北方海域云纹石斑鱼的陆海接力高效养殖试验

为了有效突破我国北方海域冬季网箱养殖品种少和产业发展缓慢的局面,通过陆海接力养殖模式,开展了云纹石斑鱼(Epinephelus moara)的网箱陆海接力养殖试验。结果显示:在莱州明波网箱基地选用的平均个体重量225 g的大规格云纹石斑鱼鱼苗,经过2个月的网箱接力养殖,个体平均重量达到350 g,平均单尾月增重62.5 g,成活率92.02%;在连云港众利网箱基地选用的个体平均重量152 g大规格云纹石斑鱼,经过4个月的网箱接力养殖,个体平均重量增加到425 g,平均单尾月增重68.25 g,养殖成活率达96.00%。石斑鱼的网箱养殖与工厂化循环水养殖相比,平均月增重速度提高54.6%～68.9%。     

密度对网箱养殖硬头鳟生长及经济效益的影响

本文主要研究密度对网箱养殖硬头鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss存活和生长的影响。在水温8.2~19.1℃下,将体质量1.02 kg的硬头鳟鱼种养殖在5m×10m×6m网箱中,网箱放置在松花江上游的松山水库中,密度分别为5尾/m~2(Ⅰ组)、8尾/m~2(Ⅱ组)、11尾/m~2(Ⅲ组)和14尾/m~2(Ⅳ组),投喂粗蛋白含量为42%、粗脂肪22%的颗粒饲料,常规养殖。145d的养殖表明:网箱养殖的放养密度对硬头鳟的生长有一定影响。第Ⅳ组鱼的存活率显著低于其他3组(P0.05);放养密度为5~11尾/m~2时硬头鳟的生长与密度呈正相关,大于此密度范围则呈负相关。第Ⅲ组鱼的终末体质量、日增重、增重率、利润和利润率显著高于其余3组(P0.05);4个密度组硬头鳟的产量随放养密度增加而递增。本试验表明:网箱养殖硬头鳟的放养密度为11尾/m~2较适宜。     

哲罗鲑与日本金鳟混养生物学初探

在水温7.5~10.6℃、溶氧6.24~8.69mg/L条件下,进行不同比例(4:1、2:1、1:1、1:2、1:4)的哲罗鲑Hucho taimen与日本金鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss混养试验,以优化哲罗鲑与日本金鳟的养殖模式。结果表明:哲罗鲑养殖过程中,混养适当比例的日本金鳟可以有效地提高哲罗鲑的存活率,而日本金鳟养殖中混养哲罗鲑对日本金鳟的存活有一定抑制;各混养组鱼的存活率随哲罗鲑比例的增大而降低。哲罗鲑养殖中,混养一定比例的日本金鳟有利于促进哲罗鲑稚鱼的生长,其中混养比例以200:100和150:150为最佳,存活率可达90.56%,体质量增长率分别为979.87%和1124.18%。混养时,对哲罗鲑与日本金鳟的摄食与行为有一定影响,对日本金鳟生长的影响未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。试验结束时,哲罗鲑与日本金鳟稚鱼体长、体质量变异系数的变化规律一致,其中日本金鳟体长、体质量变异系数随哲罗鲑混养比例增大而增大。     

海水工厂化养殖虹鳟营养品质分析与评价

为更好地了解海水工厂化养殖虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)肌肉组织的营养成分和品质,采用国标等方法,分别对海水工厂化养殖和淡水养殖虹鳟肌肉组织的各项营养成分进行了分析和评价。结果显示:海水工厂化养殖虹鳟肌肉组织的蛋白质含量、氨基酸营养水平和脂肪酸含量均低于淡水养殖虹鳟。海水工厂化养殖虹鳟肌肉组织的氨基酸营养价值和化学平均得分分别为0.82、0.62,低于淡水养殖虹鳟(1.04、0.78)。海水工厂化养殖虹鳟肌肉组织的饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的含量(3.83g/100g、12.60g/100g)低于淡水养殖虹鳟(4.07g/100g、12.79g/100g)。     

斑点鳟网箱养殖技术

斑点鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）,俗称尊贵鱼,因全身布满斑点而得名,属冷水性溯河洄游鱼类,是经现代生物学技术精心选育而成的三文鱼新品种,2010年由山东省海水养殖研究所联合青岛福卡海洋生物科技有限公司引入我国。     

