菲律宾蛤仔净化技术研究

研究探讨了用食品级二氧化氯消毒海水净化菲律宾蛤仔的生产工艺。通过L9(33)的3次重复正交试验,以大肠菌群数的杀菌率为指标,摸索出用4倍的消毒海水(二氯化氯的质量分数为8×10-6)在充氧状态下净化菲律宾蛤仔,8h换水1次,净化时间共24h的净化工艺。该工艺经中试能使菲律宾蛤仔肠道的大肠菌群数从4200MPN/100g下降到230MPN/100g,杀菌率达95%左右;砂分从65mg/100g降到23mg/100g;挥发性盐基氮从3.8mg/100g上升到5.8mg/100g,这些指标都满足DB35/575—2004的要求。同时进行了余氯的定性和定量检测,证明净化的菲律宾蛤仔未检出余氯的残留。     

主要贸易国对贝类产品安全卫生控制的化学污染项目和限量规定

我国是世界贝类养殖生产第一大国，2008年我国海水贝类养殖面积达2096．7万公顷，海水贝类养殖产量1008万吨，占海水养殖总产量的75％。主要贝类品种为：牡蛎、扇贝、贻贝、缢蛏、菲律宾蛤仔、文蛤、巴非蛤、泥蚶等，这些品种占贝类总产量的80％以上。     

福建连江县东南部海域养殖贝类质量安全评估

根据2009年4月、6月和8月进行的连江县东南部贝类生产区域类别划分调查资料,着重对黑鲍、紫贻贝、僧帽牡蛎、太平洋牡蛎、缢蛏、菲律宾蛤仔、文蛤等养殖贝类体中有毒有害物质( Cu、Pb、Cd、总汞、无机砷、石油烃、滴滴涕、多氯联苯、大肠杆菌、腹泻性贝类毒素(DSP)、麻痹性贝类毒素(PSP))的含量进行分析,结果表明:连...     

不同盐度和饵料藻对牡蛎体内重金属排出率影响的研究

贝类是水产品的主要品种之一,具有营养丰富、风味独特的特点。但研究表明,目前我国已有约20万km^2的近海海域受到污染,海水水质达不到国家一类海水水质标准,重金属对底栖滤食性贝类的污染愈来愈严重,尤其是Cd和Pb超标现象严重,许永安Ⅲ等研究UV法对文蛤、花蛤、缢蛏的净化效果,指出大量降低贝类的重金属含量似乎不可能。陆超华等研究盐度对近江牡蛎体内Pb、cd排出的影响,指出水体盐度的升高有利于近江牡蛎体内残留Pb的排出,而有碍于残留Cd的排出。     

四种双壳贝类对养殖尾水的净化作用

为了解滤水性双壳贝类对养殖尾水的净化能力，并寻找其净化能力最强时，贝类放养密度及规格，选择缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)、四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)及青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)四种常见的海水养殖贝类，研究其不同品种、不同养殖密度、不同规格对养殖尾水的氨氮、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及水体pH值的调节净化效果。结果表明：(1)缢蛏、青蛤、菲律宾蛤仔三种贝类中，缢蛏的净化效果最佳，与对照组相比，48 h后缢蛏组水体pH值较为稳定，氨氮下降44.30%,硝酸盐含量下降81.36%,亚硝酸盐含量下降82.02%,优于其他两种贝类。(2)比较不同密度四角蛤蜊试验组，以5 ind/L密度组净化效果最显著，处理48 h后可有效降低水体氨氮值81.40%,而2 ind/L密度则会引起水体亚硝酸盐水平显著上升(P<0.05)。(3)不同规格缢蛏对养殖尾水pH值、硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐浓度48 h并无显著影响(P>0.05),但小规格缢蛏会引起养殖水体氨氮水平显著上升(P<0.05...     

