Geographic variation and genetic performance of Picea koraiensis in growth and wood characteristics

Eight provenances of 19-year-oldPicea koraiensis Nakai from the provenance trials of Maoershan (45°20′N, 127°30′E), Liangshui (47°10′N, 128°53′E) and Jiagedaqi (50°24′N, 124°07′E) in Northeast China were investigated to analyze the genetic variation in growth characteristics (tree height and diameter) and wood characteristics (tracheid length, tracheid diameter, tracheid wall thickness, annual ring width as well as wood density). Great variation in height growth and breast height diameter growth was observed among the provenances, and along with the increase of tree age, these provenances presented different geographic adaptability. The growth characteristics ofPicea koraiensis stand at age of 10 in Maoershan and Liangshui provenance trials had a positive correlation with longitude, and with increase of tree age to 15 and 19, the tree growth of the provenances displayed a significant positive correlation with latitude as well as altitude. For wood characteristics, great variation was also found among the provenances. There exists a close relation between growth characteristics and wood properties of the provenance. The height and breast height diameter growth of the provenance had a positive correlation with tracheid diameter and annual ring width, and a negative correlation with tracheid wall thickness and wood density. Genetic performance of the provenance in all above characteristics was also investigated in order to provide more useful information for comprehensive selection of this species for pulpwood and plywood production. Foundation item: The paper was supported by National Key Project of The State Forestry Administration. (96-011-01-06) Biography: WANG Qiu-yu (1957-), female, professor in College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

文冠果种子及苗期生长性状地理种源变异

[目的]研究不同种源文冠果(Xanthocerassorbifolium Bunge)的种子形态特征及在山东省安丘地区苗期性状差异,了解文冠果不同种源变异特征,为文冠果在山东安丘地区引种和遗传改良提供参考。[方法]以来自山东、河南、内蒙古、辽宁、黑龙江、河北、新疆、陕西等地的27个种源的文冠果种子为研究对象,对其种子形态指标进行测定,并在山东省安丘市开展种源试验。[结果]研究发现:不同种源间文冠果表型性状均存在极显著差异(P0.01),且这些差异可以稳定遗传(遗传力均大于0.9);苗期苗高与种源地降水、年均气温及地径与降水之间呈极显著正相关(P0.01),苗高与种源地纬度、年均日照及地径与年均日照呈极显著负相关(P0.01),种子长、种子宽、种皮厚均与海拔呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。[结论]文冠果表型性状存在丰富的变异,且受较强遗传控制;文冠果苗期性状变异主要受降水、年均气温、年均日照3个环境主导因子的影响,种子性状变异主要受海拔的影响。综合种源苗期生长状况,初步筛选出山东东营、山东安丘、内蒙古库伦、辽宁关山和辽宁海城5个适合安丘地区育苗的速生种源。     

25年生大花序桉种源生长与形质性状的遗传变异及选择

[目的]研究广西国有东门林场25年生大花序桉种源生长与形质性状的遗传变异,筛选优良种源及单株,为大花序桉良种繁育及中大径材培育提供优质遗传材料。[方法]采用方差分析、构建性状选择指数方程综合分析等方法,对11个大花序桉种源进行生长与形质性状遗传变异分析及选择。[结果]表明:大花序桉胸径(DBH)、树高(H)、单株材积(V)、树干通直度(ST)和树干圆满度(SF)在种源间呈极显著差异;上述5个主要性状的种源遗传力(H2)为0.634 0.895,单株遗传力(h2)为0.136 0.342;以DBH、H、V、ST和SF 5个性状指标构建大花序桉种源/单株选择指数方程,按标准选择出4个优良种源和13株优良单株,优良种源平均材积遗传增益达11.2%,优良单株平均材积遗传增益达29.7%,选择效果尚好。[结论]大花序桉5个主要性状遗传变异在种源水平受中度至较强遗传控制,在单株水平受弱度遗传控制。优良种源D47、S14127、B47和S12195生长材性兼优,可用作培育优质中大径材。     

