里氏木霉木聚糖酶XYNⅡ基因在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

采用RT-PCR方法克隆到里氏木霉Rut C-30木聚糖酶(XYN Ⅱ)的cDNA序列.测序结果表明,XYN Ⅱ的cDNA基因开放阅读框长度为669bp,编码223个氨基酸,N端1～19个氨基酸为潜在的信号肤序列,删去潜在信号肽序列,将里氏木霉木聚糖酶的基因(xyn Ⅱ)构建到巴斯德毕赤酵母分泌表达载体pPIC9K上,线性化后电击转化到巴斯德毕赤酵母中,经G418筛选和PCR鉴定后的转化子用1%的甲醇进行诱导,对重组木聚糖酶活检测显示该基因能在毕赤酵母中表达有生物活性的XYNⅡ并分泌到胞外.发酵液中的酶活在诱导培养60h达到1.45IU/mL,最适酶解温度为50℃,最适pH值为6.0.     

纤维素酶基因表达研究进展

获得更高生产性能的菌株是降低纤维素酶在纤维乙醇、纸浆造纸、纺织等领域使用成本的主要解决途径。总结了影响宿主菌(里氏木霉和毕赤酵母)高效表达纤维素酶基因的多种因素,如里氏木霉转录调控、启动子优化、外源酶基因与毕赤酵母表达的适配性、启动子拷贝数及酶基因拷贝数等,以期为纤维素酶高产菌株的构建提供有益的参考。     

米黑根毛霉脂肪酶在毕赤酵母中的高效表达及酶学性质研究

根据毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)密码子使用偏爱性,对米黑根毛霉脂肪酶(RML)成熟肽基因进行全面密码子优化,以提高RML基因在酵母细胞中表达的水平,并对重组脂肪酶的酶学性质进行了研究。运用重叠延伸PCR合成优化后的RML成熟肽基因,并进一步构建毕赤酵母表达载体p PIC9K-RML,通过电击法转化毕赤酵母GS115菌株,经G418抗性和PCR筛选获得高拷贝转化重组子。重组酵母菌用0.5%甲醇诱导异源基因表达,在28℃摇瓶培养168 h后酶活力达到122 U/m L,较未优化的原始菌株的表达酶活提高了10倍。重组脂肪酶最适温度为45℃,最适p H值为7,甲醇体积分数为40%以下时重组RML具有较好的稳定性。     

纤维素和木聚糖复合诱导合成木聚糖酶的研究

以里氏木霉（Rrichoderma reesei)为产酶菌，分别对纤维素、纤维素和木聚糖诱导产酶的功能进行了研究。研究发现，纤维素具有诱导木聚糖酶合成的功能；纤维素和木聚糖混合对木聚糖酶合成具有促进作用，可大幅度提高木聚酶活力。与纯木聚糖（5g/L)产酶相比，纯木聚糖（4g/L)和纸浆（1g/L)混合产酶木聚糖酶活可以提高45％。研究成果为采用富含木聚糖的植物纤维料作碳源制备木聚糖酶提供了理论依据。     

碳氮比对里氏木霉合成木聚糖酶的影响

以里氏木霉（Trichoderma reesei）Rut C-30为产酶菌，研究了不同碳氮比对木聚糖酶合成的影响。结果表明，低碳氮比有利于促进内切-β-木聚糖酶的合成，抑制外切-β-木糖苷酶的合成，有利于选择性合成低外切-β-木糖苷酶活的内切-β-木聚糖酶。高碳氮比使得木聚糖酶的合成滞后，能够有效地抑制纤维素酶的合成，提高木聚糖酶活与纤维素酶活的比值，有利于选择性合成低纤维素酶活的木聚糖酶。     

