不同水循环率对大菱鲆生长和水质的影响研究

研究了封闭循环水养殖系统中不同水循环率对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)生长和水质变化的影响。试验设置4个水循环率梯度12,24,36,48次/d,大菱鲆初始平均体重为200.36 g。经43 d养殖,12次/d组大菱鲆最终平均体重为277.98 g/尾,而48次/d组达到了296.24 g/尾;12次/d组水体氨氮(TAN)和亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N)浓度分别为0.41~1.50 mg/L和0.12~0.38 mg/L,而48次/d组分别为0.33~0.56 mg/L和0.05~0.09 mg/L。试验结果显示,提高水循环率可降低系统中氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的积累速度,优化养殖水质,减小水中有害物质对大菱鲆的胁迫作用,从而加快大菱鲆的生长速度,但对化学需氧量(COD)的去除没有显著影响。     

海参自净式养殖系统的设计与应用

设计制作了养殖槽底部流水并带有净化装置的循环水海参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖系统,饲养规格为(0.39±0.03)g的幼参,通过测定氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、COD等指标,以及海参的生长情况,研究该系统水质变化规律及养殖效果。结果表明,水质稳定后开启循环水养殖幼参,密度为0.47 kg/m3,干净化槽中加入硝化细菌后,7~12 d换水时,氨氮和亚硝酸盐的最大值分别为0.190 mg/L和0.077 mg/L。试验期间没有使用任何药物,海参的成活率为95%。     

生物絮团技术在凡纳滨对虾工厂化养殖中的应用试验

为研究设定密度条件下凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖过程中养殖池水质指标变化趋势和养殖效果,采用生物絮团技术在室外循环水养殖设施进行凡纳滨对虾的养殖试验。投苗规格为0. 158 g/尾,养殖密度为600尾/m~3,使用14口面积为15 m~2的水泥池进行试验,养殖周期120 d。结果显示:在养殖试验期间,试验池养殖水体氨氮平均质量浓度为(0. 81±0. 99) mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮的平均质量浓度为(2. 00±3.96) mg/L,p H 7. 48±0. 36,弧菌的平均质量浓度为(120±77) cfu/m L;经过120 d的养殖,对虾的平均全长达到(14. 022±0. 269) cm,平均体质量达到(15. 748±1. 803) g。研究表明,在室外循环水养殖水泥池利用生物絮团技术进行凡纳滨对虾养殖,具有养殖存活率高、换水率低、养殖产量高等优点,应用前景广阔。     

对虾养殖废水对周边海域水体中营养盐含量的影响

为评估对虾养殖对周边海域水体环境的影响,对海南一对虾养殖场分布海域的水体水质进行了调查。在对虾养殖期间,连续4个月测定了养殖废水排污口附近(参照点)及距离参照点不同距离海域水体中的氨氮、磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的浓度。结果显示,参照点水体中的氨氮、磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐分别为(0.121±0.001)mg/L,(0.058±0.002)mg/L,(0.039±0.003)mg/L和(4.753±0.015)mg/L。在距离参照点1.5 km处海域水体中的氨氮、磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐分别为(0.109±0.001)mg/L,(0.045±0.001)mg/L,(0.002±0.002)mg/L和(4.552±0.003)mg/L。从参照点由近及远,水体中的上述测定指标含量均呈降低趋势。其中,各采样点中亚硝酸盐的含量均显著低于参照点水体(P0.01),采样点2和采样点3处的磷酸盐的含量显著低于参照点水体(P0.05)。氨氮和硝酸盐的含量和参照点水体无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究结果表明对虾养殖废水的排放对周围海域水体中氨氮和硝酸盐影响较大,对亚硝酸盐和磷酸盐含量影响相对较小。     