山地木麻黄种源在海南临高的遗传变异及选择

[目的]研究山地木麻黄种源间抗风性、生长及形质性状的遗传变异规律,为山地木麻黄的良种选育和种质资源的合理开发利用提供科学依据。[方法]以27个山地木麻黄种源为试验材料,于造林后2、5、7 a时测定山地木麻黄种源的树高、胸径、单株材积和保存率等数量性状,并于造林后7 a时调查主干分叉习性(AP)、主干通直度(SFS)、侧枝密度(DPB)、侧枝直径(TPB)、绿色小枝长度(LDB)、侧枝分枝角(APB)、侧枝长度(LPB)等形质性状以及抗风性(RES),通过方差分析、相关性分析及遗传参数估算揭示其遗传变异规律。应用坐标综合评定法对山地木麻黄种源进行综合评定。[结果]表明:造林后2、5、7 a时,27个山地木麻黄种源间保存率和抗风性差异显著(P0.05);对造林后7 a时保存率较高的18个种源进一步分析显示,上述3个年份各种源间树高、胸径和单株材积等生长性状均存在极显著差异(P0.01);7 a时,TPB、APB、LDB、AP和SFS等形质性状在种源间亦存在显著或极显著差异;生长性状的种源遗传力明显高于形质性状,二者分别受中度或中度偏下和低度遗传控制;随着林龄的增长,树高的遗传变异系数变化不大,而胸径和单株材积的遗传变异系数呈先增加后降低的趋势,树高、胸径、单株材积的遗传变异系数分别为11.89%~12.30%、11.67%~13.67%、30.20%~38.11%;7 a时,形质性状的遗传变异系数为3.84×10~(-5)%~5.56%。性状间相关分析表明:树高作为山地木麻黄早期选择性状较适宜。[结论]依据坐标综合评定法,筛选出17877、19489和19490等3个优良种源,可在生产上大面积推广。     

帽儿山地区不同种源樟子松树轮对气候因子的响应

[目的]为了进一步了解不同种源的樟子松在帽儿山地区的生长差异,研究该地区气候因子对樟子松径向生长的影响,本文建立了来自于阿尔山、高峰、红花尔基、卡伦山、图强罕达盖和金山等7个种源樟子松树轮年表。[方法]通过年轮-气候响应分析、相关分析、主成分分析,探讨了不同种源樟子松径向生长与气候因子的响应差异。[结果]表明:7个种源地樟子松树轮年表整体变化趋势基本相似,但局部也有不同之处,除图强种源外,其余6个种源地樟子松在生长初期年轮宽度呈增加趋势。阿尔山、高峰、红花尔基和卡伦山种源地樟子松径向生长与当年2月平均温度显著正相关,罕达盖种源地樟子松径向生长与前一年4月平均温度显著正相关;高峰、图强、卡伦山种源地樟子松径向生长与当年6月降水显著正相关,阿尔山、高峰、金山、卡伦山、红花尓基、图强种源樟子松的径向生长主要与前一年8月降水显著负相关。[结论]多数种源的樟子松在初期径增长较快,与当年2月份的温度和6月份的降水量有正相关的响应性,而与前一年8月份的降水量有负相关的响应性。     

