钵苗机插密度对双季晚稻产量及群体质量的影响

以杂交籼稻品种五丰优T025、籼粳杂交稻品种甬优538、常规粳稻品种小叶迟熟为材料,设置5个钵苗机插密度(D1,33 cm×12 cm;D2,33 cm×13 cm;D3,33 cm×14 cm;D4,33 cm×15 cm;D5,33 cm×16 cm),以毯苗机插为对照(CK,30.0 cm×13.2 cm),比较研究了不同钵苗机插密度对双季晚稻产量及群体质量的影响,旨在探明水稻钵苗机插在双季晚稻区的适宜栽插密度。试验结果表明:(1)三种类型水稻的产量均随移栽密度的增加而增加,相同密度条件下D1处理产量均极显著高于CK,2年平均增产8.13%~9.50%;(2)钵苗机插水稻移栽后群体的茎蘖数均表现为处理D1D2D3D4D5,与CK相比,D1处理的茎蘖数栽后增长快,拔节后群体茎蘖数消减缓慢,成穗率高;(3)移栽期至拔节期、拔节期至抽穗期、抽穗期至成熟期三种类型水稻钵苗机插的干物质积累量、群体生长率、光合势均表现为处理D1D2D3D4D5,移栽期至拔节期CK的干物质积累量和光合势大于D1处理,拔节期至抽穗期、抽穗期至成熟期D1的干物质积累量、群体生长率及光合势均高于CK;(4)钵苗机插水稻主要生育期的群体干物质量均表现为处理D1D2D3D4D5,而单茎干物质量却表现出相反的趋势;(5)钵苗机插水稻在主要生育时期的叶面积指数及抽穗期群体的有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率及粒叶比均随密度的增加呈上升趋势,抽穗期群体的有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率及粒叶比D1处理极显著高于CK。本试验结果表明,在双季晚稻区不同类型水稻品种钵苗机插最适宜行株距为33 cm×12 cm。     

适宜机插密度提高优质杂交籼稻插秧质量及产量

为明确机插密度对优质杂交籼稻插秧质量及产量形成的影响,以宜香4245和宜香优2115为供试材料,设置3种机插密度(D1的行株距为30 cm×14 cm,D2的行株距为30 cm×18 cm,D3的行株距为30 cm×21 cm),研究不同机插密度对优质杂交籼稻机插质量、茎蘖生长及抗倒性、干物质积累和产量的影响。结果表明:(1)随着机插密度降低,2个水稻品种的秧苗漏插率、漂秧率和伤秧率均逐渐下降,机插合格率和每穴苗数逐渐提高,但栽插穴数和单位面积基本苗数仍呈降低趋势;(2)随着机插密度降低,2个水稻品种拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期的群体茎蘖数和干物质积累量均显著降低,成穗率和收获指数均不同程度增加,茎秆基部第2、第3节间抗折力和弯曲力矩逐渐增加,倒伏指数降低;(3)随着机插密度降低,2个水稻品种的单位面积有效穗数显著减少,每穗总粒数和结实率逐渐增加,产量均表现为D2>D1>D3。2个品种均以机插密度D2处理(行株距30 cm×18 cm)的插秧质量和产量最优。     

机插密度对武运粳31号茎蘖成穗率及产量的影响

以武运粳31号为试验材料,探讨了机插密度(机插规格或抓苗量)对其茎蘖成穗率及产量的影响,以明确分蘖力中等、穗型中等水稻品种高产群体的适宜机插密度。结果表明,武运粳31号机插,在行株距为29.7cm×12.5cm、抓苗量为4株左右时,茎蘖成穗率、有效穗数、结实率和产量均较高,是适宜的机插密度。     

不同密度下寒地水稻龙粳31库源特征及关系

试验在大田条件下,以龙粳31为试验材料,设置每穴4株(A1)、5株(A2)、6株(A3)和7株(A4)4个水平及行株距为30 cm×10 cm(B1)、30 cm×12 cm(B2)、30 cm×14 cm(B3)和30 cm×16 cm(B4)4个水平,分析不同密度下寒地水稻干物质积累、叶面积指数和产量构成特征及其关系。结果表明:不同穴株数条件下,A3处理显著增加分蘖盛期和齐穗期干物质积累量,提高蜡熟期叶面积指数和成熟期产量,且产量较其它处理增幅2.34%～10.87%。各时期干物质积累量和叶面积指数随穴株距增加而降低。穴株数与穴株距交互作用下,各处理组合对水稻干物质积累量、叶面积指数、产量及其构成的影响存在明显或显著互作效应,以穴株数6株与行株距30 cm×10 cm处理组合(A3B1)效果最佳,产量达9 291.25 kg·hm-2。在试验设置密度范围内,产量与抽穗期茎鞘干重、叶片干重、生物产量和成熟期每平方米茎数呈极显著正相关,而与蜡熟期茎鞘干重、单株粒重、每平方米基本苗数和株高均呈二次函数关系。综合分析表明,每穴株数6株与行株距30 cm×10 cm(A3B1)处理组合模式更适合在目前寒地水稻龙粳31高产栽培中应用。     

