萎凋技术对工夫红茶品质影响研究进展

工夫红茶的加工工艺中,萎凋是第一道丁序,是形成红茶品质的基础工序。茶鲜叶经过萎凋,既有物理方面的失水,也有化学方面的物质转化。影响萎凋品质的因素主要有萎凋方式、萎凋时间、萎凋温度及萎凋程度等,萎凋效果对红茶最后品质的形成影响较大。因此,本文通过综述萎凋方式、萎凋时间、萎凋温度及萎凋程度对工夫红茶品质的影响,并提出建议,以期生产企业能在实际生产中对萎凋工序及萎凋各因子对红茶品质的影响有足够的认识,为生产优质红茶和新工艺产品开发提供一些帮助。     

工夫红茶萎凋及发酵工艺参数优化研究

以优化工夫红茶发酵配套工艺参数为目标,采用三因素三水平的响应面中心试验设计,优化发酵工艺参数。采用不同萎凋时间、发酵温度和发酵时间,同时对加工过程中茶色素的变化做出研究。选取具有代表性的传统加工福建工夫红茶的茶厂,采集加工过程的样品,做出化学测定分析及感官品质分析,找出福建工夫红茶加工工艺的最优参数,新工艺发酵的茶样品质均匀、叶底红亮,香气和滋味品质明显提升,感官品质总分较传统发酵提高2.1分。     

萎凋温度、湿度及风速对红茶品质的影响

萎凋是红茶加工的关键工序之一,萎凋环境对红茶品质的形成有重要影响。张雁飞等比较了传统萎凋、鲜叶冷冻以及冷冻萎凋工艺对祁门红茶品质的影响,发现冷冻萎凋工艺制得的红茶除可溶性糖略低外,其余成分含量均高于传统萎凋方式,但香气组分萜烯类物质、香叶醇、苯乙醇等祁红特征物质含量低于传统萎凋。黄建琴也发现冷冻萎凋能明显缩短工夫红茶的萎凋和发酵时间,增加红茶的茶黄素和茶红素含量,提高滋味和汤色品质,但冷冻萎凋降低了葡萄糖酶活性,对红茶香气的形成有一定影响。     

福建工夫红茶萎凋及发酵工艺参数优化研究

以优化福建工夫红茶发酵配套工艺参数为目标,采用三因素三水平的响应面中心试验设计,优化发酵工艺参数。采用不同萎凋时间、发酵温度和发酵时间,同时对加工过程中茶色素的变化做出研究。选取具有代表性的传统加工福建工夫红茶的茶厂,采集加工过程的样品,做出化学测定分析及感官品质分析,找出福建工夫红茶加工工艺的最优参数,新工艺发酵的茶样品质均匀、叶底红亮,香气和滋味品质明显提升,感官品质总分较传统发酵提高2.1分。     

远红外提香温度对工夫红茶品质的影响

利用101-3Y型远红外鼓风恒温干燥箱进行工夫红茶的提香试验,分析不同提香温度对工夫红茶感官品质及主要生化成分的影响。结果表明,随着提香温度的升高,各处理茶样的感官品质先增后降,125℃处理的红茶感官品质最好,115℃提香次之;氨基酸和可溶性糖含量呈下降趋势,茶多酚表现出不同程度的增加。适当的提香能够提高红茶品质,提香温度不应高于135℃,最适在115℃-125℃之间,所得红茶香气高甜、滋味鲜醇,综合品质突出。     

热风提香温度对工夫红茶品质的影响

利用6CZG-60型热风整形平台进行工夫红茶的提香试验,分析不同提香温度对工夫红茶感官品质及主要生化成分的影响。结果表明,随着提香温度的升高,各处理茶样的感官品质先增后降,130℃提香处理的红茶感官品质最好,115℃提香次之;氨基酸和可溶性糖含量呈现不同程度的减少趋势,而茶多酚含量变化不显著。适当的提香能一定程度的提高红茶滋味及香气品质,提香温度不应高于145℃,最适在115℃-130℃之间,所得红茶香气高甜,滋味鲜醇,综合品质突出。     