6个栓皮栎种源种子形态及其幼苗生长的比较

[Objective]To compare the differences of seed morphological characters among provinces of Quercus variabilis Bl.,and explore the adaptive growth status of seedlings growing in the central distribution area. [Method]The seeds of 6 Q. variabilis provenances from six provinceswerecollected, and the seedlings were cultivated and transplanted to experimental field in the centre of natural distribution range (Wuhan Jiufeng National Forest Park), then the seed morphology and one-year seedling growth traitswere surveyed. [Result](1)There were significantor extremely significantdifferences among provenances in seed length, seed width, seed length/width ratio and 100-seed mass, the order of seed length among provenances was Beijing Provenance (22.28 mm),Hubei Provenance (22.10 mm), He'nan Provenance (20.80 mm), Shaanxi Provenance (19.57 mm), Yunnan Provenance (18.93 mm)and Liaoning Provenance (18.81 mm), the seed width of Beijing Provenance (19.71 mm) and Hubei Provenance (19.16 mm) was higher than that of the others, the seed length/width ratio of He'nan Provenance (1.38) was extremely significantly higher than that of the others; (2)There were significant or extremely significant differences among provenances in seedling height, ground diameter, leaf number, branching number and seedling height/ground diameter, the Beijing Provenance and Hubei Provenance were better in seedling height and leaf number, which were respectively 19.54 cm and 20.26 cm, 8.32 leaves and 9.50 leaves; (3)A decreasing trend with time for seedling growth traits among provenances was found; (4)There was a positive relationship between seed morphological characters and seedling growth traits except seed length/width ratio; the leaf number was significantly related to ground diameter and branching number and the seedling height and leaf number were closely related to the seed morphological characters; (5)It showed a decreasing trend with the growth time in the relationship between seedling growth traits and 100-seed mass. [Conclusion]The seedlings of Beijing Provenance and Hubei Provenance grew better in the experimental field which might be related to their larger seed mass, and the Yunnan Provenance in the south margin and the Liaoning Provenance in the north margin of distribution area of Q. variabilis grew weaker than the provenances in the centre of distribution area.With the effect of climate change, provenances in the margin of distribution area may lose in the community competition in the seedling stage if it cannot take advantage of its dispersal and settlement and affected by the disadvantage of growth and competition, so that the distribution and population renewal would surely be affected.     

Growth variation and early selection ofBetula platyphylla in natural stands

The stem analysis ofBetula platyphylla in natural forest at the Maoershan Forest Experimental Station of Northeast Forestry University, showed that the growth variation of the trees, including height and diameter breast height, decreases with the increase of the age. There is the turning point for the growth variation of the tree from acute change to relative stability when the trees are in eighteen years old. There are significant differences among the height, diameter and volume growth of the trees at that time. Therefore, the optimal age for early selection of this species in natural stands is eighteen years old (18 a). Diameter is used as main index for selection and height growth as auxiliary one. (Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong)     

Genetic variation and division of Pinus sylvestris provenances by ISSR markers

Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) was used to detect genetic variation among nine provenances, including 135 individuals. A total of 108 loci were amplified using 10 random primers. The differentiation of the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) among different provenances was evident, ranging from 27% to 54%, of which Honghuaerji provenance had the highest PPB and Kalunshan provenance had the lowest PPB. Shannon's Information index (I) at species level was 0.1581 and Nei's gene diversity (h) was 0.2393. Coefficient of gene differentiation (G_ST) calculated by Popgene was 0.3965, these results indicated that majority of genetic variation (60.35%) was found within provenances. According to dendrogram amongpinus sylvestriv provenances, nine provenances were divided into two provenance areas, namely Daxing's and Xiaoxing'an Mountains provenance area and Hulunbeier provenance area. Foundation item: This study was supported by National Scientific and Technological Brainstorm Project. Biography: LI Hui-yu (1978-), female, Ph.D. candidate, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

