Review of Aquaculture Research and Development of the Australian Freshwater Fish Silver Perch,Bidyanus bidyanus

Silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell), is a freshwater fish that is endemic to the Murray‐Darling River System, Australia. Over recent decades, its distribution and abundance in the wild have declined, and it is now a threatened species with the conservation status of “vulnerable.” Silver perch is a schooling, omnivorous fish, with white flesh, few bones, and high levels of omega fatty acids, and its aquaculture potential has long been recognized. Hatchery techniques, based on hormone‐induced spawning of captive broodfish in tanks and rearing of larvae in fertilized earthen ponds, were developed in the early 1980s. Fingerlings are currently used for stock enhancement and conservation or sold for commercial grow‐out or stocking farm dams. Research into the grow‐out of silver perch commenced in 1990 and demonstrated that it is an excellent fish for culture in static aerated earthen ponds with high survival rates (>90%), fast growth rates (2–5 g/fish/d) at high stocking densities (20,000/ha) leading to high production rates (10 tonnes/ha/yr). Since 1996, there has been research into nutrition, diet development, feeding strategies, broodfish domestication and management, culture in tanks and tank‐based recirculating aquaculture systems, diseases, health management, genetic improvement, and cage culture. Silver perch is a hardy species that performs well under different culture conditions and on diets with no or low levels of fish meal. Technology has been transferred to industry through major conferences in 1994 and 2003 as well as workshops, field days, extension, seminars, and numerous scientific and technical publications. The high quality of silver perch and its excellent culture attributes suggest that the species has the potential to form a large industry based on high‐volume, low‐cost production. However, despite these features and a strong technical base provided by research and development, industry growth has been limited and a relatively small industry currently produces only around 500 tonnes annually. Development has been restricted by a number of factors: poor site selection and design of some farms; use of inappropriate husbandry and/or production strategies; difficulties with pond production, including significant losses to bird predation and diseases; high costs of feeds; limited marketing and promotion; no processing component; no large‐scale investment; and the failure of many farms that were too small to be economically viable. Recent research has found that silver perch performs well in cages (high survival [>90%], good growth [1.7–3.5 g/fish/d], and high production rates [50–90 kg/m³]), and cage culture has advantages such as ease of management and prevention of bird predation that may help overcome some of the problems associated with pond production. Improved health management, new production strategies, cage culture, use of interstrain hybrids and other genetically improved fish, and integration with cotton and other irrigation industries offer opportunities for increased production and efficiencies, and further development of the silver perch industry. The potential of silver perch for commercial aquaculture remains very high.     

Growth and survival of selected aquatic animals in two saline groundwater evaporation basins: an Australian case study

Evaluation trials were undertaken in two evaporation basins filled with saline groundwater to identify finfish and shellfish that have the potential to survive and grow in these conditions. Test animals were reared in replicate culture units in each of two basins filled with saline groundwater located in the Goulburn–Murray Irrigation District (GMID), south‐eastern Australia. Salinity in basin 2 (9.5–24.6 p.p.t., mean 16.8 p.p.t.) was significantly higher than in basin 1 (8.8–15.2 p.p.t., mean 11.6 p.p.t.). Some differences were observed between the ionic concentrations in the groundwater and sea water (at 10 p.p.t.) and may have affected growth and survival of some species. Survival and growth for oysters (Crassostrea gigas and Saccostrea glomerata) in the basins were low. Shrimps (Penaeus monodon and Marsupenaeus japonicus) did not survive beyond 3 weeks. Of the eight species of fish stocked into the basins, Salmo salar, Macquaria novemaculeata and Acanthopagrus butcheri survived and grew in both basins. Oncorhynchus mykiss did not survive in the low‐salinity basin, whereas Bidyanus bidyanus did not survive in the high‐salinity basin. These results indicate that some species of fish in particular can be cultured in saline groundwaters within the GMID.     

Improving Water Use Efficiency in Semi-Arid Regions through Integrated Aquaculture/Agriculture

Two experiments were performed in the Bekaa plain in Lebanon to evaluate the feasibility of integrating aquaculture with established agriculture production in order to increase water productivity. Both experiments consisted of four plant management treatments: 1) Aquaculture effluent irrigation and no fertilizer; 2) aquaculture effluent irrigation and inorganic fertilizer; 3) well water irrigation and no fertilization; and 4) well water irrigation with inorganic fertilizer. In the first experiment, tilapia growth and radish production using aquaculture effluent were evaluated. All fish survived and grew, and radish production was improved by irrigating with aquaculture effluent. In the second experiment, maize (Zea mays) in large plots was irrigated with aquaculture effluent. Irrigation with effluent water improved maize production and improved soil nitrogen availability. In both experiments, fish production improved water value index and water use efficiency. Results suggest that aquaculture effluent can supplant inorganic fertilizers and could actually yield better crop production.     