斑点鳟幼鱼中间培育技术研究

为丰富斑点鳟苗种培育和工厂化养殖阶段的生物学基础数据,在水温16～18℃,24 h流水培育,日换水量为300%～500%的条件下,分别在室内盐度0、5、10和15的水体中开展了为期150 d的斑点鳟幼鱼中间培育试验。试验初始,幼鱼90日龄,全长(7.34±0.47)cm、体质量(4.42±0.28)g,放养密度为800～900尾/m~3;之后随着幼鱼的生长养殖密度逐渐降低。试验结果显示:在几种试验盐度下,盐度越高,幼鱼生长越快,盐度15试验组幼鱼的全长、体质量增长最快,其终末平均全长(15.98±0.19) cm、终末平均体质量(49.86±0.31) g均显著高于其他各组(P0.05);在培育期间,盐度0、盐度5和盐度15试验组幼鱼的全长日增长率均呈现先降后升的趋势;各试验组鱼的体质量在前期增速相对缓慢,在121～150 d均出现明显提升。试验结果表明,合理的放养密度、使用配方科学的优质饲料、病害措施有效的防治等是中间培育成功的关键。     

虹鳟鱼放牧式养殖试验

虹鳟鱼（Oncorhynchus mykiss），又名三文鳟、彩虹鳟，原产于北美洲的北太平洋沿岸，是深受消费者欢迎的名优冷水性鱼类。虹鳟鱼是当今世界上分布最广泛的养殖鱼类之一，黑龙江省是我国养殖虹鳟鱼历史最早的省份，已有近50年历史。目前，虹鳟鱼的主要养殖方式为池塘流水养殖和网箱养殖。为探索虹鳟鱼的其它养殖方式，我们承担了黑龙江省科学技术厅科技攻关项目“虹鳟鱼放牧式养殖技术”，2007年选择了4处中小水面进行试验，现将试验情况报告如下：     

复合免疫增强剂对金鳟非特异性免疫力的影响

在水温(13±1)℃下,将体质量(98.6±5.3)g的金鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss饲养在循环水系统中,投喂在基础饲料中分别添加0.5%、1%和2%的复合免疫增强剂,1周、2周、3周和4周后测定血清中溶菌酶(LYS)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性及补体C3的含量。投喂4周后,每尾鱼注射0.2mL浓度为3×10~8cfu/mL的杀鲑气单胞菌Aeromonas salmonicida,统计各组金鳟14d内的免疫保护率。结果显示:金鳟血清中LYS和SOD的活性及补体C3含量均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,投喂2周后达到最高值,显著高于对照组(P0.05);人工感染杀鲑气单胞菌后3个实验组14d内的死亡率显著低于对照组,表明该复合免疫增强剂能显著提高金鳟对细菌病的抵抗力。     

诺氟沙星在金鳟体内的药物代谢动力学研究

实验水温为15±2℃,金鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）（平均体质量100±10g）单剂量肌肉注射30.0 mg/kg诺氟沙星后,应用高效液相色谱（HPCL）法于0.15,0.25,0.5,0.75,1,1.5,2,4,6,8,12,24,48,72 h测定了鱼血浆、肝脏和肾脏组织中药物的浓度,研究了诺氟沙...     

诺氟沙星在金鳟体内的药物代谢动力学研究

实验水温为15±2℃,金鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）（平均体质量100±10g）单剂量肌肉注射30.0 mg/kg诺氟沙星后,应用高效液相色谱（HPCL）法于0.15,0.25,0.5,0.75,1,1.5,2,4,6,8,12,24,48,72 h测定了鱼血浆、肝脏和肾脏组织中药物的浓度,研究了诺氟沙星在金鳟组织中的分布及药物动力学规律。结果表明,诺氟沙星在金鳟体内吸收分布迅速,符合药物动力学一级吸收二室开放模型,但消除缓慢。诺氟沙星在金鳟血浆、肝脏和肾脏中的主要动力学参数如下：分布半衰期（T1/2α）分别为0.866、1.985、0.388h;消除半衰期（T1/2β）分别为31.369、36.402、30.975h;药时曲线下面积（AUC）分别为：308.005μg/mL.h、622.721μg/g.h、794.362μg/g.h。     