岭南槭不同种源家系种子形态和幼苗生长变异

[目的]探讨不同种源家系岭南槭种子形态、种子萌发与幼苗生长的特性,分析它们与种源地地理气候因子之间的关系。[方法]对广东省岭南槭天然分布区的3个种源18个家系的种子表型性状、发芽特征、幼苗生长性状和叶色表现进行方差分析和相关性分析。[结果]表明:肇庆黑石顶(HSD)种源的种子最厚、最宽,深圳七娘山(QNS)种源的种子最薄、最窄,惠州南昆山(NKS)种源的种子最长,种子千粒质量最高;翅长与翅宽呈极显著正相关(P0.01),种子千粒质量与发芽率显著正相关(P0.05);岭南槭1年生幼苗地径与苗高成正比,幼苗生长受种源地的地理气候因子影响;在色彩表现方面,QNS3、QNS13家系的明度L*值较大,QNS13色相b*值显著高于其他家系,NKS14家系幼苗的色相a*值最大。[结论]种子千粒质量越高,发芽率越高;幼苗的地径苗高生长受种源地的地理气候因子影响。NKS14家系幼苗红叶特征最明显,色彩表现较好。     

北方型美洲黑杨不同无性系重要性状评价

[目的]为杨树高产低耗高效工业用材新品种选育筛选新种质。[方法]采用布雷金多性状综合评定法和模糊数学隶属函数值法,系统分析和评价北方型美洲黑杨种质生长及光、水分、养分等关键环境资源利用性状。[结果]表明:(1)种源间、种源内无性系间在生长、光合、水分和养分利用方面的差异显著或极显著。(2)总叶面积、成叶速率、暗呼吸速率、氮素转移率、生长旺期水分利用效率与北方型美洲黑杨胸径显著或极显著相关。(3)筛选出M6、Q1、Q5、M5、Q7、Q3、M3、Q9等高产型种质,M6、Q1、Q2、M5、Q5、M3、Q4、M2等高产高光效型种质,Q5、Q1、W9、M5、Q7、M6、M3、W2等高产高水分利用型种质,Q9、Q5、Q3、Q8、Q1、M10、Q7、I5高产高养分利用型种质。其中,Q5、M6、Q1、Q2、Q9等无性系兼具生长和对资源(光、水分和养分)的利用优势。[结论]北方型美洲黑杨遗传变异丰富,为优良种源和种质选择提供了依据;总叶面积、成叶速率、、暗呼吸速率、氮素转移率等5个与生长关系密切的指标可作为种质资源评价的可靠指标;筛选出的优良种质特别是综合表现最优的5个无性系是后续育种工作的有效资源。     

不同地理种源速生白桦制浆特性研究

对帽儿山林场不同种源和不同种植条件区组下速生白桦的制浆特性进行研究。结果认为，就制浆得率而言，帽儿山和六盘山种源制浆得率高于天然种源。     

不同种源文冠果叶片气孔分布特征对水分胁迫的响应

[目的]探究不同种源文冠果叶片气孔分布特征对水分胁迫的响应,了解其耐旱性差异,为节水耐旱文冠果种源的选择提供依据。[方法]以集中分布在华北地区的3个不同种源文冠果幼苗为研究对象,通过盆栽控水方法设置充足水分(W1)、正常供水(W2)、轻度干旱(W3)和重度干旱(W4)4个水分梯度,采用指甲油印迹技术,研究不同种源文冠果叶片气孔分布特征对水分胁迫的响应。[结果]表明:不同种源文冠果的气孔均分布在叶片的下表皮,随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,气孔变得小而多,趋于旱生植物的叶片气孔分布结构特征;气孔分布特征对水分胁迫的响应存在显著的差异性,与河南三门峡、山西晋中两个种源相比,河北承德种源叶片在不同水分胁迫处理下均具有小而多的气孔,以及较强的气孔调节能力。[结论] 3个种源文冠果叶片气孔分布特征均存在着不同程度的趋于旱生结构;河北承德种源文冠果叶片气孔器比其他2个种源均相对小而多,且调节能力强,属华北地区抗旱优良种源。     