净化僧帽牡蛎肉低温保鲜效果研究

为了使僧帽牡蛎（Saccostrea cucullata）卫生安全并低温流通,对大肠菌数超标的僧帽牡蛎进行净化。大肠菌群数6 000 MPN/100 g贝肉以下的僧帽牡蛎经24 h的净化,可达到净化海水贝类标准（DB 35/575—2004）的要求（≤300 MPN/100 g贝肉）;同时对净化蛎肉用注净化海水和未注净化海水两种包装,在-4-10℃各温度下进行保鲜试验,保鲜过程中两种包装牡蛎肉的挥发性盐基氮变化无显著差异,净化蛎肉在-4-0℃温度带微冻保鲜效果较好,在5℃以下贮藏比较安全。建议生产上将净化僧帽牡蛎注净化海水包装在0-4℃贮运。     

福建中东部海水养殖贝类质量现状与评价

通过对2014—2018年在福建中东部共1 265批次贝类样品开展的卫生监测抽检的数据进行分析,并利用《2018年海水贝类产品卫生监测检测项目、方法及限量值》对贝类质量安全水平进行评估,结果表明:监测区域内的海水养殖贝类样品大多符合一类生产区标准,部分符合二类生产区标准,少量符合三类生产区标准,总体处于较好水平。监测的太平洋牡蛎、缢蛏、菲律宾蛤仔、贻贝、美洲帘蛤、文蛤6种养殖贝类中缢蛏对铅的富集能力高于其他品种,而太平洋牡蛎和贻贝对镉的富集能力较其他品种相对较强。     

7种经济贝类生殖腺脂肪酸含量的研究

为了提高文蛤等经济贝类的稚贝成活率,对文蛤等7种经济贝类的生殖腺中脂肪及脂肪酸的含量进行了研究。试验结果表明:不同的贝类总脂肪含量不同,其中,缢蛏最高,可达25.48%,虾夷扇贝22.32%,文蛤21.27%,泥蚶19.89%,紫贻贝16.79%,杂色鲍15.75%,青蛤含量最低,只有14.88%。由于浙江沿海的缢蛏一般是在10~11月产卵、受精及完成胚胎发育,在这种低温条件下配子的成熟和受精卵发育需要大量的能量,缢蛏的脂肪含量为最高,精巢为11.02%(占所取样品干重),卵巢为14.46%。雌雄生殖腺的脂肪含量也不同,一般是雌性生殖腺脂肪含量明显高于雄性生殖腺。不饱和脂肪酸的含量大于饱和脂肪酸,其中,紫贻贝含量最高,为67.23%,文蛤次之67.19%,泥蚶第三64.27%,虾夷扇贝59.74%,缢蛏59.40%,青蛤最低,仅为57.51%。生殖腺的质量是繁殖成败的关键,其中脂质的积累是影响生殖腺发育的主要因素之一。     

滩涂贝类池塘健康养殖技术

我国的海水养殖面积和产量均居世界首位。据统计，2002年我国海水养殖产量达1212．84万吨，海水养殖面积134．475万公顷。其中滩涂贝类产量约占我国海水养殖总产量的19％。本文所指滩涂贝类品种主要为缢蛏、菲律宾蛤仔、文蛤、青蛤、蚶类、牡蛎等。池塘养殖滩涂贝类，就是利用沿海滩涂的虾塘、围垦，或筑堤围塘，进行蓄水养殖。其优点是投资少，风险小，效益高，设施和操作简单，受不利环境的影响小。本文着重介绍利用池塘进行缢蛏、蛤类和蚶类的健康养殖技术。     

4种海洋贝类对海水中铜(Cu)的富集能力

为研究4种海洋贝类(泥蚶、菲律宾蛤仔、缢蛏、单齿螺)对海水中铜(Cu)的富集效应。设置Cu浓度分别为0.015、0.020、0.025、0.035、0.065和0.115 mg/L 6个试验组,采用半静水法进行泥蚶、菲律宾蛤仔、缢蛏、单齿螺对海水中Cu的富集试验,分别在0、1、3、5、10、15、20、25、30 d取出部分贝类用微波消解—原子吸收光谱法测定Cu含量。结果表明:4种贝类均对Cu表现出了一定的富集效应,单壳类对Cu的富集效应明显大于双壳类。水体中Cu浓度达到0.035 mg/L时,泥蚶和单齿螺对Cu的富集效应明显。水体中Cu浓度达到0.025 mg/L时,菲律宾蛤仔和缢蛏对Cu富集明显。贝类体内Cu含量总体上随水体中Cu含量增加而增加,但当水体中Cu浓度在某个浓度点时,贝类体内的Cu含量反而有个低点。这一低点对于泥蚶为0.025 mg/L、对于菲律宾蛤仔和单齿螺为0.035 mg/L,缢蛏并不明显。贝类体内Cu含量总体上随富集时间的增加而增加。在3～5 d时,贝类体内Cu含量明显降低,在5～10 d后Cu含量又继续增加。同时,实验还进一步探讨了贝类对重金属的富集机制,比较了不同贝类对重金的富集能力。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO₂ and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na⁺ and Cl^‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H⁺ and , for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.     