双季早稻主栽品种不同机插密度比较

[目的]摸索庐江县庐城镇双季早稻主栽品种全程机械化最佳栽插密度。[方法 ]设置了3个栽培密度水平,比较不同栽培密度水稻茎蘖动态及产量构成。[结果]栽培密度越大茎蘖苗峰值越高。栽插密度25 cm×12 cm水稻产量最高,达8 358.0 kg/hm2。[结论]在高肥力田块双季早稻主栽品种全程机械化最佳栽插密度为25 cm×12 cm,而肥力水平较低的田块栽插密度以25 cm×10 cm为好。     

两种新型机械移栽方式下不同肥密处理水稻生长及产量差异研究

以晶两优华占为供试材料，比较研究了印刷播种无盘育秧大苗机插技术、机钵体育秧有序抛栽技术下不同肥密处理对水稻生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明，在水稻分蘖期，有序机抛移栽方式水稻茎蘖数比大苗机插移栽方式多，两种移栽方式下均是减肥增密处理低于常肥常密处理；水稻各生育时期单位面积地上部干物质积累量表现为有序机抛移栽方式高于大苗机插方式，两种移栽方式下减肥增密处理高于常肥常密处理12.00%～14.00%。两种移栽方式下移栽密度为17 cm×25 cm、肥料减施24%时产量较高，比对照（常肥常密）提高4.54%～6.23%。     

密度和行距对早播小麦生长、光合及产量的影响

为筛选早播小麦的适宜种植密度及行距配置,以济麦22为材料,设置了180×104株·hm-2(D1)和240×104株·hm-2(D2)两种种植密度和17cm(R1)、20cm(R2)、23cm(R3)和26cm(R4)四种行距配置,研究了行距和种植密度对早播小麦生长、光合及产量的影响。结果表明,小麦在密度D1和D2下,分别以行距R1和R2的株高、节间长、叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、群体干物重、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、冠层光合有效辐射和产量最高。在相同行距下,D1的株高、节间长、叶绿素含量、开花期和灌浆期的光合指标均大于D2,而叶面积指数、群体干物重、冠层光合有效辐射、穗数和产量均低于D2。因此,合理的种植密度和行距组合有利于安徽淮北地区早播小麦生长和高产;在本试验条件下,适宜的基本苗和行距分别为240×104株·hm-2和20cm。     

三角形强化栽培条件下移栽秧龄和密度对杂交稻Ⅱ优498结实期生理和产量的影响

  以杂交水稻组合Ⅱ优498为材料,在三角形强化栽培(TSRI)条件下,研究移栽秧龄和栽插密度对水稻结实期一些生理特性及产量形成的影响。结果表明,在TSRI下,栽培密度的补偿效应可以改善不同移栽秧龄处理下杂交稻Ⅱ优498结实期的一些形态及生理特性,进而获得高产。当移栽秧龄为2叶1心、栽植密度为40 cm × 40 cm时,在一定数量有效穗数的前提下,控制水稻无效分蘖的数量,能够使结实期水稻群体获得较高的叶面积指数(LAI)和高效LAI,延缓了结实期水稻叶面积的下降,而且生育后期根系不早衰,有利于促进茎鞘物质输出,增加茎鞘物质输出率及转化率,其每穗实粒数、千粒重、结实率存在优势,产量最高,且极显著高于其他处理,为此试验TSRI下最佳的移栽秧龄和栽插密度组合。移栽秧龄为8叶1心和栽插密度为50 cm × 50 cm的处理均会造成有效穗数显著降低,影响水稻结实期正常的生理机能,导致产量显著下降。结合产量表现,5叶1心移栽,栽插密度以30 cm × 30 cm ~ 40 cm × 40 cm为宜,可供缓解作物间茬口矛盾的情况下参考;大苗移栽容易加快结实期水稻衰老进程,产量显著降低,大苗移栽应加大移栽密度,本研究条件下栽植密度以30 cm × 30 cm为宜。     