3个与杉木混植木荷种源幼苗对光照响应的差异

目的]探寻不同木荷种源混交林生产力差异的光合机制。[方法]以福建建瓯、江西信丰和浙江龙泉3个木荷代表性种源1年生和2年生幼苗为试验材料,在与杉木混植条件下,设置100%(L0)、50%(L1)和25%(L2)3种光照的光环境,研究3个木荷种源幼苗的生长性状、光合生理及叶绿素荧光特性等对不同光照响应的差异。[结果]1年生和2年生木荷幼苗的苗高、地径和干质量均表现出显著的种源差异,福建建瓯种源幼苗生长优于浙江龙泉种源和江西信丰种源。随着遮阳强度的提高,1年生和2年生2个发育阶段,福建建瓯种源幼苗比叶面积和叶绿素含量等明显增加,叶绿素a/b值、光饱和点、暗呼吸速率和Fo值等均显著降低,表现出较高的形态和生理塑性;相同遮阳处理下福建建瓯种源幼苗总叶面积、叶绿素含量和Fv/Fm值等指标显著高于浙江龙泉种源和江西信丰种源,而叶绿素a/b值、光饱和点、光补偿点和暗呼吸速率则明显低于两种源;长期遮阳和混植状态下福建建瓯种源幼苗可通过较高的生物量分配塑性,增加根系在土壤中分布来响应邻株竞争,进而促进整株干物质的积累;各光环境下,3个木荷种源2年生幼苗Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo等叶绿素荧光参数均较1年生幼苗明显升高,但各光环境间差异不显著。[结论]不同木荷种源混交林生产力差异与其对光照的塑性反应能力有关,并随幼苗年龄而变化。     

Provenance trials ofJuglans mandshurica

The data of provenance trial onJuglans mandshurica young tree were investigated and studied from different provenance. Analysis methods of variance and correlation analysis were used to analyze these data. The following conclusons were obtained: (1) The difference of growth characters ofJuglans mandshurica is relatively significant among provenances: (2) The result of first trial has indicated thatJulans mandshurica growth trend expresses two-way gradual change trend with different longitude and latitude. but the second trial has no obvious gradual change trend. Height ofJuglans mandshurica is negatively correlated with elevation. (3) The provenance of Shulan. Mao’ershan and Baishishan were selected as superior provenance of afforestational seeds for Mao’ershan and its brink region. Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong     

引进种源印度黄檀优株选择及优良无性系选择与评价

[目的]印度黄檀Dalbergia sissoo(Roxb.)是一种经济价值比较高的用材树种,对印度黄檀优株选择及优良无性系筛选,可以为印度黄檀优良品种选育提供理论指导和支持。[方法]本研究测定4种国外引进种源(N0、N2、I4和H6)印度黄檀母株株高和胸径,选择出20棵优株;并通过嫁接进行无性系苗木繁殖,测定2年生无性系苗木胸径和株高,比较分析了20个无性系株高和胸径,筛选出优良无性系用于印度黄檀优良品种选育。[结果]4个种源的印度黄檀母株株高和胸径变异系数较大,选择的20棵优株株高和胸径约等于或大于母株平均株高和胸径的130%;9和10号无性系株高和胸径均明显大于其它无性系,且变异系数远远小于母株;其次为12、18、19和20号无性系;9和10号优株,树干较直,胸径较大,超过母株平均值的170%;9和10号无性系株高和胸径均超过对照的130%,可作为优良无性系。[结论]本研究选择了20棵印度黄檀优株,并繁殖出20个无性系,筛选出9和10号作为优良无性系,用于之后的印度黄檀优良品种的选育。     

苦楝种源果核和种子性状地理变异的趋势面分析

正苦楝(Melia azedarach L.)为楝科(Meliaceae)楝属(Melia L.)植物,俗称楝树、紫花树等,是速生、优质的多用途用材树种。我国苦楝资源丰富,分布广泛,从北方的河北保定、山西运城和甘肃陇南到南方的海南崖县,从东部的台湾、福建沿海到西部的四川和云南,分布范围覆盖中国陆地的三分之一[1],集中     