循环水高密度养殖珍珠龙胆石斑鱼效果研究

为研究循环水高密度养殖珍珠龙胆石斑鱼[Epinephelus lanceolatu(♂)×Epinephelus fuscoguttatus(♀)]的养殖效果,在自行研制的循环水养殖系统中进行了试验。试验中对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼生长指标及养殖系统主要水质指标进行分析测定。结果显示,养殖期间的水质指标:水温26~29℃,盐度25~30,溶氧(DO)≥8 mg/L,氨氮浓度0.20~1.16 mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮0.05~0.40 mg/L。试验共持续250 d,分3个生长阶段:第1阶段87 d,密度由13.82 kg/m3增加到28.89 kg/m3,存活率95.28%,平均体重由(150±18)g增加到(329±42)g,特定生长率(SGR)为(0.90±0.06)%;第2阶段106 d,密度由28.89 kg/m3增加到53.36 kg/m3,存活率90.44%,平均体重由(329±42)g增加到(672±66)g,SGR为(0.67±0.02)%;第3阶段57 d,密度由46.98 kg/m3增加到69.50 kg/m3,存活率98.6%,平均体重由(676±52)g增加到(1 014±75)g,SGR为(0.71±0.02)%。养殖期间的平均SGR为(0.76±0.02)%,总存活率84.9%,饲料系数1.04,投入产出比为1∶2.02。本研究成果可为高密度养殖珍珠龙胆石斑鱼提供参考。     

生物絮凝系统构建过程对吉富罗非鱼免疫酶和生长的影响

以循环水养殖为对照组,研究了生物絮凝系统构建过程对初始体质量为(24.17±2.49)g吉富罗非鱼(GIFT,Oreochromis niloticus)免疫酶活性和生长的影响。试验时间30 d。结果表明,生物絮凝构建过程中养殖水体中氨氮、亚硝氮呈现先上升后快速下降的趋势,氨氮质量浓度最高(60.98±7.23)mg/L,亚硝氮质量浓度最高(117.34±15.50)mg/L;实验组罗非鱼的肝胰脏、头肾、血液中碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶以及总超氧化物歧化酶的活性与对照组均无显著差异;实验组罗非鱼特定生长率、肝体比、丰满度、蛋白质效率显著高于对照组(P0.05),饲料系数显著低于对照组(P0.05),增重率比对照组要高27.88%(P0.05),表明生物絮凝系统构建过程中吉富罗非鱼没有产生明显的应激反应,且生物絮凝养殖系统中罗非鱼的生长要优于循环水养殖系统。     

冷水鱼循环水养殖中的低温氨氮处理技术研究

为解决冷水鱼养殖过程中养殖水体中的氨氮累积问题,根据低温生物滤器及臭氧催化氧化处理氨氮的特点,设计了冷水鱼工厂化养殖氨氮处理系统并进行了试验。试验基于以臭氧氧化为主、低温生物处理为辅的处理工艺,试验鱼为虹鳟鱼,养殖密度为23 kg/m3,试验水体约为10 m3,试验周期为7 d。结果表明,该系统能够满足冷水鱼工厂化养殖过程中有关氨氮处理的水质指标要求,处理后的养殖池进水口的水质指标总氨氮≤0．18 mg/L,硝酸盐氮氮≤29．43 mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮氮≤0．1 mg/L;养殖水体氨氮浓度监测表明,臭氧在水中残留低于0．008 mg/L,符合养殖鱼类对水体臭氧浓度的安全要求。     

陆基循环水养殖美洲黑石斑技术

采用陆基循环水养殖系统进行了美洲黑石斑饲养试验,结果显示:经146 d养殖,美洲黑石斑的成活率为96.33%,体质量由(120.02±10.14)g增至(335.3±12.2)g,增重率达279.37%,日均增长1.47 g;陆基循环水处理系统对水体中SS的去除率为54.18%±18.9%,氨氮去除率为52.26%±6.71%,NO_2~--N去除率为77.76%±6.22%,试验期间养殖池水氨氮含量最高为0.522 mg/L,NO_2~--N最高为0.171 mg/L。试验结果表明,美洲黑石斑适合在陆基循环水养殖系统中饲养,陆基循环水养殖系统可为美洲黑石斑的生长提供良好的水体环境。     