The role of aquaculture in the sustainable development of irrigated farming systems in Punjab, Pakistan

Natural resource managers in Pakistan today preside over a massive investment in water distribution infrastructure. An historical bias towards large-scale irrigation systems and a focus on water use for arable crop production appears to have contributed to an imbalance in food production in the region. This has resulted in the diminished supply and elevated price of fish and meat products, compounded by the disruption of natural fisheries. The situation is inconsistent with the regions food security needs and an important potential role exists for increased aquaculture development. Physically and organizationally, the integration of various fish production approaches into existing land and water use practices would also appear to be fundamentally feasible. There would appear to be strong economic justification for diversified water use involving fish production, especially small and medium-scale carp production in ponds, using ground water. More broadly, within the context of the limited potential for further expansion of water resources, integrated aquaculture could contribute a vital productive element to various components of the water distribution arid irrigated farming systems in the Punjab. These include: supply canals, provided diverse institutional and engineering objectives can be accommodated; groundwater (including potential application of saline groundwater); the farm sub-system, especially integrated rice and fish production options in conjunction with alternative pest control strategies such as Integrated Pest Management; and irrigation drainage systems, where water quality permits. Therefore urgent broad research objectives should include the definition, investigation and development of a series of distinct economic and environmentally sustainable approaches to integrated animal protein production from aquatic resources, presently managed principally for agricultural production. Approaches should involve both the replacement of lost fishery potential resulting from large-scale irrigation development and flood control management, and the development of net gains in aquatic output, and should focus particularly on efforts to promote recycling of agricultural residues, reduced pesticide use and efforts to make better use of scarce water resources through the integrated aquaculture production across a broad range of water resources. An increasing number of countries are approaching full development of their surface water resources, and like Pakistan many face the development of new management approaches to increase diversity and improve productivity in relation to water use. The lack of research in support of the development of integrated aquaculture, which lags many years behind comparable agricultural research, may be constraining the breadth of choice available to natural resource managers to meet their food security needs.     

New production strategy for silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus); over‐wintering fingerlings in a tank‐based recirculating aquaculture system

Slow growth and losses to bird predation and infectious diseases in winter can compromise the profitability of silver perch farming. To evaluate over‐wintering silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), fingerlings (38 g) were stocked in either cages in a pond at ambient temperatures (10–21 °C) or tanks in the RAS at elevated temperatures (19–25 °C) and cultured for 125 days. Mean survival (96%), final weight (146 g), specific growth rate (1.07% day^?1) and production rate (28.1 kg m^?3) of fish in the RAS were significantly higher than for fish over‐wintered in cages (77%, 73 g, 0.53% day^?1, 11.1 kg m^?3). Fish from both treatments were then reared in cages for a further 129 days. Final mean weight of fish originally over‐wintered in the RAS was 426 g, while fish over‐wintered in cages were only 273 g. To determine optimal stocking densities, fingerlings (11.8 g) were stocked at 500, 1000 or 1500 fish m^?3 in tanks in the RAS and cultured for 124 days. Survival was not affected, but growth was significantly slower and feed conversion ratio higher at 1500 fish m^?3 compared with 500 or 1000 fish m^?3. Results demonstrate that over‐wintering silver perch in an RAS can produce large fingerlings for grow‐out in early spring. This strategy could eliminate bird predation, reduce losses to diseases and shorten the overall culture period.     