千锤百炼坦洋红

坦洋工夫红茶是闽红三大工夫之一，其以外形细秀匀整，金毫显露；香气清醇甜和；滋味鲜醇；汤色红艳明亮；叶底红匀的优异品质和明显的地理特征而享誉海内外。坦洋工夫独特的品质风味来自于其特别的地理条件和制作工艺。坦洋工夫制作工序细腻，其工艺流程为萎凋、揉捻、发酵、干燥四个工序，而其中最为关键的是萎凋和发酵这两个工序。萎凋是坦洋工夫红茶品质形成的基础，而发酵过程则是形成坦洋工夫红茶品质的关键，笔者将就坦洋工夫红茶的制造技术与其品质的相关性进行分析，以达到抛砖引玉的作用。     

不同萎凋方式对寿眉白茶品质影响研究

通过对生化成分、萎凋速率、感官品质的对比分析,研究不同萎凋方式对寿眉白茶品质的影响。结果表明:不同萎凋方式对寿眉主要生化成分含量影响显著。复式萎凋寿眉水浸出物、游离氨基酸总量和咖啡碱含量均高于加温萎凋寿眉,茶多酚和儿茶素总量则低于加温萎凋寿眉,且水浸出物、游离氨基酸总量、茶多酚、儿茶素四种生化成分含量有显著差异;加温萎凋萎凋速率明显高于复式萎凋,造成萎凋失水过快,萎凋过程中品质转化不够,感官品质有明显青味,不利于寿眉品质的形成。综合分析认为在相同萎凋时间情况下,复试萎凋寿眉香气和滋味品质优于加温萎凋,所制白茶品质优异。     

冷冻萎凋对工夫红茶品质的影响

工夫红茶多年来一直沿用重萎凋、重发酵的传统工艺,因而其色素的种类和数量均大大低于CTC红茶,滋味不够浓强.有研究表明,采用冷冻萎凋能缩短萎凋和发酵时间,有利于改善红茶品质;但也有研究显示,冷冻萎凋过程中酶活性较低,限制了必要的物质转化,因而可能对红茶品质有负面影响.本项研究就冷冻萎凋对工夫红茶生化成分变化及品质的影响作了较为全面的研究,旨在探明利用冷冻萎凋改善红茶品质的可行性.     

正山小种红茶清洁化加工工艺的优化

本研究选择红茶加工中萎凋方式、萎凋程度和发酵时间3个关键因素,通过正交试验设计方法优化了正山小种红茶清洁化加工工艺参数,并通过感官审评和品质成分测定评价清洁化加工新工艺对正山小种红茶品质的影响。结果表明:3个因素对红茶品质的影响程度表现为:萎凋方式萎凋程度发酵时间,采用萎凋槽萎凋、萎凋程度即茶青失水率为35%、发酵时间6 h工艺组合所制得的红茶综合品质最优;与传统工艺红茶比,新工艺红茶中茶多酚、茶氨酸、游离氨基酸和儿茶素含量较高,酚氨比较低,滋味鲜爽而醇厚,能满足消费者的需求。     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族6个成员的染色体物理定位

MADS-box基因家族广泛分布于真核生物中,巴西橡胶树的MADS-box基因家族主要参与花形态建成,对生殖生长起到重要的调节作用。目前,MADS-box基因家族的26个相关基因已被克隆分析,但它们在染色体上的具体位置还未确定。本研究以巴西橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’品种为材料,将MADS-box基因家族的6个成员（HbAGL8、HbAG15、HbAGL30、HbTT16、HbAP1和HbSVP1）定位在细胞核染色体上,通过双探针荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的这6个成员在细胞核染色体上进行物理定位分析。结果表明：MADS-box基因家族的6个基因分别位于不同的染色体上,其中HbAGL15、HbAG8、HbAG30和HbSVP1基因定位在第4、5、7和8号染色体长臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是11.85、39.71、48.94和6.70;HbTT16和HbAP1基因定位在第1和13号染色体短臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是22.19和18.01。本研究结果揭示了巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的6个成员在细胞核染色体上的实际位置,展现家族基因之间的分布特点和连锁遗传关系,不仅丰富了橡胶树分子细胞遗传学信息,也为橡胶树的分子辅助育种和比较基因组学研究提供了分子细胞遗传学的科学理论依据。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.