热带凡纳滨对虾养殖排泄废水水质分析研究

为了解热带地区凡纳滨对虾集约化养殖过程中排泄养殖废水的水质状况及其与养殖水体水质间的关系,对海南陵水和万宁地区对虾养殖水体和养殖废水中的氨氮、亚硝酸氮、磷酸盐、总氮、总磷、BOD5和COD含量进行了检测分析。结果表明:养殖水体中氨氮、亚硝酸氮、磷酸盐、总氮、总磷、BOD5和COD含量分别为(1.88±0.87)、(0.70±0.42)、(0.15±0.04)、(7.00±1.70)、(0.42±0.14)、(4.11±0.69)和(4.32±0.08)mg/L。养殖废水中氨氮、亚硝酸氮、磷酸盐、总氮、总磷、BOD5和COD含量分别为(2.22±1.03)、(1.05±0.35)、(0.20±0.15)、(10.15±0.49)、(0.50±0.09)、(2.24±0.34)和(4.52±0.01)mg/L。氮磷营养盐含量养殖排泄废水高于养殖水体,差异不显著(P>0.05)。万宁地区亚硝酸盐含量养殖排泄废水显著高于养殖水体(P<0.05)。陵水地区磷酸盐和总氮含量养殖排泄废水显著高于养殖水体(P<0.05)。     

复合硝化菌制剂对水质改良的应用效果

室内静态水体中0.25mg/L复合硝化菌制剂使用后,7d内氨氮平均降解率为34.84%,亚硝酸盐氮的平均降解率为19.05%。0.5mg/L组氨氮平均降解率为45.05%,亚硝酸盐的平均降解率为41.79%。1.0mg/L组的氨氮平均降解率为55.26%,亚硝酸盐氮平均降解率为51.20%。氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的最大的降解峰值出现6d之间。而养殖池塘中,0.5mg/L复合硝化菌制剂后,5d内氨氮的降解率为13.61%～28.03%,7d内亚硝酸盐氮的降解率为9.30%～25.58%。0.2mg/L复合硝化菌制剂使用后,6d内氨氮的降解为23.40%～34.75%,7d内亚硝酸盐氮的降解率为16.33%～36.13%。试验结果表明,复合硝化菌制剂在养殖池塘中使用后,有降解速度快、降解能力强、维持时间长等特点,适宜于作为净化和调控养殖水质的渔用微生物制剂使用。     

全封闭循环水养殖系统中养殖密度对钝吻黄盖鲽生长的影响

为了评估全封闭循环水养殖系统中养殖密度对钝吻黄盖鲽生长的影响及水质变化情况,将体质量为(250.00±50.83)g的钝吻黄盖鲽分成8个试验组(放养密度分别为18、22、26、30、34、38、42、46 kg/m³),进行了3个月的饲养试验,检测不同养殖密度下鱼的成活率、体质量增长率及饲料系数,同时对试验期间氨氮、亚硝酸盐和溶解氧等各项水质指标的动态变化进行监测。试验结果显示,各试验组鱼的成活率均达到96%以上,但随着养殖密度的增加,钝吻黄盖鲽的成活率总体呈现降低的趋势;低密度组(18 kg/m³)的体质量增长率最高,为36.1%,高密度组(46 kg/m³)的体质量增长率最低,为24.8%,且体质量增长率随着养殖密度的增加而逐渐降低;随着养殖密度的增加,饲料系数呈逐渐升高的趋势;养殖期间各项水质指标均保持在适宜钝吻黄盖鲽生长的范围内。结果表明,在本试验的循环水养殖系统中,综合考量养殖生长指标及单位面积产量,钝吻黄盖鲽规模化生产的最适养殖密度为42～46 kg/m³。     