Spawning induction and hormonal levels during final oocyte maturation in the silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus)

The silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus Mitchell) (Teraponidae), is a native Australian freshwater fish that, due to its high potential for aquaculture, was introduced to Israeli fish farming. The objective of this study was to find an optimal method for inducing spawning of silver perch. The agents tested for this purpose were: human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG; 150 or 200 IU/kg BW); salmon gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue (sGnRHa at 10, 20, 30, or 40 μg/kg BW); mammalian GnRH analogue (mGnRHa at 30 μg/kg) and the combination of sGnRHa at 20 μg/kg and domperidone at 5 mg/kg BW. Based on spawning success and relative fecundity, sGnRHa at the dose of 30 μg/kg was found to be more efficient than hCG, mGnRHa or sGnRHa with domperidone. Since domperidone does not improve the GnRHa effect on final oocyte maturation (FOM) and spawning, it is suggested that the dopaminergic inhibition during the stages of FOM in the silver perch is weak. Therefore, the use of GnRHa alone is sufficient to induce spawning in this fish. Immunoreactive gonadotropin (IR-GtH) and estradiol levels increased after a single injection of sGnRHa, and peaked after 24 h. Plasma levels of 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20-P) also increased significantly 24 h after the injection of mGnRHa, 12 h before spawning, suggesting that 17,20-P is the maturation-inducing steroid in silver perch. In order to reveal whether the heterologous gonadotropin may elicit an immunological reaction, silver perch was subjected to prolonged treatment with hCG. This treatment resulted in no detectable titer of antibodies against the mammalian gonadotropin. In conclusion, although hCG has no deleterious effects in this fish, and is the more commonly used for spawning induction, sGnRHa at 30 μg/kg is the recommended treatment for spawning induction of female silver perch under the conditions prevailing in Israeli aquaculture.     

Water use and conservation for inland aquaculture ponds

The general hydrological equation, inflow = outflow ± change in storage, can be used to make accurate estimates of water use by ponds for inland aquaculture projects. The primary inflows are precipitation, runoff and regulated water additions. The main outflows are evaporation, seepage, overflow after storms and intentional discharge. Water conservation measures such as maintaining storage capacity in ponds equal to the normal, maximum daily precipitation, reduction in seepage beneath dams and through pond bottoms, fish harvest without draining ponds, and water re-use are discussed. Even with the implementation of water conservation measures, pond aquaculture is a water- intensive endeavour which consumes more water per unit of area than irrigated agriculture. However, the value of aquacultural production per unit of water used greatly exceeds that of irrigated agriculture. Reduction in effluent volume is the most effective water saving means, and not only reduces water consumption but also reduces the pollution potential of pond aquaculture.     

The Potential and Sustainability of Aquaculture in India

ABSTRACT

India is a very populous country with more than one billion people. In order to provide food for this growing population, serious environmental problems may result. Despite many benefits from the green, blue, and silver revolutions adopted in India, there has been much concern resulting from intensive agricultural practices that led to environmental problems in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Increasing demand for aquatic resources also caused inland fisheries to decrease over the past few decades. The location of aquaculture projects, landscape destruction, soil and water pollution by pond effluents, over-exploitation of important fish stocks, depletion in biodiversity, conflicts over agriculture and aquaculture among various stakeholder groups over resource and space allocation, and international fish trade controversies have threatened the long-term sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture industries. The subject of sustainable aquaculture has not been adequately projected in terms of current aquaculture practices aimed to boost a rural economy. This review briefly describes the key issues of aquaculture unsustainability in terms of intensive aquaculture, nutrient enrichment syndrome, soil and groundwater salinization, destruction of mangroves, loss of biodiversity, marine pollution and loss of fish stock, use of aquachemicals and therapeutics, hormone residues, etc. The strategies for sustainability have been highlighted with respect to rice-cum-fish culture, carp polyculture, integrated farming with livestock, rural aquaculture, intensification of small farms, wastewater-fed aquaculture, crop rotation, probiotics, feed quality, socioeconomic considerations, environmental regulations and fisheries acts, transboundary aquatic ecosystems, impact of alien species, ethical aspects of intensive aquaculture, responsible fisheries, and environmental impact assessment. A suggested model outlines the feedback mechanisms for achieving long-term sustainability through improved farm management practices, integrated farming, use of selective aquachemicals and probiotics, conservation of natural resources, regulatory mechanism, and policy instruments.     

Use of salt to control ichthyophthiriosis and prevent saprolegniosis in silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus

The ciliate protozoan, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis , and the fungus, Saprolegnia parasitica , cause the diseases ichthyophthiriosis and saprolegniosis respectively. Both diseases are difficult to control and can cause high mortalities of freshwater fish, including the Australian silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell). The efficacy of salt (NaCl) in controlling and preventing these diseases in silver perch was evaluated in aquaria and tanks. Low pH levels were also evaluated as a control for ichthyophthiriosis. Concentrations of 2 or 3 g L⁻¹ salt controlled infestations of I. multifiliis , and fish were free of both theronts and trophonts by day 8 at temperatures of 17.3–21.3 °C and by day 6 at 19.2–23.5 °C. Fish treated with 1 g L⁻¹ salt remained infested and all fish in a control treatment (0 g L⁻¹ salt) died. Although the mean survival rates of infested fish at pH levels of 5 or 6 were only 13.9% and 7.6%, respectively, there were no theronts or trophonts on surviving fish after 12 days. Silver perch harvested from a pond and treated with 2 or 3 g L⁻¹ salt did not become infected with S. parasitica and survival was 100%, whereas 16.6% of untreated (0 g L⁻¹ salt) fish became infected and survival was only 66.7%. A concentration of 2 g L⁻¹ NaCl is recommended for the control of ichthyophthiriosis and the prevention of saprolegniosis in silver perch held in tanks, aquaria and re-circulating aquaculture systems.     

我国水产养殖设施模式发展研究

作为世界水产养殖大国,我国的养殖设施模式要走上可持续发展的轨道,应该在为健康养殖提供进一步保障的前提下,更加注重系统在"节水、节地、节能、减排"方面的功效。养殖池塘、流水型养殖设施、循环水养殖设施和网箱养殖设施是我国集约化养殖的主要设施模式。这些设施在发挥巨大生产力的同时,在养殖水环境控制、水资源利用、生产系统效益、系统对环境的影响等方面,不同程度地存在着问题或矛盾,没能发挥出现代设施系统在健康养殖和产业可持续发展上应有的作用。本文在对以上4种主要养殖设施模式进行分析的基础上,结合养殖设施科技领域的研究成果,提出未来我国水产养殖设施模式的发展方向以及需要解决的重大科技问题,包括池塘工程化生态养殖设施、节水型养殖设施、经济型循环水养殖设施、系统化深水网箱养殖设施等4种发展模式。     

Engineering procedures for design and analysis of submersible fish cages with copper netting for exposed marine environment

Novel design and analysis procedures are needed for engineering of the offshore fish farms utilizing copper alloy netting. Existing technologies developed for fish cages with polymer nets are not directly transferrable to the fish cages with copper netting. In particular, the structural integrity of fish cage/mooring systems, and initial high costs of fish cages with copper netting are two major concerns in the engineering for open ocean aquaculture. We propose the modified engineering procedures, which address these concerns and allow for retrofitting of existing fish farming systems with polymer nets. These procedures are illustrated by considering two case studies: design of a rigid-frame and flexible gravity-type fish cages. Performance of both designs is analyzed after the field trials in the North Atlantic and South Pacific oceans, correspondingly.     

Entrainment and impingement of juvenile silver perch,Bidyanus bidyanus,and golden perch,Macquaria ambigua,at a fish screen: effect of velocity and light

Entrainment and impingement of two non‐salmonid species susceptible to entrainment at irrigation diversions, silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell), and golden perch, Macquaria ambigua (Richardson), were examined at an experimental intake screen in a laboratory flume under a range of velocities and light levels. The presence of an intake screen significantly reduced entrainment, in some cases reducing mortality from over 90% (unscreened) to less than 2% (when screened). Although some differences in behaviour existed between species, approach velocities (measured 8 cm in front of the screen) up to 0.4 m s^?1 effectively reduced entrainment, with very little injury or mortality resulting from incidental screen contacts or impingement. Both species used visual cues to negotiate the screen face, thereby increasing their ability to avoid contact at higher velocities. In the absence of these visual cues, positive rheotactic behaviour was enhanced and fish mostly avoided approaching the screen. These results demonstrate that fish screens operated at approach velocities of up to 0.4 m s^?1 have great potential for the protection of silver perch and golden perch juveniles at irrigation intakes.     

我国离岸养殖工程发展策略

发展离岸养殖工程对于保障水产品供给、开发蓝色国土资源、实现海洋水域资源的合理利用与有效开发具有重大意义。本文阐述了我国网箱养殖工程发展现状和面临的主要问题,介绍了国外在深水抗风浪网箱和养殖工船方面的研发进展,指出未来离岸养殖工程发展趋势是养殖设施系统大型化、养殖环境生态化、养殖地域外向化、养殖过程低碳化,提出了我国离岸养殖工程发展战略目标是:至2020年,全面形成面向深海、合理分布于主权海域的海上水产品养殖生产与流通体系,实现海洋渔业由"捕"向"养"的根本性转变,建立领先于世界的工业化蓝色农业生产体系。     