晚播晚栽机插水稻群体生长特征及其调控策略

【目的】探究水稻机械化移栽应用中长期存在的晚播晚栽机插稻的特殊应用价值,【方法】在苏南设置大田试验,分析了晚播晚栽机插水稻的产量表现及其群体生产特征,并设置密度和穗肥施用处理,解析栽培措施对晚播晚栽机插水稻群体发育和产量形成的影响。【结果】机插水稻晚播晚栽产量出现一定程度的下降,主要原因是单位面积穗数和每穗粒数降低。晚播晚栽机插稻群体高峰苗出现时间相对前移,茎蘖成穗率则明显下降。同化物质积累和运转均受到一定影响,抽穗期茎鞘中非结构性碳水化合物积累下降,茎鞘物质输出率和转换率也呈下降趋势。可见,晚播晚栽机插水稻存在物质生产和产量形成的必然劣势。增加栽植密度,单位面积穗数显著增加,干物质积累量上升,产量明显提高。在同一密度条件下,随着穗肥施氮量水平的提高,产量表现为先上升后下降的趋势,过多穗肥施用不利于晚播晚栽机插稻结实期的物质积累。较高密度配合适宜水平的穗肥施用,可提高其茎蘖成穗率,并维持结实期叶片活性,保持较高的中后期物质生产能力。【结论】晚播晚栽机插水稻可采用较高移栽密度,促进前期早发提高群体质量,适当减少中后期肥料控制无效分蘖发生,改善结实期生长条件,可获得相对较好的产量和生产效率。     

宽幅播种条件下种植密度对小麦群体结构和光能利用率的影响

为探讨宽幅播种条件下种植密度对小麦群体结构和光能利用率的影响，以小麦品种济麦22为试验材料，在大田试验条件下设置90×10⁴ 株·hm^-2（D1）、180×10⁴ 株·hm^-2（D2）、270×10⁴ 株·hm^-2（D3）、360×10⁴ 株·hm^-2（D4）4个种植密度处理，分析了不同种植密度下麦田0~100 cm土层土壤相对含水量、小麦群体动态、叶面积指数、冠层光截获特性、光能利用率、阶段干物质积累量、籽粒产量及水分利用效率的特点。结果表明，D2处理的麦田0~100 cm土层土壤相对含水量在返青期显著高于D3、D4处理，与D1处理无显著差异；在拔节期、开花期、成熟期D2处理显著高于D1、D4处理，与D3处理差异不显著。群体总茎数在越冬期、返青期、拔节期均随种植密度的增加而增加，且不同处理之间差异显著，在开花期、成熟期D4处理显著高于其他处理，D3、D2处理差异不显著，但显著高于D1处理；分蘖成穗率在D2处理下达到最大值，为52.51%；D2处理的叶面积指数在开花后0 d、开花后7 d、开花后14 d显著高于其他处理；开花后7 d，D2处理的冠层光合有效辐射截获量、截获率、光能利用率均显著高于D1、D3、D4处理，冠层光合有效辐射透射率表现为D3、D2处理差异不显著，但显著低于D4处理和D1处理。D2处理的拔节至开花阶段、开花至成熟阶段干物质积累量显著高于其他处理，单位面积穗数随种植密度的增加而增加，但D2、D3处理差异不显著；穗粒数、千粒重随种植密度的增加而降低，D1、D2处理差异不显著，但显著高于D3、D4处理；籽粒产量及水分利用效率均在D2处理下达到最大值，分别为9 158.71 kg·hm^-2、17.21 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1。这说明在本试验条件下，180×10⁴ 株·hm^-2为构建宽幅播种小麦合理群体结构、提高群体光能利用率、籽粒产量及水分利用效率的最优种植密度。     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族6个成员的染色体物理定位

MADS-box基因家族广泛分布于真核生物中,巴西橡胶树的MADS-box基因家族主要参与花形态建成,对生殖生长起到重要的调节作用。目前,MADS-box基因家族的26个相关基因已被克隆分析,但它们在染色体上的具体位置还未确定。本研究以巴西橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’品种为材料,将MADS-box基因家族的6个成员（HbAGL8、HbAG15、HbAGL30、HbTT16、HbAP1和HbSVP1）定位在细胞核染色体上,通过双探针荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的这6个成员在细胞核染色体上进行物理定位分析。结果表明：MADS-box基因家族的6个基因分别位于不同的染色体上,其中HbAGL15、HbAG8、HbAG30和HbSVP1基因定位在第4、5、7和8号染色体长臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是11.85、39.71、48.94和6.70;HbTT16和HbAP1基因定位在第1和13号染色体短臂上,其信号位点到着丝粒的平均百分距离是22.19和18.01。本研究结果揭示了巴西橡胶树MADS-box基因家族的6个成员在细胞核染色体上的实际位置,展现家族基因之间的分布特点和连锁遗传关系,不仅丰富了橡胶树分子细胞遗传学信息,也为橡胶树的分子辅助育种和比较基因组学研究提供了分子细胞遗传学的科学理论依据。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.