换水率和密度对刺参生长和水质的影响

为探究日换水率(0、10%、20%、30%和100%)和养殖密度[0.980±0.008、1.760±0.005、2.810±0.007和(3.640±0.006)kg/m3]对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长率和养殖水质的影响,养殖试验首先在非循环水养殖条件下,测定各组刺参综合特定生长率(ISGR)及养殖水体中氨氮及亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度。结果显示,日换水率为10%和20%处理组的ISGR分别达到每天(1.330±0.161)%和(1.410±0.182)%,显著高于其他处理组;密度养殖试验证明,随着养殖密度的增加,ISGR逐渐降低,分别达到每天(0.610±0.500)%,(0.570±0.030)%,(0.560±0.045)%和(0.320±0.040)%,各组换水率及养殖密度组水体中氨氮及亚硝酸盐氮均在安全浓度范围内波动;养殖结果显示,循环水养殖试验组刺参的ISGR高于非循环水养殖组,可达(0.130±0.007)%,且氨氮及亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度在0.020 mg/L以下,而非循环水养殖的分别积累到(0.600±0.015)mg/L和(0.076±0.002)mg/L。研究表明,在换水率15%,养殖密度(2.810±0.007)kg/m3的循环水养殖条件下,可以保证水体水质稳定,刺参生长良好。     

Aquacultureagriculture systems integration: an Australian prospective

The concept of integrating aquaculture with irrigated farming systems was evaluated in three projects in the GoulburnMurray Irrigation District (GMID) in south-eastern Australia. (1) Semi-intensive cage culture trials using silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell), were undertaken in a range of irrigated farming systems: irrigation supply channels; groundwater supplies; and on-farm storage dams. Survival and growth of fish under these conditions were comparable to fish reared in conventional aquaculture ponds. However, poor water quality at some sites reduced survival and growth. (2) A study was undertaken to assess the feasibility of the cage culture of silver perch and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), in three irrigation water storage reservoirs. Conditions within each reservoir, particularly water quality, wind and wave action, and cage fouling, varied considerably, and influenced fish growth and survival. (3) Mariculture trials were undertaken in two saline groundwater evaporation basins, which were part of an integrated agriforestry and salt reclamation system. The species tested included two oyster, two prawn and nine fish species. Some species exhibited exceptional survival and growth rates under trial conditions. These projects indicate that the concept of integrating aquaculture with existing irrigated farming systems has the potential to enhance productivity, water use efficiency and overall environmental sustainability in the GMID.     

Growth and feeding of Patagonian pejerrey Odontesthes hatcheri reared in net cages

An experiment was performed to evaluate the performance of Patagonian pejerrey during net cage rearing in the oligomesotrophic reservoir Exequiel Ramos Mexía. Survival, growth, nutrition and reproduction were evaluated for two lots of pejerrey, initial weights 4.0 and 2.5 g, reared in net cages for 22 and 14 months respectively. Fish were stocked at 29 and 48 individuals m^?3 densities and fed with an experimental pejerrey feed. During the experiment, temperature fluctuated between 6.6 and 19.6 °C. The two lots did not show substantial differences in survival (pooled survival at the end of the experiment >80%) and the thermal‐unit growth coefficient (TGC), daily feed intake and feeding efficiency were 0.43±0.19, 1.70±0.80 and 53.6±9.9 respectively. Digestive tract analysis showed that caged pejerrey can consume substantial quantities of natural food, taking advantage of its planktivorous condition. Pejerrey showed high percentage survival, slow growth and early sexual maturation in captivity. The use of the TGC is proposed as a model for describing the growth pattern of this species and other pejerrey under culture conditions.     

全封闭循环水养殖系统中养殖密度对钝吻黄盖鲽生长的影响

为了评估全封闭循环水养殖系统中养殖密度对钝吻黄盖鲽生长的影响及水质变化情况,将体质量为(250.00±50.83)g的钝吻黄盖鲽分成8个试验组(放养密度分别为18、22、26、30、34、38、42、46 kg/m³),进行了3个月的饲养试验,检测不同养殖密度下鱼的成活率、体质量增长率及饲料系数,同时对试验期间氨氮、亚硝酸盐和溶解氧等各项水质指标的动态变化进行监测。试验结果显示,各试验组鱼的成活率均达到96%以上,但随着养殖密度的增加,钝吻黄盖鲽的成活率总体呈现降低的趋势;低密度组(18 kg/m³)的体质量增长率最高,为36.1%,高密度组(46 kg/m³)的体质量增长率最低,为24.8%,且体质量增长率随着养殖密度的增加而逐渐降低;随着养殖密度的增加,饲料系数呈逐渐升高的趋势;养殖期间各项水质指标均保持在适宜钝吻黄盖鲽生长的范围内。结果表明,在本试验的循环水养殖系统中,综合考量养殖生长指标及单位面积产量,钝吻黄盖鲽规模化生产的最适养殖密度为42～46 kg/m³。     

New production strategy for silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus); over‐wintering fingerlings in a tank‐based recirculating aquaculture system