Low‐density culture of red abalone juveniles,Haliotis rufescens Swainson 1822, recirculating aquaculture system and flow‐through system

Commercial abalone culture is carried out using flow‐through systems with a high water volume exchange in Baja California, Mexico. The objective of this work was to compare the growth rate and survival of red abalone cultured in two systems. Flow through (daily water exchange rate of 800%) and recirculating systems consisted of a 250 L fibreglass tank and constant aeration, but biofiltration in the recirculating system was provided with a 28 L (1 ft³) bubble‐washed bead filter. Water variables were measured either daily (dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH and salinity) or three times a week (total ammonia nitrogen, nitrate‐nitrogen, nitrite‐nitrogen and alkalinity). Shell length was measured every 2 weeks for 18 weeks. Only the alkalinity and pH were significantly different due to the addition of sodium bicarbonate to the recirculating system. Abalone growth rate was 26.1 ± 15.96 μm day^?1 in the recirculating systems and 22.21 ± 18.69 μm day^–1 in the flow‐through systems. The final survival was 78.74% in the recirculating systems and 71.82% in the flow‐through systems. Significant differences in the final size and survival of the abalones were found between systems (P<0.05). Therefore, recirculating aquaculture systems is a feasible alternative for juvenile red abalone culture.     

生物—电氧化法去除海水养殖循环水污染物

为提高海水养殖循环水处理效率,降低处理成本,本研究采用曝气生物滤器与电化学阳极氧化组合工艺,考察了不同阳极电势、进水氨氮和亚硝酸盐浓度下系统对氨氮及亚硝酸盐等污染物的去除效果,研究了微生物与工作电极之间的相互作用,并分析了电化学反应能耗。在水力停留时间为45 min、1.4 V阳极电压、进水氨氮和亚硝酸盐浓度分别为4.5和1.3 mg/L条件下,生物—电氧化法对氨氮去除率达88.8%,高出对照组7.6%,出水氨氮和亚硝酸盐浓度分别为0.5和0.9 mg/L,COD去除率为88.2%,高出对照组19.4%,平均能耗0.040 kWh/m~3,电极表面微生物生长对阳极电氧化过程有促进作用,微生物功能预测显示实验组硝化功能占比为0.03%,对照组为0.07%。研究表明,生物—电氧化法对海水养殖循环水的污染物有良好的去除效果,具有一定的发展应用潜力。     

投喂发酵饲料对刺参能量收支、生长、酶活性及其养殖水质的影响

为探究发酵饲料在刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)苗种培育中的效果，本研究测定了投喂发酵饲料对刺参苗种能量收支、生长、非特异性免疫酶和消化酶活性的影响，同时，对比分析了1个倒池周期内投喂发酵和未发酵饲料养殖单元池水的重要水质指标差异。结果表明，在50 d的养殖实验周期内，投喂发酵饲料组刺参苗种的存活率(SR)为(91.51±0.74)%，显著高于未发酵饲料组[(82.35±2.22)%] (P<0.05)，苗种的特定生长率(SGR)为(1.83±0.01)%/d，与未发酵饲料组无显著差异。投喂发酵饲料刺参的生长能和代谢能占比分别为(13.25±1.01)%和(32.32±2.00)%，表明投喂发酵饲料可显著提高刺参生长能；对重要非特异性免疫酶指标和消化酶指标活性的测定结果表明，投喂发酵饲料组刺参的碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶和胰蛋白酶活性分别为(0.74±0.04) king U/100 ml、(95.52± 14.80) U/ml和(335.89±13.01) U/mg prot，显著高于投喂未发酵饲料组(P<0.05)；对实验期间一个倒池周期(7 d)内各实验组重要水质指标变化的测定结果表明，第7天投喂发酵饲料组水体氨氮和亚硝酸盐浓度分别为(263.27±32.57)和(315.15±61.41) μg/L，显著低于未发酵饲料组。综合各项指标可以看出，投喂发酵饲料可显著提升刺参苗种的生理代谢水平，并有利于维持养殖池水水质，表明发酵饲料在刺参育苗与养殖中具有广阔的应用前景。     