Proximate and fatty acid composition of 13 important freshwater fish species in central Europe

We aimed to investigate proximate and fatty acid composition of important freshwater fish species in the Czech Republic. Sampled fish include seven species from intensive farming: African catfish, rainbow trout, Wels catfish, Nile tilapia, brook trout, northern whitefish, and pikeperch; eight species from semi-intensive culture systems: common carp, northern pike, pikeperch, grass carp, European perch, tench, silver carp, and catfish; and three species from extensive culture systems: rainbow trout, tench, and common carp. The fat content and fatty acid composition were highly influenced by the culture systems. Simultaneously, we observed a significant dependence of fatty acid composition on the fat content. The content of saturated fatty acids was below 34% in all analyzed fish. Northern pike, pikeperch, and European perch contained with over 50% the highest proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Intensively cultured fish reached the highest content of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acid. Nutritional quality was determined by atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes which ranged from 0.27 to 0.63 and 0.20 to 0.61 and by ratios n-3/n-6 (0.54–3.45) and polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids (0.67–2.01). Results demonstrated that the flesh of all studied species are of high nutritional quality.     

Optimum Density of Red Tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus×O. urolepis hornorum in a Pulsed-Flow Culture System

Abstract.— Densities of 9 tilapia (hybrid Oreochromis mossambicus × O. urolepis hornorum)/m³ gave the highest production among five densities (1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 fish/m³) tested in a pulsed-flow culture system. Culture of fish in irrigation ditches may have great potential for integrating fish farming with irrigated agriculture. Each 1,000 meters of ditch could potentially produce up to 1,400 kg of tilapia during a 112-d growing season.     

Gill ATPase activities of silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell), and golden perch, Macquaria ambigua (Richardson): Effects of environmental salt and ammonia

The Australian freshwater fish, silver and golden perch, are increasingly being used for aquaculture. Addition of salt to water is commonly used in commercial aquaculture to reduce stress attributed to high ammonia concentrations. The activities in gill homogenates of ouabain-sensitive Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and NEM-sensitive ATPases (as a measure of H⁺-ATPases) of silver and golden perch were measured after maintaining the fish in water containing different salt and ammonia concentrations. Six treatments were applied in a 2 × 3 factorial design: two salt treatments, low salt (LS) of 2.5 g l^− 1 and high salt (HS) 5 g l^− 1, and three ammonia treatments, no added ammonia (NA), low ammonia (LA), 3 mg total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) l^− 1 and high ammonia (HA), 5 mg TAN l^− 1. In both species, activity of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase was lowest in fish kept in the LSNA treatment (7.4 ± 0.4 μmol Pi mg protein^− 1 h^− 1 for silver perch and 3.1 ± 0.6 for golden perch) and highest in the HSHA treatment (15.2 ± 1.0 μmol Pi mg^− 1 protein h^− 1 for silver and 8.4 ± 1.2 for golden perch). In both species there was a significant increase (P < 0.001) in Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity with increase in salt concentration and with an increase in ammonia concentrations. A significant interaction (P < 0.036) between salt and ammonia on Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity was observed in silver but not in golden perch. In contrast, the lowest activity for NEM-sensitive ATPase was observed in the HSNA treatment (1.0 ± 0.2 μmol Pi mg^− 1 protein h^− 1 for silver and 1.5 ± 0.4 for golden perch) and highest in LSHA treatment (2.9 ± 0.4 μmol Pi mg^− 1 protein h^− 1 for silver and 3.6 ± 1.2 for golden perch). In both species there was a significant decrease in NEM-sensitive ATPase activity with increase in salt concentration and an increase in activity with increase in ammonia (P < 0.003). In silver perch, a significant interaction between the treatments was observed (P < 0.02). The results suggest that in these species of freshwater fish the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase has a role in salt and ammonia homeostasis and that the NEM-sensitive ATPases are more active in fish kept in water with a lower salt content. It is possible that the increase in ammonia resistance when salt is added to the environmental water in commercial aquaculture systems may be due to the effects of salt on gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity rather than the NEM-sensitive ATPases.     