Slow growth and losses to bird predation and infectious diseases in winter can compromise the profitability of silver perch farming. To evaluate over‐wintering silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), fingerlings (38 g) were stocked in either cages in a pond at ambient temperatures (10–21 °C) or tanks in the RAS at elevated temperatures (19–25 °C) and cultured for 125 days. Mean survival (96%), final weight (146 g), specific growth rate (1.07% day^?1) and production rate (28.1 kg m^?3) of fish in the RAS were significantly higher than for fish over‐wintered in cages (77%, 73 g, 0.53% day^?1, 11.1 kg m^?3). Fish from both treatments were then reared in cages for a further 129 days. Final mean weight of fish originally over‐wintered in the RAS was 426 g, while fish over‐wintered in cages were only 273 g. To determine optimal stocking densities, fingerlings (11.8 g) were stocked at 500, 1000 or 1500 fish m^?3 in tanks in the RAS and cultured for 124 days. Survival was not affected, but growth was significantly slower and feed conversion ratio higher at 1500 fish m^?3 compared with 500 or 1000 fish m^?3. Results demonstrate that over‐wintering silver perch in an RAS can produce large fingerlings for grow‐out in early spring. This strategy could eliminate bird predation, reduce losses to diseases and shorten the overall culture period.     

Effects of Water Velocity on Conditioning of Summer Flounder,Paralichthys dentatus,for Net Pens

Abstract

Attempts to rear summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, in net pens have suffered from high mortality during the month after fish were transferred from a nursery facility to pens. We investigated whether exposing summer flounder to increased (and constant) current velocity in the nursery stage would condition them for better performance in cages. Three experiments were conducted with different water velocities in tanks, using fish of 124±4 g (exposed to 0, 15, or 30 cm/sec for 60 d), 257±12 g (exposed to 0, 20, or 40 cm/sec for 60 d) and 387±13 g (exposed to 0, 15, or 30 cm/sec for 30 d), in a raceway system with adjustable paddlewheels. For all of the size groups of fish, survival was significantly reduced at the highest current velocity. For both 124-g and 257-g fish, growth in the medium-velocity treatment was significantly better than that in the control (0 cm/sec) treatment, which in turn was better than that in the high-velocity treatment. For 387-g fish, growth at medium velocity was significantly greater than that at high velocity; control fish were lost due to a system malfunction. Food consumption data from the 257-g fish showed that the fish in medium velocity grew most because they consumed significantly more food during the experiment than did fish in the control, which in turn consumed significantly more than fish in high velocity. Similarly, 387-g fish in medium velocity consumed the most food, but the difference was not significant in this case. At the end of the laboratory experiment with 124-g fish, fish from the control and medium-velocity treatments were moved to cages in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, where currents of about 1 knot (approx. 55 cm/second) are routine. After three weeks in the cages, no significant differences in survival were observed (control = 83±12%; medium velocity = 81±2%). Subsequent damage to some of the cages and escapement of the fish precluded further statistical analysis of survival, as well as any growth measurements. At the end of the laboratory experiment with 387-g fish, fish from medium- and high-velocity treatments were moved to the cages; however, survival in this case was very low (<10% in all cages), perhaps due to heavy waves from an offshore hurricane. We conclude that current velocities of 15-20 cm/second in the nursery improve growth of juvenile summer flounder, that current velocities of 30-40 cm/second are excessive, but that increased current velocity in the nursery does not improve fish survival upon transfer to cages.     

氟苯尼考用于水产养殖的安全性

氟苯尼考(florfenicol)，又称氟甲砜霉素，是一种新型广谱高效抗菌药物，自20世纪90年代初开始应用于水产养殖。1990年氟苯尼考首次在日本上市用于治疗黄尾蛳(Seriola lalandei)、真鲷(Pagrosomus major)、银大马哈鱼(Oncorhynchus kisutch)、日本竹笑鱼(Trachurus japonicus)、虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)、香鱼(Plecoglossus altivelis)、罗非鱼和鳗鱼等的假结核性巴氏杆菌病(pasteurellosis)和链球菌病(streptococcosis)，随后，韩国、挪威、智利、加拿大、英国等分别上市用于治疗专门疾病。中国1999年批准氟苯考尼为国家二类新兽药，在水产养殖上可用于治疗鳗鲡爱德华氏病和赤鳍病。本研究从氟苯尼考抗菌活性与药效学、药代动力学、毒理学、以及药物残留、耐药性等方面探讨其用于水产养殖病害防治的安全性，旨为该药在中国水产养殖中的科学合理应用提供理论参考。     