鲟鱼工厂化循环水养殖系统设计及运行效果

针对目前中国淡水工厂化循环水养殖系统建设和运行成本过高,推广应用受到一定程度制约的问题,在自主研发斜管重力滤沉淀装置、内循环流化床反应器、一体化臭氧接触反应器等水净化设备的基础上,通过应用物质平衡相关原理,精确设计、确立不同阶段系统关键运行参数,建立一种高效节能的鲟鱼工厂化循环水养殖系统。通过96 d养殖试验,结果显示,鲟鱼摄食和生长情况正常,养殖密度平均(41.2±2.3)kg/m~3,存活率95.8%,饲料系数1.17。日换水量在5%以下,水质情况良好,氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮后期稳定控制在(0.80±0.21)mg/L和(0.38±0.12)mg/L;系统平均日耗电量为33.3 kW·h,平均产出1kg鲟鱼耗电7.30 kW·h。系统运行具有低能耗、高效率的特点,可为鲟鱼循环水养殖提供技术支撑。     

Effects of water exchange regimes on growth, survival and shell normality of the hatchery reared juvenile spotted babylon (Babylonia areolata Link 1807) in a recirculating seawater system

Growth, survival and shell normality of hatchery reared juvenile Babylonia areolata were examined at four water exchange regimes of 0, 15, 30 and 60 day intervals in a recirculating seawater system over a 120 day experimental period. Higher body weight gains and shell length increments were observed in snails held at water exchange of 15 day intervals, especially when compared with those held at water exchange of 60 and 0 day intervals (P < 0.05). Water exchange affected the final survival of B. areolata. At the end of the experiment, final survival rates were 65.47 ± 0.66%, 87.48 ± 0.67%, 86.34 ± 0.92% and 78.50 ± 3.26% for snails held in the water exchange treatments of 0, 15, 30, and 60 day intervals, respectively, and those of shell abnormality were 97.65 ± 1.04%, 93.09 ± 2.34%, 97.08 ± 1.18% and 96.71 ± 1.84%, respectively. The present study concluded that water exchange regimes of the recirculating system influenced growth, survival, shell normality and water quality of the recirculating culture system for this species.     

Effects of stocking density on the survival,growth and physical injury of Marsupenaeus japonicus juveniles in a flowing water aquaculture system

Stocking density is a biotic factor affecting the production of cultivated animals in aquaculture. Herein, a rearing trial was conducted to investigate the impact of stocking density on the survival, growth performance and physical injury of Marsupenaeus japonicus juveniles in a flowing water aquaculture system. Five stocking densities were examined in this study, that is, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 individuals/m². Throughout the experiment, ammonia nitrogen and nitrite concentrations ranged from 0.02 ± 0.006 mg/L to 0.08 ± 0.035 mg/L and 0.002 ± 0.001 mg/L to 0.076 ± 0.021 mg/L respectively. The survival rate, specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain (WG), absolute growth rate (AGR) and coefficient of variation for weight (CV) across the stocking densities ranged from 90.38 ± 3.20% to 94.33 ± 4.73%, 1.42 ± 0.16%/day to 1.53 ± 0.05%/day, 1.09 ± 0.19 g to 1.15 ± 0.16 g, 0.018 ± 0.003 g/day to 0.019 ± 0.004 g/day and 16.21 ± 5.78% to 35.09 ± 10.68% respectively. Within the investigated densities, the survival rate and the abovementioned growth parameters were not significantly (p > .05) affected by the stocking density, consequently, a higher stocking density resulted in a significantly (p < .05) greater final biomass. The results regarding physical injury showed that the antennal breakage rate displayed a tendency of a positive correlation with the stocking density. Overall, the current study provides basic data for establishing a viable intensive farming system for M. japonicus and a promising indicator for easily assessing the crowding stress status of M. japonicus.     