Efficiency of culture-based fisheries production in village irrigation systems of Sri Lanka

Despite the growing popularity of culture-based fisheries (CBFs) associated with village irrigation systems (VISs) in Sri Lanka, there is less knowledge about factors that influence productivity levels. CBFs compete with rice for access to water in the VIS, so maximizing the efficiency of CBFs is essential to ensure that the limited water resources are used most effectively. To address this, primary data from 325 fish farming groups were used to estimate a stochastic translog production frontier. Technical efficiency in these irrigation systems was found to be generally low, and substantially lower than that of other aquaculture production systems in other Asian countries. This suggests that production can be increased substantially with better management using existing technology and resources. Removing subsidies, improving consultation with extension officials and improving water user rights – in particular, the introduction of a transferable community quota system – were found to be key means for improving efficiency.     

Comparative efficacy of trash fish versus compounded commercial feeds in cage aquaculture of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) (Bloch) and tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) (Forsskål)

Trash fish/low valued fish is still the most commonly used feed in marine cage culture in Asia. Use of trash fish is controversial with regard to the sustainability of the farming practices, and related issues on environmental degradation. In this study, the results of farm based trials on Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) and tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) to evaluate the efficacies of the use of commercial pellet feed in comparison to trash fish/low valued fish in marine cages in Thailand are presented. In spite of the variations observed in each of the farm sites, the results indicate that the overall growth performances and fish survival rates between the two feed types were similar, for both species. However, better cost‐benefit and resource use were recorded for fish reared on trash fish/low valued fish. No significant differences were observed in water quality parameters, dissolved oxygen, transparency and ammonia, between sites where pellet or trash fish were used, inside and outside the cages and for both species. The results of the present study are discussed in the light of the current controversies on the use of trash fish/low valued fish in marine cage culture.     

Fish polyculture system integrated with vegetable farming improves yield and economic benefits of small‐scale farmers

This study explored the yield and economic benefits of African sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus, and Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus polyculture, reared in earthen ponds for 270 days integrated with Chinese cabbage, Brassica rapa chinensis, farmed for 45 days to small‐scale farmers in Tanzania. An integrated aquaculture–agriculture (IAA) system involving fishes and vegetables resulted in three and 2.5 times higher net yield than the culture of fishes alone and farming of non‐integrated vegetables respectively. Vegetables irrigated with pond water resulted in 1.8 times higher net and annual yields than those irrigated with stream water. The practice of fish–vegetable integration and growing of vegetables irrigated with pond water produced 14 and 13 times higher net annual yield, respectively, than the culture of fishes alone. The integrated system produced 20 and 150 times more net returns compared with vegetables irrigated with pond and stream water respectively. Integrating fishes with vegetables resulted in significantly higher annual net cash flow than the farming of fishes and vegetables separately. The study revealed that integrating fishes with B. rapa chinensis increases yields, income and food production to small‐scale farmers. Thus, small‐scale farmers can adopt IAA technology to meet the increasing demand of fish and vegetables, stabilize their incomes and diversify food production, consequently improving food security. These benefits will be realized by providing proper training in IAA technology and management skills to small‐scale farmers.     

2种新型塑胶环保型网箱养殖褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)与大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)效果的评估

以褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)和大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)为养殖对象,设计了2种新型的鲆鲽类网箱,即新型塑胶环保型单、双层网箱。通过褐牙鲆和大菱鲆网箱养殖实验来验证2种新型的网箱在实际生产中的可行性。结果显示,褐牙鲆传统木箱养殖组的商品鱼成活率为92.73%,单位面积产量为16.42 kg/m~2;塑胶单层网箱养殖组的成活率为96.37%,单位面积产量为17.42 kg/m~2。2个组的成活率、单位面积产量均存在显著差异(P0.05),单位面积产量同比增产6.10%。小规格大菱鲆传统网箱商品鱼成活率为92.50%,单位面积产量为8.09 kg/m~2;塑胶单层网箱组的商品鱼成活率为92.50%,单位面积产量为8.02 kg/m~2;塑胶双层网箱组的商品鱼成活率为92.00%,单位面积产量为10.53 kg/m~2,与传统网箱、单层塑胶网箱存在显著差异(P0.05),且同比增产分别为30.00%、31.00%。大规格大菱鲆单、双层塑胶环保型网箱养殖的成活率达到95.00%以上,单位面积产量均为14.52–16.32 kg/m~2;大规格大菱鲆双层网箱实验组平均尾重与单层网箱示范组差异显著(P0.05),单位养殖面积产量同比单层网箱示范组增产11.00%。研究表明,新型塑胶环保网箱养殖褐牙鲆效果良好。新型网箱相对于传统木制网箱除了具有节能环保、节约资源、操作便利的特点外,双层网箱养殖可提高有效利用面积,增加养殖效益。