117~512 bp,平均259 bp。微卫星核心序列两碱基重复5到38次,绝大多数序列重复次数大于10。基于微卫星两端的侧翼序列设计并获得了3对能够在黄鳍鲷基因组有效扩增的微卫星引物。本研究旨为进一步开展黄鳍鲷分子育种及资源评价分析提供基础资料。     

Universal PCR primers for ribosomal protein gene introns of fish

Human ribosomal protein (RP) gene sequences with respect to intron/exon structures and corresponding cDNA or genomic data of fish species were obtained from the GenBank database. Based on conserved exon sequences, 128 primer pairs for 41 genes were designed for exon-primed intron-crossing (EPIC) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In reference to the draft genome sequences of the Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis), 12 primer pairs expected to amplify introns of the bluefin tuna with lengths of 500–1000 bp were selected and applied to six distantly related fish species belonging to the Orders Clupeiformes, Tetraodontiformes, Pleuronectiformes, Perciformes, Scorpaeniformes, and Anguilliformes. PCR amplification was observed for at least four species in each primer pair, and all fragments were larger than those expected for intronless amplification. Single fragment amplification was observed for at least seven primer pairs per species. Fragment sizes of the bluefin tuna for nine primer pairs corresponded to those expected from the genomic data. Thus, our primer pairs are potentially applicable to a wide variety of fish species and serve as an initial step for isolating single-copy nuclear DNA sequences.