云杉种和种源生长性状早期评价

[目的]通过对引种的云杉种和种源试验林的适应性和生长变异研究,选育出最适合当地栽培的优良种和种源。[方法]以甘肃省小陇山沙坝试验基地引种的欧洲云杉、黑云杉、白云杉、蓝云杉、红皮云杉和青海云杉6个树种20个种源为研究对象,分别对6、7、9 a幼林龄的生长性状(树高、地径、新梢和冠幅)进行方差分析和相关性分析,以早期评价云杉种和种源。[结果]6、7、9 a生长期内不同云杉种间和种源间的差异多数达到极显著,表明不同种间和种源间存在较大的遗传变异。利用树高兼地径为主要指标筛选出7个优良种源,分别为欧洲云杉加拿大AB01、AB03种源、白云杉加拿大GL01种源;黑云杉加拿大MA05、MA07、MA08和MA10种源,树高、地径现实增益均超过11%。欧洲云杉、白云杉种源树高与经纬度呈极显著的正相关,与海拔呈极显著的负相关;黑云杉种源树高也与经纬度呈极显著的正相关,但与海拔相关不显著。[结论]在原产地纬度49°16'～58°38'N,经度68°13'～118°24'W区域范围内引进欧洲云杉、白云杉、黑云杉种源,是适宜在甘肃小陇山栽培的云杉树种。     

桉属树种与种源、家系比较试验

以９个桉属树种，其中８个种泊来自原产地，７个家系和７个杂种后代来自国内次生资源进行混合比较，５年生评价结果表明：树种、种源、家系呈极显著差异；尾叶桉及其两个种源、尾巨桉杂交种细叶桉的１３５４４种源适合本试验区戒严和格短轮伐期经营，可获得适应性和生长指标平均值超过平均水平３５％的选择效应。其中最优为１４５３４号尾叶桉种源，５年生单株材积０．０５０．６１ｍ＾３／株（８９．０３ｍ＾３／ｈｍ＾２）。种子采     

强力班克木5个种源苗期生长研究

By afforestation trial, the adaptation and growing states of 5 Banksia robur provenances in Jianfengling of Hainan were studied, and the effects of provenance and fertilizer treatment on the survival rate, height and ground diameter were analyzed. The results showed that all the 5 provenances had a good adaptability in Hainan province. 2 months after planting, the survival rate was 85%, but it was easily affected by air humidity and became lower in the dry season, especially the provenance No.38164, showing that the B. robur needs wet environment. The study also found that different provenances and fertilizer treatments had significant impact and interactions on the growth of B. robur. The provenance No.38163 had the fastest grow speed, with 1.35 mm of ground diameter increment and 10.57 cm of height increment during 3 months, while the provenance No.38164 had the lowest grow speed. The provenance No.39163 also had a strong barren resistance, while the provenances No.38177 and No.38199 needed well water and nutrient conditions. Different fertilizer treatments could enlarge the difference in growth status of the provenances, and the composted cattle manure had the best effect on promoting growth status, which could be used as the best fertilizer in afforestation.     

基于层次分析法的乐东拟单性木兰优良种源选择

以乐东拟单性木兰14个种源试验林幼林为材料,利用层次分析方法对其进行综合评价。研究结果表明:乐东拟单性木兰树高、胸径、树冠浓密度、叶面积、造林保存率和叶色6个性状地理种源差异显著,改良潜力大;这6个性状的广义遗传力分别为0.835、0.811、0.857、0.823、0.950、0.708,说明环境因子对这些性状的影响较小,而遗传因子对其影响较大。通过层次分析法对14个乐东拟单性木兰种源进行分析,乐东拟单性木兰种源优劣排序为:SC >XN >LQ >JL >SZ >RS > CJ >MX >QY >LP >RJ >LN >LD >JFL。其中福建顺昌、湖南新宁、浙江龙泉和福建将乐4个种源在浙北地区具有推广和应用价值,而江西龙南、海南乐东及海南尖峰岭3个种源在浙北地区的生长、适应和观赏性状表现较差。