Use of fluidized bed biofilter and immobilized Rhodopseudomonas palustris for ammonia removal and fish health maintenance in a recirculation aquaculture system

Intensive recirculating aquaculture relies on biofilters to sustain satisfactory water quality in the system. Fluidized bed and immobilized cell technologies were used to remove ammonia from the water and maintain fish health. A high‐rate nitrifying fluidized bed biofilter combined with valveless filter was designed for use in a recirculation aquaculture system (RAS). The suspended solids produced during fish culture could automatically be removed using a valveless filter. Natural porosity with fitting proportion, steady fluidization and expanding rate was chosen as the fluidized carrier. The technology of bacterial separation and cultivation was used. The immobilized Rhodopseudomonas palustris (R. palustris) produced through a biotechnologically embedding medium is suitable for fish and could help prevent diseases. Nitrification was promoted through the selective rearing of nitrobacteria in a fluidized bed biofilter. Water quality was improved using fluidized bed biofilter and immobilized R. palustris in the RAS. In addition, the proposed system was able to reduce costs. Maximum fish load was 45 ± 3 kg m^?3 in the closed recirculating water fish culture system, and water use was reduced by 80–90%. The total ammonia nitrogen removal rate of the technology was 80–95%, and nitrite N removal rate was above 80%.     

碳源添加方式对循环水养殖系统中微生物悬浮生长反应器水处理的影响

采用中试规模的循环水养殖系统,对比研究碳源连续添加的微生物悬浮生长反应器(SGR-Con)和碳源分次添加反应器(SGR-Sev)的水处理效果。典型反应周期内的溶解性有机碳浓度变化,SGR-Con反应区处于较高的稳定水平,SGR-Sev在反应周期的第0小时至碳源瞬时添加时快速上升至SGR-Con的水平,并且在反应周期的第4小时以后降至较低的稳定水平。实验期间,SGR-Sev反应区和沉淀区的溶解氧含量分别显著高于SGRCon的反应区和沉淀区;2个反应器的反应区pH无显著差异,沉淀区pH在2个反应器之间亦无显著差异。碳源分次添加的方式显著提高了反应器的脱氮效果,SGR-Sev对硝氮和总氮的去除率、出水碱度分别可达63.91%±14.31%、64.07%±12.11%和(278.18±80.33)mg/L。相较于SGR-Con,SGR-Sev的出水总氨氮和亚硝氮浓度较高。反应器采用碳源分次添加的方式可使絮团具有良好的沉降性能。研究表明,微生物悬浮生长反应器宜采用碳源分次添加的方式。     

日周期性循环变温对刺参耗氧率和排氨率的影响

测定了在日周期性温度波动模式下(15±3℃)刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)耗氧率、排氨率的变化。结果表明:在15±3℃的周期性温度波动模式下,变温对刺参耗氧率有显著影响(P<0.05),在变温过程中刺参耗氧率随温度的升高而增加,在前24 h内变温组平均耗氧率显著高于对照恒温处理组(P<0.05),在48 h后其日耗氧率均值与恒温组相比已无显著差异(P>0.05)。其大小排列顺序为24 h(0.022 5mgO2·g-1·h-1)>48 h(0.021 5 mgO2·g-1·h-1)>72 h(0.018 7 mgO2·g-1·h-1)>恒温组(0.018 1 mgO2·g-1·h-1)。变温处理下刺参的排氨率随温度的升高而增加,但其24 h～72 h日平均排氨率与恒温对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。本实验中测得的刺参O∶N值在27.01～33.63,且变温对刺参的O∶N值有显著影响(P<0.05),其主要原因是变温处理对刺参的氧代谢产生了显著的影响,分析发现,变温可以使刺参的脂肪和碳水化合物的代谢比率增大,从而影响了刺参O∶N值的变化。