耐热木聚糖酶基因的克隆表达及其在酶解玉米芯木聚糖中的应用

为寻求具有耐热性能的木聚糖酶,笔者以嗜热网球菌(Dictyoglomus thermophilum)DSM3960的基因组为模板,克隆得到木聚糖酶基因xyn B-DT,该基因全长1 083 bp,共编码361个氨基酸,蛋白的理论分子量约为40ku。通过NCBI数据库比对发现该基因编码的蛋白质属于糖苷水解酶G11家族。实现大肠杆菌异源表达重组木聚糖酶Xyn B-DT,通过IPTG诱导,酶活达到30.6 U/mL。该重组木聚糖酶的最适温度为85℃,在60~80℃范围内均有较好温度稳定性,在60℃条件下保温2 h,酶活维持在90%以上,在90℃下保温2 h,酶活尚残余约50%;最适pH为6.5,在pH为5.0~7.5范围内保温24 h仍可保留约90%剩余酶活力。该酶以Beechwood木聚糖为底物,米氏常数(K_m)和最大反应速率(V_(max))值分别为5.63 mg/mL和1.572 mmol/(L·min~(-1))。以玉米芯木聚糖为底物,研究XynB-DT水解玉米芯木聚糖的条件及产物,结果显示在温度70℃、pH 6.0条件下酶解12 h,加酶量为400 U/g,最终酶解得率为44.3%,玉米芯木聚糖的水解产物主要以木二糖和木三糖为主,表明该木聚糖酶在低聚木糖制备方面具有较大应用潜能。     

以酶解渣为碳源制备木聚糖酶的研究

以里氏木霉（Tichoderma reesei)Rut C-30为产酶菌，低聚木糖制备过程中酶解渣为碳源可透导产生含低纤维素酶活（0.106IU/mL)的木聚糖酶（154.67IU/mL)，两种酶活的比值达1459，与粗木聚糖为碳源产木聚糖酶相比，木聚糖酶活提高了1.67倍，而纤维素酶活没有增加。此酶在50℃条件下酶解粗木聚糖和酶解渣时，pH值5时酶解效率最高，酶解产物通过HPLC分析，主要是木糖。该酶系的组成主要是外切-β-木糖苷酶。     

里氏木霉与黑曲霉混合发酵产纤维素酶的研究

研究了利用里氏木霉和黑曲霉混合培养的形式产纤维素酶,以两个菌种的不同接种比和延迟黑曲霉的接种时间来寻找两个菌种发挥最大协同作用的结合点.以农林废弃物之一的玉米秸秆为底物,经过蒸汽爆破预处理后,用作产酶碳源.以里氏木霉单一培养与黑曲霉单一培养为参照进行对比研究.结果表明,黑曲霉接种较里氏木霉延迟48h,里氏木霉与黑曲霉接种量比为5: 1时,滤纸酶活最高,达3.295IU/mL,高于里氏木霉单一培养(2.480IU/mL),β - 葡萄糖苷酶活达1.010IU/mL,也远远高于里氏木霉单一培养(0.243IU/mL).本实验充分证明里氏木霉与黑曲霉混合培养产酶是可行的,并优于单一菌种培养.     

里氏木霉选择性合成木聚糖酶的研究(Ⅰ)

在一定条件下,里氏木霉可选择性地合成木聚糖酶,选择性合成程度与碳源种类、碳源浓度及碳氮比大小有关。以低纤维素污染的木聚糖为碳源,适当降低碳源的浓度,提高碳氮比可以提高木聚糖酶选择性合成的程度。以玉米芯粗木聚糖为碳源,采用添加碳源和氮源的方法控制发酵过程中的碳源浓度在５ｇ／Ｌ下,碳氮比在１１２以上时,产生的木聚糖酶和纤维素酶酶活分别为３５５Ｕ／ｍＬ、０．２Ｕ／ｍＬ,两种酶活的比值为１１７     

低聚木糖生产废渣纤维素酶诱导和水解特性的研究

研究了生产低聚木糖(XOS)所得的废渣对里氏木霉纤维素酶合成的诱导作用和纤维素酶水解特性.废渣对里氏木霉合成纤维素酶的诱导作用较差,而纤维素酶水解性能优异.里氏木霉以含纤维素15 g/L的废渣为碳源合成纤维素酶,滤纸酶活为0.48 FPIU/mL,酶产率为6.67 FPIU/(L·h),酶得率为每克纤维素32.00 FPIU,而在相同条件下以玉米芯为碳源时滤纸酶活为3.20 FPIU/mL、酶产率19.00 FPIU/(L·h)和酶得率每克纤维素213.33 FPIU.质量浓度为20 g/L的废渣在酶用量为每克纤维素10 FPIU条件下水解24 h,水解得率达92.8 %;底物废渣质量浓度为100 g/L时,48 h纤维素酶水解得率达到80.6 %.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.