Are hatchery‐reared abalone naïve of predators? Comparing the behaviours of wild and hatchery‐reared northern abalone,Haliotis kamtschatkana (Jonas, 1845)

Abalone populations have declined worldwide, generating interest in enhancement using hatchery‐reared individuals. In many cases, such restoration efforts have met with limited success due to high predator‐induced mortality rates. Furthermore, the mortality rates of outplanted hatchery abalone are often considerably higher than for wild individuals. This study uses northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) as a case study to determine whether hatchery‐reared abalone behave differently than their wild counterparts. In the field, outplanted hatchery‐reared abalone were significantly less responsive than wild abalone, in terms of number of abalone responding and intensity of response, to nearby movement and to physical contact with an inert probe. Also, when encountering a cue to which all abalone responded (a seastar predator), hatchery‐reared individuals remained subdued. Anti‐predator behavioural deficits in hatchery‐reared abalone were more pronounced in 4‐year‐old individuals than in 1‐year‐old individuals, suggesting an influence of either age or amount of time spent in the hatchery environment. These behavioural differences are expected to increase the vulnerability of hatchery‐reared abalone to predators, and are likely a major cause of their elevated predator‐induced mortality when outplanted.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Migratory dynamics of stream-spawning longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus)

Abstract– Literature evidence suggests that lake-dwelling longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) enter tributary streams to spawn, Until the present study, the dynamics of this breeding migration had never been investigated quantitatively. During the summers of 1991 and 1992, longnose gar were captured as they entered Weaubleau Creek, Missouri, a tributary of Harry S. Truman Reservoir. The in-stream spawning migration began in early April and ended in late May, and was positively correlated with stream flow and water level, and negatively correlated with water temperature. In-stream residence times ranged from 15 to 94 days, with males exhibiting longer residence times than females. Once in-stream, longnose gar travelled as far as 10 km upstream and occupied certain pools at greater relative frequencies. Although the reason for this preferential utilization is not completely understood, it may relate to pool depth and riffle proximity. Longnose gar disperse from the spawning stream great distances, with gar captured in Weaubleau Creek being recaptured up to 48 km away. This information should provide fisheries biologists the means to consider the reproductive ecology of this species in their conservation and management decisions.     

Nutritional regulation of hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The desaturation and elongation of [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was investigated in hepatocytes of the tropical warm freshwater species, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pathway was assayed before and after the fish were fed two experimental diets, a control diet containing fish oil (FO) and a diet containing vegetable oil (VO; a blend of olive, linseed and high oleic acid sunflower oils) for 10 weeks. The VO diet was formulated to provide 1% each of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, and so satisfy the possible EFA requirements of zebrafish and tilapia. At the end of the dietary trial, the lipid and fatty acid composition was determined in whole zebrafish, and liver, white muscle and brain of tilapia. Both zebrafish and tilapia expressed a hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation/elongation pattern consistent with them being freshwater and planktonivorous fish. The data also showed that hepatic fatty acid desaturation/elongation was nutritionally regulated with the activities being higher in fish fed the VO diet compared to fish fed the FO diet. In zebrafish, the main effect of the VO diet was increased fatty acid Δ6 desaturase activity resulting in the production of significantly more 18:4n-3 compared to fish fed the FO diet. In tilapia, all activities in the pathway were greater in fish fed the VO diet resulting in increased amounts of all fatty acids in the pathway, but primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). However, the fatty acid compositional data indicated that despite increased activity, desaturation of 18:3n-3 was insufficient to maintain tissue proportions of EPA and DHA in fish fed the VO diet at the same level as in fish fed the FO diet. Practically, these results indicate that manipulation of tilapia diets in commercial culture in response to the declining global fish oil market would have important consequences for fish fatty acid composition and the health of consumers. Scientifically, zebrafish and tilapia, both the subject of active genome mapping projects, could be useful models for studies of lipid and fatty acid metabolism at a molecular biological and genetic level. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.