The effects of long-term 20 mg/L carbon dioxide exposure on the health and performance of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar post-smolts in water recirculation aquaculture systems

Previous research and experience has linked elevated dissolved carbon dioxide (CO₂) to reduced growth performance, poor feed conversion, and a variety of health issues in farm-raised fish, including Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Supplemental control measures in water recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) to reduce CO₂ accumulation, however, such as increased water pumping to decrease tank hydraulic retention time, can represent significant costs for operators. We exposed post-smolt S₀ Atlantic salmon (197 ± 2 g, 423 days post-hatch) to either high (20 ± 1 mg/L) or low (8 ± <1 mg/L) dissolved CO₂ in six replicated freshwater RAS for 384 days to investigate differences in performance and health as the salmon were grown to harvest size. All RAS were operated at moderate water exchange rates (1.0% of the total recirculating flow), a 24-h photoperiod was provided, fish were fed to satiation, and densities were maintained between 40 and 80 kg/m³. Over the study period, dissolved oxygen was kept at saturation, mean water temperature was 14.1 ± 0.1 °C, and alkalinity averaged 237 mg/L as CaCO₃. At study’s end, no significant differences in fish weight (high CO₂ mean weight = 2879 ± 35 g; low CO₂ mean weight = 2896 ± 12 g), feed conversion ratio (1.14 ± 0.12 vs. 1.22 ± 0.13, respectively), or thermal growth coefficient (1.45 ± 0.01 vs. 1.46 ± 0.01, respectively), were observed. No significant differences in survival (high CO₂ mean survival = 99.1 ± 0.4%; low CO₂ mean survival = 98.9 ± 0.3%) or culls due to saprolegniasis (3.5 ± 1% vs. 3.0 ± 1%, respectively) were determined, and no nephrocalcinosis was observed through histopathological evaluation. Blood gas and chemistry evaluation revealed higher pCO₂, bicarbonate, and total CO₂, and lower chloride and glucose, in the high CO₂ cohort. Molecular analyses of gill enzyme regulation showed significantly higher expression of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase α1a in high CO₂ fish at 3-weeks post-challenge, indicating physiological adaptation to the higher CO₂ environment without any noticeable long-term impacts on health or performance. Overall, the results of this study suggest that, at 237 mg/L as CaCO₃ mean alkalinity, post-smolt Atlantic salmon can be raised in freshwater RAS to harvest size with up to 20 mg/L CO₂ without significantly impacting fish health and performance.     

Effect of Stocking Density on Growth,Yield, and Costs of Producing Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,in Cages

Abstract

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were raised in culture cages (1 m³) to determine the effect of stocking density on growth, survival, and percentage of market-size fish. Large fingerling rainbow trout (20-25 cm, 232 g average weight) were stocked into six cages located in a 0.4-ha pond. Two stocking densities (100 or 200 fish/cage) were used, and fish were grown for 140 days (2000-April 2001). Average total harvest weight (35.0 kg) in the low-density cages was approximately one-half the average total harvest weight (61.2 kg) in the high-density cages. Average weight gain (11.7 kg to 15.1 kg) and feed conversion (1.2 to 1.5) were also smaller for the low-density cages. Average survival was 96.7% for the low-density cages and 94.2% for the high-density cages, with the percentage of market-size fish (< 29 cm) averaging 50.3% and 52.0%, respectively. Production costs for the actual experiment and the revenues from fish sold at the end of the study were collected. An enterprise budget based on the experimental results for the two densities was developed to determine if a culture operation of this size would produce a net return. Production costs and revenues from the experiment resulted in a large negative return (-$3,124) and high breakeven price ($13.53/kg).     

抽屉式生物滤器在漠斑牙鲆循环水养殖中的效果研究

采用自行设计的抽屉式生物滤器应用于漠斑牙鲆(Paralichthys lethostigma)闭合循环水养殖系统,研究其对循环养殖水的处理效果及漠斑牙鲆的增重和饲料利用率的影响。结果表明:经过60 d的循环水养殖,漠斑牙鲆从初始时的(225.4±11.9)g增加到结束时的(337.5±10.3)g,增重率49.97%;试验饲料系数1.06,养殖密度24.1 kg/m3,成活率100%;抽屉式生物滤器对于NH4+-N、NO2--N和COD去除率分别为(10.61±1.88)%、(14.90±3.06)%和(16.11±1.70)%,可满足漠斑牙鲆养殖水体的水质要求。